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4 Commercial status of bioethanol dehydration to bioethylene Ethylene from ethanol dehydration was first produced on the commercial scale in 1913 at Elektrochemische Werke GmbH in Bitterfeld, Germany ([133]). The catalyst activity and product selectivity depends on the kind of alcohol, kind of catalyst and process conditions, while the trend of alcohol dehydration observed in this research work was as follows: 2-propanol > l-propanol > ethanol, in accordance with the relative stabilities of the corresponding carbenium ions. Keywords: bioethanol; bioethylene; catalyst; dehydration; techno-economic feasibility EN bioethanol bioethylene catalyst dehydration techno-economic feasibility 185 207 23 02/07/22 20220201 NES 220201 1 Introduction The rise in oil prices, environmental issues due to toxic emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuel and depletion of fossil fuel resources have a demand for an alternative pathway to produce green energy from waste streams ([69]; [74]; [101]; [189]). Another possibility is that three processes can co-occur such as ethanol dehydration to ethylene, ethanol transformation to ether or ether dehydration to ethylene as shown in Figure 7 ([30]; [114]; [161]). 5 Pathways and mechanisms of bioethanol dehydration to bioethylene During the middle of the previous century, much work has been conducted by different researchers to study the reaction mechanism of ethanol conversion to ethylene by dehydration in the presence of various catalysts ([49]; [71]; [82]; [110]; [159]; [166]). [Extracted from the article]

Rice husk is biomass that can be utilized as fuel for biomass gasification as a renewable energy source. In this paper, thermochemical methods were used to determine the higher heating values, moisture content, bulk density, pellet density, microstructure, and elemental composition of Thai Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa Linn). The heating energy was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter, which showed a higher heating value of 15.46 MJ/kg. Determination of pellet density through rice husk powder pelletization exhibited a value of 1.028 g/cm3, while moisture content was 5.017 wt%. The heating value and moisture content revealed good agreement with the literature values, indicating the potentiality of rice hush for energy generation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the raw rice husk and its ash have similar porosity types but different bulk structure. Elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) indicated that rice husk contains O, Si, C while O and C percentages were drastically decreased during combustion. The obtained heating value and moisture content proved that rice husk could be used as a bio-energy source in biomass gasification for power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]