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The aim of the present study is the Evaluation, preparation, and description of chitosan nanoparticles and bioavilibility enhancement of rivaroxaban. Preparation of Rivaroxaban nanoparticles (RB-NPs) were prepared by the ionic gelation method. Different parameters were studied for evaluation, Preparation & description of nanoparticles. The results of the present study showed that the formulation F7 showed the significant results for all the selected parameter as compared to the other formulations. The formulation F1, F5, and F6 showed the highest production yield (52.5, 52.35, and 52.35% respectively) and F7 showed the significant production yield (51.85%), zeta-potential (23.63 mV), entrapment efficiency (99.87), particle size (316.12±2.14 nm) and poly disparity index (0.32). Nanoparticles are solid colloidal drug carriers ranging from 10—1000 nm in diameter and are composed of synthetic, natural or semi-synthetic polymers encapsulating the drug molecule.

Background: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is one of the commonly used treatment modalities for refractory intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. Objective: To assess the functional outcome following bilateral decompressive craniectomy (DC) in traumatic head injury based on Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at Enam Medical College & Hospital, from January 2019- December 2020. Data of the patients who had undergone bilateral DC for severe traumatic head injury were reviewed from medical record files. Data were collected pre-designed data collection sheet. Data were analyzed using computer based program statistical package for social science (SPSS) for windows version 25.0 software. Results: This study shows maximum (56.9%) were 16-30 years. The average age was 29.70±14.78 years. Majority were male (94.1%) and only 5.9% were female. Road traffic accidents (RTA) were the most frequent causative event of traumatic injury. Most of the patients (88.2%) were hospital stay 1-5 days then 9.8% were 6-10 days and only 2% were >10 days. The average hospital stays were 3.26±2.43 days. Majority (60.7%) were good recovery, 13.7% were moderate disability, 5.9% were severe disability, 2% were persistent vegetative state and 13.7% were death at home. Conclusion: This study recommends a larger prospective study to assess the longterm functional outcome of bilateral decompressive craniectomy after severe traumatic head injury. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2022; 11(2): 89-93

Disability in higher education has different implications from that of school Education. Higher education increases the chance of employability, thus, affirming dignified life for the persons with disabilities. While going through the policies and programmes in India it is found that not much has been done in the field of disability and higher education. There are number of groups working on the school education of children with disabilities. This has not translated in the entry of students to higher education because of various reasons. Infrastructural facilities within institutions, attitudes towards persons with disabilities, transportation facilities, and lack of support services are a few areas, which hinder the entry of children with disabilities into higher education.

Background: Mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been associated to an array of risk factors. Identification of risk factors potentially contributes to predict and reduce mortality rates in the ICU. Objective: To evaluate the mortality in Neuro ICU admitted in Enam Medical College & Hospital (EMCH), Savar, and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Method: This was a cross-sectional study in clinical and surgical Neuro intensive care units of the Enam Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh. ICU patients admitted between 2017 to 2021 were considered for the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest. Data was processed and analyzed with the help of computer program SPSS for windows version 25. Results: This study shows majority (51.2%) were age group >50 years. Majority were male (65.6%) and 34.4% were female. Morbidity pattern of neurological patients were traumatic brain injury (52.5%), RTA with poly trauma (33.8%), haemorrhagic stroke (26.9%), ischemic stroke (26.9%), aspiration pneumonia (13.8%), poly trauma due to assault (12.5%), intracerebral haemorrhage (10.6%), MCA territory infract (10%), capsule ganglionic haemorrhage with pan ventricular extension (8.13%). Conclusion: It concluded that preventable morbidities (Traumatic brain injury, RTA, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, aspiration pneumonia, poly trauma, intracerebral hemorrhage, MCA territory infract and haemorrhagic pan ventricular extension) accounted for fatality among neurological patients in the ICU. Mortality was higher among those that required significant intensive interventions, improved public awareness.

Background: A head injury is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that occur to the scalp, skull, brain, and underlying tissue and blood vessels in the head. Head injuries are also commonly referred to as brain injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI), depending on the extent of the head trauma. Serum electrolyte abnormalities (SEAs) may occur due to the initiation of destructive inflammatory and biochemical cascades of primary brain injury or as a result of interventions such as hyperosmolar therapy. Objective: To evaluate the electrolyte disturbance in patients with head injury in Neuro ICU, Enam Medical College & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: It was cross sectional observational study carried out by Department of Neuro ICU, Dhaka during the period of 2017-2021. Total 37 head injury patients were included. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest. Data was processed and analyzed with the help of computer program SPSS for windows version 25. Results: This study shows maximum (45.9%) were 15-35 years. The mean age was 30.97±18.49 years (range 2 years-71 years). Majority (94.6%) were male and only 5.4% were female. Most common head injury were due to road traffic accident (75.7%), followed by fall from height which contributes 56 (18.9%). Among 37 patients 28 (75.7%) patients normal serum sodium level, hyponatremia seen in 7 (18.9%) patients and 2 (5.4%) had hypernatremia. Hypokalemia observed in 21 (56.8%) patients, hyperkalemia in 7 (18.9) patients and 9 (24.3%) patients had normal potassium level. Hypochloremia were present in 21 (56.8%) patients, hyperchloremia in 7 (18.9%) patients and in 9 (24.3%) patients no change in serum chloride. Conclusion: Serum sodium, potassium and chloride abnormalities are common in head injury patients in this study. They are associated with higher risk of mortality and can be expected to occur in patients with abnormalities in specific clinical, radiological and acid-based parameters.

We reported herein an efficient, environmentally friendly synthesis of hydrazine carboxamides (6a���l) in a water-glycerol (6:4) solvent system using ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrasonicated reactions were found to be much faster and more productive than conventional synthesis. The prepared compounds (6a���l) were tested against nine panels of 60 cancer cell lines according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI US) protocol. N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide (6b) was discovered to be promising anticancer agents with higher sensitivity against CCRF-CEM, HOP-92, UO-31, RMPI-8226, HL-60(TB), and MDA-MB-468 with percent growth inhibitions (%GIs) of 143.44, 33.46, 33.21, 33.09, 29.81, and 29.55 respectively. Compounds (6a���l) tested showed greater anticancer activity than Imatinib, except for compound 6k. Compounds 6b and 6c were found to be lethal on the CCRF-CEM leukaemia cell line, with %GIs of 143.44 and 108.91, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis was performed to investigate ligand binding affinity at the active site of epidermal growth factor (EGFR).

Paracetamol is generally recommended for pain and fever. However, as per experimental and epidemiological data, widespread and irrational or long-term use of paracetamol may be harmful to human endocrine homeostasis, especially during pregnancy. Some researchers suggest that prenatal exposure to paracetamol might alter fetal development and also enhance the risk of reproductive disorders. An imbalance in the levels of these hormones may play a significant role in the emergence of various diseases, including infertility. Therefore, in this study, the interaction mechanism of paracetamol with reproductive hormone receptors was investigated by molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) for assessing paracetamol's potency to disrupt reproductive hormones. The results indicate that paracetamol has the ability to interact with reproductive hormone receptors (estrogen 1XP9; 1QKM with binding energy of -5.61 kcal/mol; -5.77 kcal/mol; androgen 5CJ6 - 5.63 kcal/mol; and progesterone 4OAR -5.60 kcal/mol) by hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions to maintain its stability. In addition, the results of the MD simulations and MM-PBSA confirm that paracetamol and reproductive receptor complexes are stable. This research provides a molecular and atomic level understanding of how paracetamols disrupt reproductive hormone synthesis. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), Radius of Gyration and hydrogen bonding exhibited that paracetamol mimic at various attribute to bisphenol and native ligand.

Background Adhatoda vasica L. is a medicinal plant, known as Malabar nut in English, belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It has been used traditionally to treat respiratory disorders like severe coughs, colds, chronic bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, and other illnesses. The multifunctional range of bioactives found in it has piqued the interest of pharmaceutical companies, who are looking for more evidence-based ways to develop new formulations. Objective To analyse the A. vasica leaves by GC-MS technique and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Method Methanolic extract of A. vasica L. (MEAV) leaves was analyzed by GC-MS for identification and characterization of its bioactives and traditional therapeutic claims. A widely anticipated 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of MEAV. Results The major compounds revealed in MEAV leaves are: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (3.06%); 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (5.35%); 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (16.82%); 2-butylphenol (6.85%); 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-on (2.5%); 2(OR 3)–(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol (3.52%); megastigmatrienone 3 (1.02%); tetradecanoic acid (1.52%); vomifoliol (0.58%); oxalic acid, cyclobutylhexyl ester (6.03%); hexadecanoic acid (6.06%); 4-ethyl-2-oxo-2,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[B]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (10.08%); phytol (2.01%); and vitamin E (3.18%). A significant reduction in free radicals against DPPH was observed, which revealed the antioxidant potential of MEAV. Conclusion MEAV consists of both polar and nonpolar components. GC-MS analysis was used to identify these compounds. The current work validates that the antioxidant activity of MEAV is attributed to the presence of compounds such as vitamin E and terpenes. Highlights This work validates the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of A. vasica attributed to the presence of compounds like vitamin E and terpenes.

Santolina chamaecyparissus is an important medicinal plant growing in the Mediterranean region and has been reported as a potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal agent. The purpose of the current research is to identify the chemical constituents in ethyl acetate extract (EAE) from the leaves of S. chamaecyparissus, and to evaluate antidiabetic, and anticancer activity. Chemical constituents of EAE were identified by GC-MS, and the antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The anticancer activity was assessed by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) expression in human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) by using quantitative RT-PCR method. GC-MS analysis of EAE of S. chamaecyparissus yielded 44 compounds. Tetrapentacontane (27.15%), eicosyl acetate (8.40%), 2-methylhexacosane (6.87%), and n-pentadecanol (5.44%) were found as major chemical constituents. The EAE of S. chamaecyparissus showed concentration dependant inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme and the IC50 value (IC50 110 ± 4.25 µg/mL) was found comparable with standard acarbose (IC50 105 ± 3.74 µg/mL). The real-time qRT-PCR results showed that the EGFR protein (bcl-2) in human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) was negatively expressed with a value of −0.69297105 after treatment with EAE (100 µg/mL). The study results are suggesting the possible use of S. chamaecyparissus in the management of diabetes, and human breast cancer.

Background Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is known as a biologically effective plant for the treatment of jaundice in the Indian traditional system of medicine. It is a wild medicinal tree possessing anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antipsoriatic, anticancerous, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Its constituents are of utmost interest to pharmaceutical industries owing to their many actions and biological activities. Method Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria (MEWT) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and provided affirmative results assisting in the identification and characterization of therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system. The antioxidant activity of MEWT was determined by the most suitable DPPH method. Results The basic compounds found in MEWT were β-caryophyllene (0.22%), mome inositol (12.02%), neophytadiene (1.61%), eicosanoic acid methyl ester (0.32%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (0.60%), phytol (0.94%), phytol palmitate (1.37%), squalene (1.57%), flavone 4-OH, 5-OH, 7-di-O-glucoside (29.34%), γ-tocopherol (0.49%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol (3.14%), methyl commate B (1.76%), methyl commate A (5.20%), and 24-norursa-3,12-diene (20.36%). The obtained results in the analysis of antioxidant activity of MEWT exhibited considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH-generated free radicals. Conclusions This study expands the knowledge of MEWT chemical composition and provides evidence to substantiate ethno-medicinal use of the plant by exploring antioxidant activity. The substantial antioxidant activity of MEWT could be due to presence of terpenes, flavonoids, vitamin E, and other reported compounds. Highlights This study includes identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria, assisting in therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system.

In recent years, there have been a rise in the number of problems in the existing traffic management system particularly in the developing countries such as Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. Due to this, many accidents have occurred every now and then. Violating the traffic rules such as unpermitted change of lanes and over speeding are the two main reasons for increased number of accidents. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve the problem using Raspberry-pi and OpenCV contour detection technology. A prototype device has been developed to solve the problems regarding lane-based rule violations. The device will be installed in traffic surveillance cameras which will be connected to the metropolitan traffic servers. The device will communicate with the server via Gigabit Ethernet. It will also increase the time efficiency and reduce the manual monitoring cost. Moreover, it will help the traffic management department to find the person responsible for traffic rule violation and assist them to apply the laws strictly. The main contribution of this article is to develop a device that will detect any kind of unpermitted lane changes by any vehicles and identify the license plates. The proposed model has about 80% accuracy according to our evaluation.

Morusflavone, a flavonoid from Morus alba L., was evaluated for its interactive ability and stability with CYP17A1, in comparison with abiraterone, which is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved CYP17A1 inhibitor. CYP17A1 inhibition is an important therapeutic target for prostate cancer. The CHAMM36 force field was used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in this study. The results show that Morusflavone has significant interactive ability and stability for CYP17A1, in comparison with abiraterone. The final interaction energies for the Morusflavone–CYP17A1 and abiraterone–CYP17A1 complexes were −246.252 KJ/mol and −207.86 KJ/mol, respectively. Since there are only limited therapeutic agents available, such as abiraterone, galeterone, and seviteronel, which are being developed for prostate cancer, information on any potent natural anticancer compounds, such as vinca alkaloids, for prostate cancer treatment is limited. The results of this study show that CYP17A1 inhibition by Morusflavone could be an important therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations of the lead compound Morusflavone are required to evaluate whether it can serve as a potential inhibitor of CYP17A1, which will be a new hope for prostate cancer treatment.

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) comprise of nanoparticles originating from metallic elements with additional properties inherent to metal ions. MNPs found applications in various field such as electronics, optics, mechanics, physics etc. There are many reviews on iron MNPs for biomedical application. Hence, in this review, we focus on non-iron MNPs and their vivid biomedical applications. Here, we review the applications of non-iron MNPs in biomedicine such as drug delivery, gene delivery, anticancer activity, antimicrobial activity, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and photodynamic, and photothermal therapies.

Hand hygiene by washing with soap and water is recommended for the prevention of COVID-19 spread. Soaps and detergents are explained to act by damaging viral spike glycoproteins (peplomers) or by washing out the virus through entrapment in the micelles. Technically, soaps come under a functional category of molecules known as surfactants. Surfactants are widely used in pharmaceutical formulations as excipients. We wonder why surfactants are still not tried for prophylaxis or therapy against COVID-19? That too when many of them have proven antiviral properties. Moreover, lung surfactants have already shown benefits in respiratory viral infections. Therefore, we postulate that surfactant-based prophylaxis and therapy would be promising. We believe that our hypothesis would stimulate debate or new research exploring the possibility of surfactant-based prophylaxis and therapy against COVID-19. The success of a surfactant-based technique would save the world from any such pandemic in the future too.

In recent years, there have been rise in the number of problems in the existing traffic management system particularly in the developing countries. Due to this, many agonizing accidents are occurring every now and then. Over speeding and violating the traffic rules such as unnecessary change of lanes are the two main reasons for the rise in the number of accidents. This problem needs to be solved immediately to reduce the number of unexpected deaths. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve the problem addressed using Raspberry-pi and OpenCV contour detection technology. We have developed a prototype device to solve this problem. The device will be installed in traffic surveillance camera near the traffic signal position, which will be connected to the metropolitan traffic servers. If any of the vehicle crosses the device violating the mentioned traffic rule, they will be detected and the data will be sent to the server immediately. Thus, the proposed traffic monitoring system will help to reduce the manual collection of data, resulting less time wastage and this will further reduce the cost. Furthermore, it will help to find the person responsible for traffic rule violation and will assist the traffic management department to apply the laws strictly. The proposed model has about 78.83% accuracy, which will help to reduce the number of accidents that are taking place every day.

Objective To study the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms and disorders among garment workers in Bangladesh, to look for possible relationships between pain location and type of work performed and to estimate the prevalence of rheumatological diagnoses. Methods A cross-sectional pilot study among 350 garment workers using the COPCORD (Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders) methodology. Subjects with musculoskeletal pain were examined by rheumatologists for rheumatological diagnosis. The workers were classified into cutting, sewing, finishing and quality control operators. Results Most of the workers were aged below 35 years (88%) and females (82.9%) and the majority had only primary education (74.6%). The prevalence of MSK pain within 7 days of the interview was 77.1%, a much higher figure than in the general population. The most affected sites were: shoulder (17.9%), lower back (15.2%), neck (13.8%) and knee (10.8%). Multiple regional pain was the commonest finding in 173 of 350 workers. In this pilot study rheumatoid arthritis was diagnosed in 0.9%, undifferentiated arthritis in 1.1%, nonspecific low back pain in 4.6%, soft tissue rheumatism in 3.7%, osteoarthritis in 0.9% and lumbar spondylosis in 1.1%, figures comparable with those observed in the general population; spondyloarthropathy was seen more often, in 1.42%, possibly explained by the small numbers. Conclusions Musculoskeletal pains are common among garment workers of Bangladesh and may cause morbidity, disability, and work loss. Our findings may be important to plan ergonomic measures preventing complaints and may be of interest for international companies ordering garments in Bangladesh.

There are many algorithms to detect and recognize the multiple faces in the visible boundaries but to recognize the multiple faces in real time is quite challenging. Focusing on this challenge, we propose a principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm, which is a robust and high performance recognition and feature extraction technique. Using this algorithm, we proposed a face recognition based attendance system using PCA. Here N number of faces is detected and recognized from the video camera and automatically enters the attendance in the student attendance management system. The admin can login to the database and modify the student data if he/she wants to add or delete the data. In the proposed system we recognize already stored image, real time capturing image, already stored video and real time capturing image. So the performance and accuracy of the system is very challenging compared to existing systems. The error rate of an proposed system is less than 0.099%.