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Odontogenic infections may spread to the orbit by one or more of several paths. Such extension is potentially dangerous and may lead to loss of vision. A case of infection from a primary tooth, which extended to the retrobulbar area is presented in this report. Treatment included surgical drainage of the resulting subperiosteal orbital abscess through a Caldwell-Luc approach as well as aggressive antibiotic therapy. The importance of early suspicion of this entity and its potential sequelae are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic overuse is a growing concern in health care. For pediatric odontogenic infections, the necessity of postoperative antibiotics lacks clear, evidence-based guidelines., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare treatment outcomes between pediatric patients hospitalized with vestibular space odontogenic infections who received postoperative antibiotics and those who did not., Study Design, Setting, Sample: This ambispective cohort study was conducted at the Baruch Padeh "Tzafon" Medical Center, Poriya, Israel (January 2010-December 2015 for retrospective and November 2018-December 2019 for prospective). The sample included 522 pediatric patients (<15 years) hospitalized for odontogenic infections requiring surgical intervention. Patients with nonodontogenic infections, compromised immune systems, or infections involving deeper spaces were excluded., Predictor/independent Variable: The primary predictor was postoperative antibiotic management (administration vs no administration), decided at hospital admission., Main Outcome Variable(s): The primary outcome variable was hospital length of stay (LOS), categorized as short (1 to 2 days) or extended (≥3 days). LOS was chosen as a proxy for recovery time and symptom resolution, reflecting the overall efficacy of the treatment approach., Covariates: Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected., Analyses: Descriptive statistics, Student t-tests, χ 2 tests, and multivariable logistic regression were used (P < .05)., Results: Of 522 patients (411 control, 111 study), mean LOS was similar between groups: 1.7 ± 0.91 days (control) versus 1.67 ± 0.9 days (study) (P = .76). Short stays were not significantly different (90.99 vs 87.10%, P = .32). Multivariable analysis showed no association between withholding antibiotics and extended stay (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45 to 1.89, P = .82), but identified age (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.21, P = .02) and initial white blood cell count (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.15, P = .03) as predictors of extended stay., Conclusion and Relevance: Withholding routine postoperative antibiotics in pediatric patients with odontogenic infections does not significantly impact length of hospital stay. While length of stay is not a direct measure of clinical outcome, it serves as a proxy for recovery. This approach may contribute to antibiotic stewardship efforts without compromising patient care, though future studies with direct clinical outcome measures are needed to confirm these findings., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is a common inflammatory condition resulting from the violation of the Schneiderian membrane by conditions arising from the dentoalveolar unit, which includes teeth, their supporting structures, and adjacent tissues. This study aims to evaluate a modified surgical approach for treating this condition., Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure the frequency of retreatment of maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin following treatment with a modified Caldwell-Luc approach, which involves accessing the maxillary sinus through the canine fossa without creating a counter-opening in the inferior nasal meatus., Study Design, Setting, Sample: This retrospective cohort study included 82 cases (83 sinuses) with odontogenic sinusitis treated surgically with the modified Caldwell-Luc technique at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Poriya Medical Center, between 2014 and 2021. Patients with nonodontogenic sinusitis were excluded., Predictor Variable: Anatomic findings defined as the presence or absence of ostiomeatal complex abnormalities and oroantral communication, as identified through clinical examination and computed tomography imaging., Main Outcome Variables: The need for retreatment, defined as the requirement for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) due to persistent signs and symptoms of maxillary sinusitis after the modified Caldwell-Luc procedure, including facial pain/pressure, nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, or radiographic evidence of persistent sinus opacification on computed tomography scan, lasting more than 4 weeks despite appropriate medical management., Covariates: Covariates included demographic data (age, sex [male/female as identified at birth]), smoking status, etiologies of odontogenic sinusitis, and surgical conditions., Analyses: Descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HRs). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the probability of remaining FESS-free over time. The level of statistical significance was set at P < .05., Results: The sample was composed of 82 patients (83 sinuses) with a mean age of 52.3 years (SD 13.5), and 47 (56.6%) were male. Dental implantation and sinus augmentation procedures were the most common etiologies of odontogenic sinusitis (50.6%). The median follow-up time was 6.03 months (interquartile range: 2.57 to 10.93 months). The incidence rate of FESS requirement was 2.64 per 100 person-months of follow-up. The FESS-free frequency was 89.2% (95% CI: 80.4 to 94.4%). The Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated the probability of remaining FESS-free at 12 months to be 89.1% (95% CI: 79.8 to 94.4%). Patients with ostiomeatal complex abnormalities had an HR of 2.25 (95% CI: 0.47 to 10.84, P = .31) for requiring FESS, while those with oroantral communication had an HR of 1.85 (95% CI: 0.46 to 7.39, P = .38)., Conclusion and Relevance: The modified Caldwell-Luc procedure was effective in treating the majority of odontogenic sinusitis cases. FESS may be necessary in a small percentage of cases with persistent symptoms. Further research is needed to identify predictors for FESS requirement. Of note, we recommend that oral and maxillofacial surgery surgeons review sinusitis cases with a FESS surgeon before performing the modified Caldwell-Luc procedure creating the opportunity for simultaneous or closely timed procedures when necessary., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare oral manifestations between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients and to examine associations between oral symptoms, Ct values of E and N SARS-CoV-2 viral genes, and the implications of low Ct values indicating a high viral load, which is a predictive factor for the outcome of COVID-19., Methods: A total of 353 participating patients were aged ≥18 years with clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection and tested for SARS-CoV-2 carriage at the medical center, by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All patients filled out an anonymous digital questionnaire regarding oral and general symptoms and overall medical health.  Results: A significant association was found between SARS-CoV-2 carriage and dry mouth, unpleasant taste and changes in taste (p < 0.001); for example, 37.4% of the 147 SARS-CoV-2- positive participants had a dry mouth, compared to 18.9% of the 206 SARS-CoV-2- negative participants. Oral blisters were experienced by patients with an E gene Ct value of 10-20 (50%) or 21-30 (50%) (p = 0.041). Bad breath, dry mouth, unpleasant taste and changes in taste were mostly present in participants whose Ct values of both E and N genes were between 21 and 30.  Conclusions: This study found significant associations between low Ct values of E and N SARS-CoV-2 viral genes and high viral load, indicating that Ct values can serve as predictive factors for COVID-19 outcomes. The findings suggest that while oral symptoms are present, the Ct values and associated high viral loads are more critical indicators of disease severity and prognosis.

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected health care systems worldwide, and the field of dentistry is no exception. Odontogenic infections in pediatric patients pose unique challenges to treatment and diagnosis., Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of pediatric maxillofacial odontogenic infections during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19., Study Design, Setting, Sample: This retrospective cohort study included all pediatric patients (0-18 years old) who visited the emergency department (ED) at Tzafon Medical Center, Israel, between March 2020 and February 2021 (COVID-19), or between March 2018 and February 2020 (pre-COVID-19), and were diagnosed with maxillofacial odontogenic infections. Patients with missing demographic data and patients who did not complete the medical examination were excluded., Predictor/exposure/independent Variable: The exposure variable was the date of presentation, categorized as COVID-19 or pre-COVID-19., Main Outcome Variable(s): The main outcome variables were the proportion of patients diagnosed with odontogenic infections, hospitalization rate, treatment methods, and length of hospital stay., Covariates: Covariates included patient demographics, involved dentition and associated spaces, and the administration of antibiotics before ED arrival., Analyses: The Fisher exact test and Pearson's χ 2 test were applied to assess differences in categorical variables. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for independent variables. A logistic regression model was used to predict outcome variables. P values were two-tailed, and statistical significance was defined as P < .05., Results: The study sample comprised 471 patients: 357 (76%) in the pre-COVID-19 period and 114 (24%) during COVID-19. The relative risk of visits to the ED out of total oral and maxillofacial ED visits was lower during COVID-19 (relative risk = 0.65, P = .0001). The hospitalization rate increased from 72% (257 patients) pre-COVID-19 to 86.8% (99 patients) during the COVID-19 period (P = .001). Length of hospital stay during COVID-19 was significantly shorter than pre-COVID-19 (P < .001)., Conclusion and Relevance: The findings of this study reveal a significant reduction in odontogenic infection incidents referred to the ED during the pandemic. This implies that many of these incidents can be successfully treated in community health care settings without referral to the ED., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Many studies have demonstrated the critical role of EMT in lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). During EMT, epithelial cancer cells lose intercellular adhesion and apical-basal polarity and acquire mesenchymal properties such as motility and invasiveness. A significant feature of EMT is cadherin switching, involving the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin. The TGF-β/SMAD pathway can also induce EMT. We aimed to evaluate EMT markers as predictors of lymph node metastasis in OSCC., Methods: We performed genetic profiling of 159 primary OSCCs from TCGA and analyzed the expression of EMT markers, including cadherin switch genes (CDH1, CDH2), and TGF-β/SMAD pathway genes. Samples were divided into advanced (stage III-IV) and early (stage I-II) stage groups. Differential expression analysis was performed, as well as an independent validation study containing fresh OSCC samples., Results: TGF-β/SMAD pathway genes such as SMAD6 were upregulated in advanced stage tumors. N-cadherin and SNAIL2 were overexpressed in node-positive tumors. Keratins were downregulated in these groups., Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that EMT marker expression correlates with lymph node metastasis in OSCC. Developing therapies targeting regulators such as N-cadherin may prevent metastasis and improve outcomes.

We have read with much interest the study by Schuderer et al [...].

Background: The article presents a rare case of acute malocclusion produced by a unilateral partial tear of the lateral pterygoid muscle and an up-to-date literature review of the pathology., Clinical Presentation: A 37-year-old female was examined; her chief complaints were pain on the right side of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area and mastication impairment associated with major occlusal modifications and anterior open bite. After magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the TMJ and subsequent MRI for soft tissue, the final diagnosis was a partial right lateral pterygoid muscle tear., Conclusion: The case shows the value of combined imaging in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and the importance of soft tissue evaluation in addition to articular examination, as the primary pathology might lie outside the joint. The authors' review of the current literature did not hitherto reveal a similar case.

Obesity and its attendant conditions have become major health problems worldwide, and obesity is currently ranked as the fifth most common cause of death globally. Complex environmental and genetic factors are causes of the current obesity epidemic. Diet, lifestyle, chemical exposure, and other confounding factors are difficult to manage in humans. The mice model is helpful in researching genetic BW gain because genetic and environmental risk factors can be controlled in mice. Studies in mouse strains with various genetic backgrounds and established genetic structures provide unparalleled opportunities to find and analyze trait-related genomic loci. In this study, we used the Collaborative Cross (CC), a large panel of recombinant inbred mouse strains, to present a predictive study using heterozygous Smad 4 knockout profiles of CC mice to understand and effectively identify predispositions to body weight gain. Male C57Bl/6J Smad4+/- mice were mated with female mice from 10 different CC lines to create F1 mice (Smad4+/-x CC). Body weight (BW) was measured weekly until week 16 and then monthly until the end of the study (week 48). The heritability (H2) of the assessed traits was estimated and presented. Comparative analysis of various machine learning algorithms for predicting the BW changes and genotype of mice was conducted. Our data showed that the body weight records of F1 mice with different CC lines differed between wild-type and mutant Smad4 mice during the experiment. Genetic background affects weight gain and some lines gained more weight in the presence of heterozygous Smad4 knockout, while others gained less, but, in general, the mutation caused overweight mice, except for a few lines. In both control and mutant groups, female %BW had a higher heritability (H2) value than males. Additionally, both sexes with wild-type genotypes showed higher heritability values than the mutant group. Logistic regression provides the most accurate mouse genotype predictions using machine learning. We plan to validate the proposed method on more CC lines and mice per line to expand the literature on machine learning for BW prediction.

Oral cancers affect millions of people globally, with increasing incidences among adults aged 35 and above. Poor drug uptake by lesions in the oral cavity following systemic administration, as well as limited localized treatment modalities for oral tumors, result in poor patient quality of life and high mortality. Here, we describe a solid, dissolvable, bioadhesive alginate patch containing freeze-dried doxorubicin-loaded liposomes as a local treatment for oral tumors located on the tongue. By varying the alginate-to-liposome ratio in the mucoadhesive patch, we could control the degree of bioadhesion to the tongue and the release profile of the drug-loaded liposomes from the matrix. In vitro, exposing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to the alginate mucoadhesive patch or tablet resulted in dose-dependent cancer-cell death. In vivo, the efficacy of the local treatment was demonstrated in mice bearing orthotopic SCC tumors in the tongue. The bioadhesive patch, applied directly above the lesion, significantly reduced the tumor size and treatment-associated side effects compared to implanted patches or systemic drug administration. This study demonstrates that local bioadhesive therapies are effective in treating cancers of the oral cavity., (© 2022. Controlled Release Society.)

Ischemic stroke, a leading global cause of death and disability, is commonly caused by carotid arteries atherosclerosis. Carotid artery calcification (CAC) is a well-known marker of atherosclerosis. Such calcifications are classically detected by ultrasound screening. In recent years it was shown that these calcifications can also be inferred from routine panoramic dental radiographs. In this work, we focused on panoramic dental radiographs taken from 500 patients, manually labelling each of the patients' sides (each radiograph was treated as two sides), which were used to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithm to automatically detect carotid calcifications. The algorithm uses deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN), with transfer learning (TL) approach that achieved true labels for each corner, and reached a sensitivity (recall) of 0.82 and a specificity of 0.97 for individual arteries, and a recall of 0.87 and specificity of 0.97 for individual patients. Applying and integrating the algorithm in healthcare units and dental clinics has the potential of reducing stroke events and their mortality and morbidity consequences., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy. Most authors are advisors to or employees of a commercial company. SS and IAEN are not employees of a commercial company and don’t have any competing interests., (Copyright: © 2023 Amitay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Objective: Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that harms exocrine glands located mainly in the oral and ocular regions. pSS patients often complain about pain and mouth dryness. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of parotid glands' sialendoscopy on salivary flow in pSS patients and to assess the tissue characteristics of the parotid glands during the sialendoscopy procedure., Method and Materials: Twenty-six pSS patients (52 glands) treated with sialendoscopy for their parotid glands between the years 2017 and 2019 were included. The unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate was obtained 2 weeks before intervention (T1) and 3 months post intervention (T2). For 20 patients, UWS was measured 6 months post intervention (T3); and for 11 patients, UWS was measured 12 months post intervention (T4). Patients were asked about their oral quality of life before and after sialendoscopy., Results: UWS was significantly higher at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1 (P = .002, P = .01, and P = .04 respectively). In total, 22 patients (84.6%) reported substantial improvement of their oral quality of life at T2. Of the 52 glands, 33 (63.5%) exhibited avascularity in the walls of the Stensen duct, 33 (63.5%) had strictures, and in 8 (15.4%) mucus plugs were present. No major complications were observed in this study except for one patient who suffered from duct perforation, which during follow-up was spontaneously healed., Conclusion: This study indicates a positive effect of sialendoscopy on salivary flow rate and oral quality of life in pSS patients. Sialendoscopy should be considered as a vital tool in treating pSS patients. (Quintessence Int 2023;54:234-240; doi: 10.3290/j.qi.b3609681).

Objectives: To evaluate the benefits of submucosal administration of a dexamethasone and articaine mixture on postoperative pain after mandibular third molar extraction., Method and Materials: This was a double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial of consecutive patients requiring surgical removal of mandibular third molars. Immediately post extraction, the surgeon administered a submucosal injection. The surgeon was masked to the content of the injection, which contained either a mixture of 10 mg dexamethasone and 68 mg articaine ("study group") or the same volume of saline only ("control group"). Pain severity was assessed by questionnaire (postoperative symptom severity [PoSSe] scale) 7 days after the procedure., Results: Sixty subjects were enrolled. Patients in the study group had significantly lower PoSSe pain intensity scores than subjects in the control group (P = .004). The combined postoperative PoSSe pain score was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P = .016). There was no significant difference in pain duration between the two groups (P = .237)., Conclusion: Submucosal injection of dexamethasone/articaine solution after surgical extraction of mandibular third molars is effective in reducing pain intensity.

Objectives: The most notable changes in the eighth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging System include incorporating the depth of invasion (DOI) into T staging and extranodal extension (ENE) into N staging. In this study, we retrospectively assessed the prognostic and clinical implications of the eighth TNM staging system. Materials and Methods: Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) who were treated surgically between 2010 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Tumors were first staged according to the seventh edition and restaged using the eighth edition. The prognostic value of the resultant upstaging was evaluated. Results: Integrating the DOI into the T classification resulted in the upstaging of 65 patients, whereas incorporating ENE into the N staging resulted in the upstaging of 18 patients (p < 0.001). Upstaging due to DOI integration had no significant effect on OS or DSS (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating ENE into nodal staging and considering adjuvant therapy when ENE is present.

Background and Objective: Regeneration of large bony defects is an unmet medical need. The therapeutic effect of fully developed bony constructs engineered in vitro from mineralized scaffold and adult stem cells is hampered by deficient long-term graft integration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the regenerative capacity of a bony primordial construct consisting of human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSC)-derived osteoprogenitors and absorbable Gelfoam ® sponges., Methods: Gingiva and alveolar mucosa-derived hOMSC were differentiated into osteoprogenitors (Runx2 and osterix positive) and loaded into Gelfoam ® sponges to generate primordial hOMSC constructs. These were implanted into critical size calvaria defects in the rat. Defects treated with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) constructs; Gelfoam ® sponges and untreated defects served as controls., Results: After 120-day post-implantation defects treated with hOMSC constructs, HDF constructs and gelatin and untreated defects exhibited 86%, 30%, 21%, and 9% of new bone formation, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis for human nuclear antigen (HNA), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) revealed viable hOMSC-derived osteoblasts and osteocytes that formed most of the cell population of the newly formed bone at 30 and 120 days post surgery. Few HNA-positive HDF that were negative for BSP and OCN were identified together with inflammatory cells in the soft tissue adjacent to new bone formation only at 30 days post implantation., Conclusion: Collectively, the results demonstrate that primordial in vitro engineered constructs consisting of hOMSC-derived osteoprogenitors and absorbable gelatin almost completely regenerate critical size defects in an immunocompetent xenogeneic animal by differentiating into functional osteoblasts that retain the immunomodulatory ability of naïve hOMSC., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of orthognathic surgery on the long-term quality of life of patients with presurgical skeletal Class III and to identify its strongest effect-whether esthetic, social, or functional., Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the subjects were patients after orthognathic surgery for repairing skeletal Class III. Fifty-five patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery from 2013 to 2018 in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department participated in this study. Each participant completed a modified questionnaire used to assess the patient's esthetic, social, and functional abilities after orthognathic surgery., Results: The rate of esthetic improvement in orthognathic surgery patients was 88%. More than four-fifths (81.8%) of the patients reported improvement in their personal and social self-esteem and confidence. Finally, 40.7% of the patients reported functional improvement. No significant differences between male and female patients were found. All but one of the patients recommended orthognathic surgery for patients with similar problems. One in six (17.3%) patients was dissatisfied with the nasal appearance after the surgical procedure, while almost a quarter (21.8%) reported worsening of their mouth opening, and 25.4% reported worsening of TMJ (Temporo-Mandibular Joint) symptoms. Analysis of the results revealed no statistically significant pattern connecting preoperative overjet or overbite measures with satisfaction rates., Conclusions: In this study, patient satisfaction with the orthognathic surgical procedure was mostly a result of improvements in facial esthetics, followed by psychological well-being and functional abilities. Most dissatisfaction after the orthognathic surgical procedure was related to nasal appearance, mouth opening, and TMJ complaints., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Background: Myopericytoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm with perivascular myoid differentiation that arises most commonly in middle adulthood. The lesion generally involves the subcutaneous tissue of distal extremities. Myopericytoma of the oral cavity is extremely rare. Herein we report a case of oral myopericytoma in a pediatric patient, who was treated via a conservative approach with a follow up of 8 years. The case is followed by a literature review. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of oral myopericytoma affecting a patient of such a young age., Case Presentation: A 6 years old boy was referred to the maxillofacial surgery department for the evaluation of a solitary growth of the right maxillary buccal and palatal gingiva. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of myopericytoma., Conclusions: Our patient was treated by local excision with no recurrence in 8 years of follow up. Conservative approach should be considered for the treatment oral myopericytoma especially in young patients in tooth bearing areas.

Objectives: Coronary artery calcium measured by CT predicts future coronary events. Similarly, carotid artery calcium on dental panoramic radiographs has been associated with increased cardiovascular events. Pre-procedural assessment of candidates for valve replacement in our institution includes panoramic radiographs and chest tomography. We aimed to assess the association of carotid calcium on panoramic radiographs with coronary artery calcium on chest tomography., Methods: Paired pre-procedural panoramic radiographs and chest tomography scans were done in 177 consecutive patients between October 2016 and October 2017. Carotid calcium was quantified using NIH's ImageJ. Coronary artery calcium was quantified by the Agatston score using Philips Intellispace portal, v. 8.0.1.20640., Results: Carotid calcium maximal intensity, area and perimeter were higher among patients with high coronary artery calcium. Non-zero carotid calcium was found in half of patients with high coronary artery calcium, doubling prevalence of low coronary artery calcium., Conclusion: Carotid calcium identified in panoramic radiographs was associated with high coronary artery calcium. Awareness of carotid calcium recognized by dental practitioners in low-cost, low radiation and commonly done panoramic radiographs may be useful to identify patients at risk of coronary disease with potential future cardiovascular events.

Background: Anastomotic leak is regarded as one of the most feared complications of bowel surgery; avoiding leaks is a major priority. Attempts to reduce or eliminate leaks have included alternate anastomotic techniques. Human oral mucosa stem cells (hOMSC) are self-renewing and expandable cells derived from buccal mucosa. Studies have shown that hOMSC can accelerate tissue regeneration and wound healing. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether hOMSC can decrease anastomotic leak rates in a murine model of colon surgery., Methods: Two experiments were performed. In the first study, mice underwent colonic anastomosis using five interrupted sutures. hOMSC (n = 7) or normal saline (NS; n = 17) was injected into the colon wall at the site of the anastomosis. To evaluate whether hOMSC can impact anastomotic healing, the model was stressed by repeating the first experiment, reducing the number of sutures used for the construction of the anastomosis from five to four. Either hOMSC (n = 8) or NS (n = 20) was injected at the anastomosis. All mice that survived were sacrificed on postoperative day 7. Anastomotic leak rate, mortality, daily weight, and daily wellness scores were compared., Results: In the five-suture anastomosis, there were no differences in anastomotic leak rate, mortality, or daily weight. Mice that received hOMSC had significantly higher wellness scores on postoperative day 2 (p < 0.05). In the four-suture anastomosis, there was a significant decrease in leak rate (70% [NS] vs. 25% [hOMSC], p = 0.029) and higher wellness scores in mice that received hOMSC (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Our study suggests that injecting hOMSC at the colonic anastomosis can potentially reduce anastomotic leak and improve postoperative wellness in a murine model of colon surgery., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Defects in the oral and maxillofacial (OMF) complex may lead to functional and esthetic impairment, aspiration, speech difficulty, and reduced quality of life. Reconstruction of such defects is considered one of the most challenging procedures in head and neck surgery. Transfer of different auto-grafts is still considered as the "gold standard" of regenerative and reconstructive procedures for OMF defects. However, harvesting of these grafts can lead to many complications including donor-site morbidity, extending of surgical time, incomplete healing of the donor site and others. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is an innovative technique that allows the fabrication of personalized implants and scaffolds that fit the precise anatomy of an individual's defect and, therefore, has attracted significant attention during the last few decades, especially among head and neck surgeons. Here we discuss the most relevant applications of the 3D printing technology in the oral and maxillofacial surgery field. We further show different clinical examples of patients who were treated at our institute using the 3D technology and discuss the indications, different technologies, complications, and their clinical outcomes. We demonstrate that 3D technology may provide a powerful tool used for reconstruction of various OMF defects, enabling optimal clinical results in the suitable cases.

Background: 40% of cases of infective endocarditis (IE) are likely caused by oral bacteria. IE prevalence after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is comparable to IE following surgical prosthetic valve replacement (SVR). Current guidelines recommend pre-operative dental screening for SVR, without specific recommendations regarding TAVR. We aimed to compare oral dental findings in TAVR vs. surgical valve replacement (SVR) candidates and assess the need for routine dental screening and treatment prior to TAVR similar to the SVR patients., Methods: 150 patients (58 TAVR candidates and 92 surgical candidates) were all referred for screening and appropriate treatment before intervention to our Oral medicine team, blinded to the planned interventional type. All patients were scored for oral hygiene and dental findings that required intervention. An oral health score (OHS, general hygiene: 0-good, 1-bad, need for immediate treatment: 0-no, 1-yes, need for future treatment: 0-no, 1-yes) was calculated and compared. Patients were clinically followed for IE for 14 ± 5 months (rage 8-28) post intervention., Results: While candidates for SVR were younger than TAVR (66 + 10 vs. 81 ± 6 respectively, P < 0.0001), oral-dental findings were similar. OHS was 1.6 for SVR and 1.7 for TAVR candidates, p = 0.45). Half of patients in either group had findings requiring pre-procedural dental treatment. There were two IE cases during follow-up, one in each group., Conclusion: Oral health and need for pre-procedural dental treatment were not different among candidates for SVR and TAVR. IE preventive oral-dental care seems to be justified in patients undergoing TAVR initially denied SVR due to prohibitive operative risk., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: To propose a reconstructive protocol based on surgical management experience of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) and the location of the primary lesion., Methods: Data on the surgical management and the reconstructive technique of 14 histologically conformed patients with PLGA, all treated by the same surgeon, were analyzed and evaluated., Results: Mean follow-up period in our series was 6.2 years. Mean age at diagnosis was 55.5 years and female to male ratio was 2.2:1. The most common presenting sign was a nonpainful lump or mass in an intraoral location. Most patients were managed by wide local excision and reconstruction method varied from primary closure to the use of radial forearm graft. Recurrence appeared in one of the patients in this series, while 2 required further radiation therapy. A protocol for reconstruction of intraoral patients with PLGA is suggested based on our analysis., Conclusion: Surgical management is the gold standard for PLGA treatment. Neck dissection is recommended only in patients with presurgery fine-needle aspiration confirmed lymph node involvement. The reconstruction depends mainly on location and size of the primary lesion.

Purpose: Recurrent and metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is often incurable. There are large gaps in the understanding of the clinical course, biology and genetic biomarkers of OSCC which could help us identify patients with high-risk of recurrence who may benefit from intensified therapy or novel targeted therapy trials. The purpose of this study was to identify significant clinical, pathological and genomic risk factors for local recurrence in OSCC., Patients and Methods: Molecular data sets and clinicopathological characteristics of 159 head and neck carcinoma patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal and analyzed using the Genome Data Analysis Center and cBioPortal to find significant risk factors for tumor recurrence., Results: The local recurrence rate was 24%. OSCC originating from the buccal mucosa composed 13% of all the tumors in the recurrent group, making it a statistically significant risk of recurrence (P value = 0.03). Likewise, positive surgical margins, pathological T staging, and alcohol consumption were found to be significantly associated with recurrence (P value < 0.05). Genetic profiling revealed the top 5 mutated genes (using the MutSigCV analysis). Only one of these genes, CASP8 was the only gene that was significantly altered only in the recurrent group (Q value = 8.7 × 10 -11 ). The fingerprint of 5 mutated genes was found in 97% of the patients in the recurrence group. Moreover, copy number alterations in cytoband 5p15.33, which involved amplification in telomerase reverse-transcriptase (TERT) gene, was found to be significant only in the recurrent group., Conclusions: In the current study, we found several clinical and genetic characteristics that could define patients with high-risk of OSCC recurrence. This provides a means of identifying patients that may benefit from intensified therapy or novel targeted therapy trials., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oral cancers are extremely common among adults with increasing incidences due to human papillomavirus, while treatment modalities are limited. This study aims to develop a new oral mucoadhesive delivery system based on the combination of alginate and liposomes. The polymer provides adhesion properties and induces local release of the drug-loaded carriers, while the liposomes protect the drug from degradation and improve its absorption into the cells. Three hybrid alginate/liposomes delivery systems were investigated: a hybrid paste, which presented excellent adhesive capabilities, yet fast burst release of 90% after 2h; a hybrid hydrogel, demonstrating controllable release rates of 5%, 30% or 60% after 2h but poor mucoadhesive properties. These findings led to the development of a hybrid cross-linked paste. Polymer retention studies demonstrated that 80% of the crosslinked paste was retained on tongue tissue compared to 50% retention of the non-cross-linked pastes, verifying its superior mucoadhesion. The hybrid cross-linked paste presented controllable release rate of 20% after 2h. Alginate paste incorporating doxorubicin loaded liposomes presented similar release rates and were highly effective in promoting cancer cell death. Thus, our innovative formulation, including both desired characteristics of mucoadhesion and sustained liposomes release, is an important milestone in the development of a new potential treatment for oral cancer., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population worldwide, and Israel is no different in this aspect. Of these injuries, craniofacial trauma is a significant cause of morbidity in the pediatric population. The high occurrence of pediatric trauma is possibly related to a lower perception for the hazards that surround them, combined with the restless and adventurous nature that is typical of children. The aim was to perform a retrospective, epidemiological study on facial trauma in children examined in the emergency room in order to analyze the different patterns in pediatric maxillofacial trauma, to emphasize this data and educate those involved in preventing and treating children's injuries., Materials and Methods: The database of pediatric maxillofacial trauma patients younger than 18 years registered at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya during a period of 4 years (2012-2015) was reviewed and examined. The data collected were analyzed for each year separately and then comparisons and cross sections were made., Results: This study examined 3034 files of pediatric maxillofacial and head trauma patients aged under 18. The comparison of frequency of the injuries between seasons reveals more injuries occur in the summer and 69.3% of the injuries occurred in boys. Average age was 6.5 years, with the most prevalent group being 0-5 years. The most common type of injury was blunt head trauma followed by facial lacerations and dental injuries. Most (84.5%) of the injuries occurred outside the education system. The number of injuries at the Arab villages was higher than in the Jewish villages., Conclusion: There is a marked difference in the injured children population with an increase incidence in the Arab child population and children under the age of 6., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern and treatment of craniomaxillofacial injuries in the northern part of Israel, within a Jewish majority and large Arab minority population., Patients and Methods: A 5-year retrospective study evaluated patients treated for craniomaxillofacial fractures. Fracture cause, type, site, and patient demographics were evaluated., Results: Patient age ranged from 1 to 94 years with an average age of 36.7 years; 52% of the victims were Jews and 48% Arabs. There was male predilection in both sectors (78.3% vs 21.7%). The main site of injury was the zygomatic bone (33.5%) followed by nasal bone, orbital, mandible, frontal sinus, and maxillary fractures. The main etiology of injuries was falls (45.4%) with significantly more falls reported by females (52.1% vs 43.2% in males). Motor vehicle accidents caused injuries more frequent in males. Arabs experienced CMF fractures at a younger age compared to Jews (27.8 and 44.8 average age, respectively). In the elderly, the trend reversed where Jews were more prone to craniomaxillofacial fractures., Conclusions: Compared to their weight in the population, the Arab sector experiences more craniomaxillofacial injuries. The Jewish elderly population tends to reside in nursing homes where they are more susceptible to accidental falls, whereas young Arab males are more exposed to motor vehicle accidents and interpersonal violence. Falls were the main cause of injuries particularly in women. This may reflect the women's fear of reporting domestic violence. We believe that increased government investments in infrastructures and education will lower the incidence of craniomaxillofacial trauma and balance the gap between both sectors and sexes.

Background: Several types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been found to be associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Still, the significance of HPV infection and its relationship to patient prognosis remains an important matter of debate., Objectives: To investigate the incidence of HPV infection in OSCC patients in northern Israel populations to determine its role in the etiology and prognosis of OSCC., Methods: OSCC tissues were gathered from the pathology departments at Rambam and Padeh medical centers in northern Israel. HPV DNA typing and immunohistochemistry for p16INK4A antibodies were conducted to evaluate their incidence in OSCC tissues. Statistical analysis regarding its expression in the different sub-populations (Jews, Arabs, Druze) was conducted using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests., Results: The study included 82 patients: 53 men and 29 woman; median age 62.1 years; 54 Jews, 25 Arabs, and 3 Druze. The overall incidence of HPV expression was 45% (n=37). The median age of HPV-positive patients was 53 years vs. 65.8 in the negative group (P < 0.001). The 5 year overall survival of HPV-positive patients was not significantly higher than HPV-negative patients. A significant association was found between P16 expression and overall survival (log-rank P = 0.001)., Conclusions: HPV infection in OSCC was not found to be significant in this study; however, P16 expression in the tumor tissue was found to be a positive prognostic factor for better survival.