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Analisou-se a relação entre o parcelamento de nutrientes (N e K) e a densidade populacional sobre a severidade de míldio da cebola sob cultivo em plantio direto fertirrigado nas condições do Alto Vale do Itajaí - SC. Com este propósito foram conduzidos ensaios de campo nos anos de 2017, 2018 e 2019, em Ituporanga - SC. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro densidades populacionais (300, 400, 500 e 600 mil plantas ha-1) submetidas a aplicações de nitrogênio (150 kg N ha-1) e potássio (127,5 kg K2O ha-1) distribuídas ao longo do ciclo vegetativo da cultura via fertirrigação de forma semanal, quinzenal e mensal, tendo por base a curva de absorção dos referidos nutrientes para o cultivar Empasc 352 - Bola Precoce. Em sistema de plantio direto fertirrigado o parcelamento de nutrientes (N e K) não influencia a severidade do míldio. A severidade do míldio aumenta de forma linear com o aumento da densidade populacional, em especial, a partir de 500 mil plantas por ha-1.

The apparent amylose content (AAC) is usually measured by an iodine colorimetric method using the starch as a sample. Nevertheless, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive to prepare rice starch. Therefore, we compared two methods, starch method and milled rice flour method. The former AACs were higher than the latter and correlated with pasting properties, physical properties and sensory scores better than the latter. Therefore, we developed a novel formula for estimating the AACs of starches from japonica rice cultivars using milled rice flours instead of using rice starch. The correlation coefficients of the new formula were 0.89 for calibration and 0.94 for validation, which showed that this equation can be applied to unknown japonica rice samples, and will lead to easy, rapid, and accurate iodine method to determine rice AACs using milled rice flours instead of starch. Abbreviations: AAC: apparent amylose content; RS: resistant starch; SLC: super-long chain; CD: chain length distribution; RVA: Rapid Visco Analyzer; SB: setback; BD: breakdown; Max.vis: maximum viscosity; Min.vis: minimum viscosity; Pt: pasting temperature; Cons: consistency; Final.vis: Final viscosity; SB/Cons: setback/consistency; Max/Min: maximum viscosity/minimum viscosity; Max/Fin: maximum viscosity/final viscosity. Formula for estimating the AACs of rice starch based on the iodine colorimetric analysis using milled rice flour.

Absorption curves for water are very low in the ultraviolet and visible range and the absorption curve rises in the near-infrared range and is the highest in the far-infrared. The absorption curve of water in far-infrared peaks at 2940 nm and then decreases, then gradually increases (Fig. 10.1) [2].

Hemoglobin (Hb) includes oxygen-bound oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), oxygen-free deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb), and methemoglobin (metHb), which underwent protein denaturation by heat. The absorption curve of HbO2 reaches a peak at 418 nm, reaches a small peak at 542 and 577 nm, then decreases, and finally forms a smaller peak at 940 nm. DeoxyHb reaches peaks at 430 and 555 nm and reaches a peak once again between 800 and 1200 nm (Fig. 6.1) [1, 2].

Current research into the causes of macro-cracks in the debinding of light-cured ceramic body is predominantly focused on heating rate and holding time. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to analyze the causes of defects in the ceramic body during the debinding process via the interconnected channels formed in the process of the binder discharged from the inside to the outside. The physical and chemical changes, and related reaction products of the binder were analyzed by the TG-FTIR using a specific resin as the binder in the low temperature debinding stage (200–300 °C) and high temperature debinding stage (300–600 °C). Based on the result, a novel approach is proposed to illustrate the process of the formation of interconnected channels and defects. The samples of green bodies debond at different holding time were analyzed by the SEM and μ-CT. The experimental results prove the formation of interconnected channels, and it is found that the holding temperature of 237 °C is favorable for the formation of the channel and the discharge of the gas products. The defect-free samples after low temperature debinding process were debond in the high temperature debinding process at three different holding temperatures of 360 °C, 430 °C, and 550 °C obtained by analyzing the DTG curve and the absorption curve of CO2 in the infrared spectrum, and samples after high temperature debinding process were analyzed by the SEM and μ-CT. The experimental results show that these holding temperatures favor the stable discharge of CO2 and the binder pyrolysis products from the channels, thereby avoiding cracks due to severe gas expansion. The research results in this paper have important reference value for the preparation of defect-free ceramic samples.

In this study, we evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their main chemical components, iodine absorption curve, apparent amylose content (AAC), pasting property, resistant starch content, physical properties, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, and enzyme activity. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice varieties are characterized by a high protein and the grain texture after cooking has high hardness and low stickiness. In a previous study, we developed a novel formula for estimating AAC based on the iodine absorption curve. The validation test showed a determination coefficient of 0.996 for estimating AAC of Chinese rice cultivars as unknown samples. In the present study, we developed a novel formulae for estimating the balance degree of the surface layer of cooked rice (A3/A1: a ratio of workload of stickiness and hardness) based on the iodine absorption curve obtained using milled rice.

This paper includes the investigation on the dyeing performance of reactive and basic dyestuff regarding jute fiber and discusses their benefits and shortcomings. Plain woven jute fabric samples of 261 GSM were dyed with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 4.0% shade of basic and reactive dyes. Then the dyeing performance of both dyestuffs was analyzed. It has been found that exhaustion of basic dye is considerably greater than reactive dye, while this exhaustion decreases for basic dye and increases for reactive dye with the increment of respective shade percentages. This phenomenon has also been verified through the absorption curve, i.e. K/S value of fabric dyed with both dyestuffs in three different shade percentages. Again strong covalent bond is formed during the fixation of reactive dye with the cellulose of jute fiber, and at the same time no strong bond was created in case of basic dye. Finally the color fastness properties have been assessed through rubbing and washing. Both the dye classes have shown nearl...

This paper presents a detailed experimental and numerical investigation on absorption and shear behaviors of stiffened composite panel subjected to hygrothermal environment. Due to the special and complex configurations of stiffened composite panel, water diffusion process should be divided to two absorption phases. Compared to conventional single equation by Fick’s law, two absorption equations in this model could describe the absorption curve of experimental result perfectly. The combination of empirical formulae and finite element model is used to study buckling and postbuckling behavior for stiffened composite panel subjected to shear loading in hygrothermal environment. The buckling loads and failure loads of unaged specimens decreased approximately 10% and 25%. Good agreement between experimental data and numerical results is observed. According to experimental and numerical results, failure modes of the hygrothermal specimens include panel cracks and debonding of stiffeners.

In this study, a systematic quantum chemical calculation has been performed to investigate the synergistic effect of N and F doping on the photocatalytic properties of NaTaO 3 . The doping approach is found to be successful in extending the absorption curve of NaTaO 3 toward the visible region. The presence of F not only passivates N-induced unoccupied midgap states but also facilitates the introduction of N by reducing the formation energy significantly. The band edge positions for the (N, F)-codoped NaTaO 3 with respect to water redox levels are such that it can be a potential photocatalyst for overall water splitting.

This paper presents the results of research conducted into the colour properties of commercial metal complex dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194. Three chromium(III) complexes with different colours were identified using thin-layer chromatographic analysis and then separated by preparative chromatography. It was found that colour differences of the examined dyes depend on the ratio of the three components in CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194, and that these differences are typical for each of the commercial products. The colour differences of the components were expressed as ΔS, calculated as the difference in the areas under the absorption curve of the individual components in the range 400–700 nm after spectrum normalisation. The UV-vis spectroscopic and CIELAB colorimetric properties (at 1% owf on polyamide) of eleven samples of CI Acid Black 194 were investigated. From these results, the proportions of the three components were derived. Theoretically, dyes sold under the same CI name are interchangeable. In practice, the obtained colour of the dyed material is different owing to the difference in composition namely the ratio of the components in the tested dyes. Consequently, the result of polyamide dyeing with the studied dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194 is a redder or greener hue. It has been concluded from these findings that the production of identical dyeings may be impossible when dyes from different sources are employed.

39 sets of solutions were compounded from 2-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (DMAEE), 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol (DGA) and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). There solutions were tested relevant to the stirred reactor, at 303K~323K, 0.1MPa, to establish their absorption performance. An equation was utilized to model the absorption curve and the simulation results agreed well the experiments. The relevance of temperature and composition of solution with absorbed performance were revealed on the basis of comparison and analysis.

Objective: The aim of the work was to determine the validation characteristics for the designed procedure for quantitation of the (S)-2,6- diaminohexanoic acid substance, 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate, by absorption spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet region.Methods: For study purposes, the substance (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid of 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate and a standard sample (SS) obtained from the State Enterprise “Chemical Reagents Plant” of the Scientific-Technological Complex “Institute of Single Crystals” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, was used. In the course of our work, we used chemical, physical, physicochemical (absorption spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet region), and statistical methods of analysis. The study was carried out at the Laboratory for Standardization and Technology of Medicines at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the Zaporizhia State Medical University (Ukraine).Results: In previous studies, we have developed a technique for spectrophotometric determination of the quantitative composition of (S)-2,6- diaminohexanoic acid of 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate. The results of the conducted studies showed that the absorption curve in the UV region of the substance solution has a maximum absorption, namely: λ = 238 nm. The results of the quantitation of the substance (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid of 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate prove that our technique is accurate and reproducible and meets the current requirements. In order for the developed methodology to ensure consistent and accurate analysis results, its validation was carried out. According to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (DFU) (2 editions), the developed method for the quantitation of the substance was checked for such validation characteristics as specificity, linearity, range of use, accuracy, correctness, and robustness.Conclusion: As a result of the work, it was proved that the developed method of the quantitation of the substance (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid of 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazolyl-5-thioacetate by spectrophotometric method is valid.

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Spaltprodukte der Desoxyribonukleinsaure im Harn mittels des Zystein-Schwefelsaure-Reagens nach Dische zum diagnostischen Nachweis fruhzeitiger Veranderungen bei Strahlenkrankheit ermittelt. Im Harn normaler Schweine und Schafe lassen sich nur Spuren von Des-oxyribosiden nachweisen. Nach der Ganzkorperbestrahlung in masiger Dosis kommt es zu einem betrachtlichen, kurzfristigen Anstieg der Desoxyriboside im Harn. Diese Steigerung ist statistisch gut gesichert. Es wurde die Spezifitat der Reaktion nach Dische uberpruft und die Messung der Desoxyriboside als Extinktionsdifferenz des Maximums und Minimums der Absorptionskurve vorgeschlagen, da diese wesentlich empfindlicher ist als die ubliche Bewertung bei 490 nm oder 490 minus 440 nm. Summary Early diagnosis of acute radiation sickness in domestic animals The demonstration of the breakdown products of desoxyribonucleic acid in urine by means of the cystein sulphuric acid reagent of Dische for the diagnosis of early radiation changes is reported. In the urine of normal pigs and sheep only traces of desoxyribosides are detectable. After whole body irradiation with large doses there is a considerable temporary but statistically significant rise in these products in the urine. The specificity of the Dische reaction was tested and the authors measure desoxyribosides by the difference between the extinction maximum and the minimum of the absorption curve, since this method is considerably more sensitive than the usual technique at 490 nm or 490 minus 440 nm. Resume Le diagnostic precoce des maladies aigues dues aux radiations chez les animaux domestiques Les produits d'hydrolyse de l'acide desoxyribonucleique dans l'urine furent deceles au moyen du reactif de Dische (cysteine — acide sulfurique) pour le diagnostic des lesions precoces dues a la radio-activite. Dans l'urine de porcs et moutons normaux on ne peut mettre en evidence que des traces de desoxyribosides. Apres l'irradiation de tout l'organisme a une dose moyenne on constate une augmentation importante, de courte duree, des desoxyribosides dans l'urine. Cette augmentation est statistiquement significative. La specificite de la reaction de Dische fut controlee et les auteurs proposent de mesurer les desoxyribosides par la difference d'extinction du maximum et du minimum de la courbe d'absorption, car cette methode est nettement plus sensible que le dosage habituel a 490 nm ou 490 moins 440 nm. Resumen Diagnostico precoz de las enfermedades actinicas agudas en los animales domesticos Se analizaron los productos de escision del acido desoxirribonucleico en la orina mediante el reactivo de cisteina-acido sulfurico segun Dische para lograr la identificacion diagnostica precoz de alteraciones en la enfermedad actinica. En la orina de cerdos y ovejas normales solo se pueden determinar vestigios de desoxirribosidos. Tras la irradiacion de todo el organismo con dosis moderadas se produce un aumento considerable, aunque momentaneo de los desoxirribosidos en la orina. Este incremento se halla bien asegurado estadisticamente. Se reviso la especificidad de la reaccion segun Dische, proponiendose la medicion de los desoxirribosidos como diferencia de extincion del maximo y minimo de la curva de absorcion, puesto que esta es bastante mas sensible que la valoracion usual a 490 nm o 490 menos 440 nm.

Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4 ferrite powder was prepared by Sol-Gel method.The electromagnetic parameters er(er=e′-j e″) and μr(μr=μ′-j μ″) in 2-18GHz band of the products were tested by HP 8722ES vector network analyzer.Microwave absorbing capability is simulated on the basis of transmission line theory.The result shows that the reflection loss decreases with the increase of thickness(d).When the thickness is 4mm,the absorption curve shows two absorption peaks.When the thickness is 5mm,the absorption peak is located at 4.4GHz,the reflection loss is-19.96dB,and the absorption band of less than-10dB is from 2.8GHz to 9.0GHz with the bandwidth of 6.2GHz.Microwave absorbing capability is good in low frequency range.

水稲育種におけるアミロース含有率の測定は, 一般にオートアナライザーを利用したヨード呈色法で単一波長 620 nmで行われている. 我々はヨウ素吸収曲線(波長400 nm～900 nm)を自動測定できるマルチチャンネル検出器を備えたオートアナライザーを開発した. この装置を用いて, アミロースの分子量が最大吸収波長(λmax)に及ぼす影響, 登熟温度が米粉のヨウ素吸収曲線および熱糊化性に及ぼす影響と簡易な老化性指標(コンシステンシー)の評価法を検討した. λmax はアミロースの分子量が約70000以上では, 約598 nmであった. λmax とアミロース濃度との間には正の相関が認められた. λmax は登熟温度が高いほど短く, うるち品種に比べて低アミロース変異(dull)系統では登熟温度による変動が大きかった. ヨウ素吸収曲線を Fr. I(400～600 nm)と Fr. II(600～900 nm)とに分割し, それぞれのピーク面積の比(Fr. I/II)を求めた. Fr. I/II(X)とコンシステンシー(Y)には Y =(29.7X-27.1)/(0.73X-0.72)の関係が良く適合(R2 = 0.799)し, Fr. I/IIで簡易に米粉の老化性が評価できることが明らかとなった.

beta-Ray spectra after penetrating absorbing materials of various thicknesses were observed by the use of a scintillation-type beta-ray spectrometer equipped with a flat NE-102 plastic scintillator of 5mm thickness for sources of (60)Co, (90)Sr-(90)Y, (137)Cs, (147)Pm and (204)Tl. Although the spectra changed rapidly with increasing absorber thickness, the average beta-ray energy was kept nearly constant for a wider range. These results are consistent in that the beta-ray absorption curve becomes quasi-linear in a semi-logarithmic plot. Spectra including scattered beta-rays from several materials placed behind the source were also measured for (137)Cs and (204)Tl. It may be concluded that mean energy measurements by the use of beta-ray spectrometer of this kind is useful for the identification of nuclides in radiation protection purposes even in worse source-conditions.

In this paper we studied whether the spectral features of the oxymethyl group in methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside with an additional oxymethyl substituent are characteristic. We also investigated the possibilities of using these features in spectral analysis. This study was based on our complete calculations of the frequencies and forms of the normal vibrations and the absolute intensities of the IR absorption bands of the 4-O-methyl-β-methyl-D-glucopyranoside molecule and comparison of the results and the theoretical absorption curve of this compound with the corresponding data for methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2,3-, 2,6-, and 3,6-di-O-nitromethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 4-O-methyl-2,3-di-O-nitromethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Propolis is one of the richest sources of plant phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), which are widely recognized as rather strong antioxidants. The aim of our work was to use colored stable free radical (DPPH· and ABTS·+) spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) assays to study the antioxidative behavior of the phenolics (caffeic acid, galangin and pinocembrin) most commonly present in Croatian propolis samples obtained from different Croatian regions. We propose a mathematical model providing a more sophisticated interpretation of the obtained results and a new parameter named antioxidative efficiency (AOE) is introduced. The kinetic behaviour of chosen standards determined by spectrophotometric assays follows the exponential decrease of the absorption curve. Explained numerically, AOE represents the absolute value of the first derivative of an absorbance curve in the point A0/e (where A0 is the absorbance measured at t = 0 and e is the natural logarithm base). The advantage of this newly introduced parameter is that it provides an easy and accurate mutual comparison between the rates of antioxidative efficiency of different propolis samples. A TLC assay was only applicable in the case of the DPPH· radical. Dose-response curves were described using a linear function with AOE expressed as a coefficient of the slope. The chromatographic method was shown to be very rapid, reliable and easy-to-perform.

CO2is a main kind of pollution gases discharged from coal-fired power station. The relationship between gas concentration and pressure, temperature is deduced base on the law of Beer-Lambert and the theory of gas line-shape. The tunable diode laser spectral technology is used to analyze the changing regularity of the peak, half-peak width of the absorption curve with pressure and temperature.

To examine the relationship between the structural features and the visible absorption spectra of yellow α-acylacetanilide azomethine dyes, we carried out measurements of the visible absorption spectra, X-ray crystal structure analyses, and density functional theory calculations for 2-benzoyl-2-[N-(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl)imino]-2′-chloroacetanilide (BA) and 2-[N-(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl)imino]-2-pivaloyl-2′-chloroacetanilide (PA). BA shows a visible absorption spectrum, which has a relatively high molar extinction coefficient and an unwanted absorption curve in the green region, while PA shows a visible absorption spectrum, which has a relatively low molar extinction coefficient and a sharp cut absorption curve in the green region. BA and PA have a common structural feature that the p-aminophenyl fragment is coplanar with the azomethine-carbamoyl (–N=C–CONH–) fragment, resulting in a chromophore, but is perpendicular to the acyl fragment. The stable structures are dominated by the effect of π...

The present work aims at radiochemical sequential separation of Tl (I), In (III) and Sr (II) from a mixture by employing synthetic inorganic ion-exchanger. Zirconium phosphosilicate and zirconium phosphate has been synthesized and their composition has been determined.204Tl, 114mIn and 85+89Sr have been used as tracers for optimizing the ideal conditions in the adsorption. Reproducibility of maximum adsorption at ideal conditions were found as 91.67 ± 2.08% for Tl (I) and 94.48 ± 2.8% for In (III) on zirconium phosphosilicate whereas 91.30 ± 2.0% for Sr (II) on zirconium phosphate. The radiochemical purity has been determined by gamma ray spectra or aluminium absorption curve after sequential separation.

Not only amylose but also amylopectin greatly affects the gelatinization properties of rice starch and the quality of cooked rice grains. We here characterized the starches of 32 rice cultivars and evaluated the relationship between their iodine absorption curve, apparent amylose content (AAC), pasting property, resistant starch (RS) content, and chain length distribution of amylopectin. We found that the iodine absorption curve differed among the various sample rice cultivars. Using the wavelength at which absorbance becomes maximum on iodine staining of starch (λmax), we propose a novel index, “new λmax” (AAC/(λmax of sample rice starches–λmax of glutinous rice starch)). We developed the novel estimation formulae for AAC, RS contents, and amylopectin fractions with the use of λmax and “new λmax.” These formulae would lead to the improved method for estimating starch properties using an easy and rapid iodine colorimetric method.

Features of inkjet grade paper products were analyzed by dynamic scanning absorptometry, image analysis of inkjet dots, and scanning electron microscopy of paper surfaces. Inkjet grade papers showed much faster water absorption by short-time contacts with the surface than non-inkjet grade papers, while showing wide varieties in the absorption curve pattern. The shape of inkjet dots also varied widely for different products. While the dot size was not correlated with water absorption speed, the shape factor was negatively correlated with the latter; i. e. faster absorption means better circularity of dots. The gloss-finished papers showed more irregular shapes than the mat-finished papers. This difference is considered to result from the presence of cracks in the former, which is formed by calendaring as visualized by electron microscopy.

We have measured decay spectra following the N 1s→ π * transition in N 2 with vibrational resolution in both the intermediate and final states. Using photon energy steps of 60 meV subtle changes in both the participator and spectator lines were observed. In particular, spectra measured at photon energies on the low-energy side of the first vibrational component of the absorption curve (“detuning”) gave rise to vibrational collapse of the participator lines. At higher photon energies vibrational-lifetime interference is observed on both participator and spectator lines.

Measurements are presented of the extinction coefficients for two laboratory-generated clouds of ice crystals, each with different size distributions and concentrations. The shape of the extinction curve for both clouds, over the wavelength range of 0.5–1.05 μm, is similar to that of the absorption curve for bulk ice. This data has been used to determine the single scattering albedo over the same wavelength range and it is found that the results are significantly different to the generally accepted values.

The x-ray-absorption cross section above the $L$ edges in xenon gas has been measured using synchrotron radiation. Multielectron excitation effects are investigated over a few hundred eV region from the Xe ${L}_{\mathrm{I}},$ ${L}_{\mathrm{II}},$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ edges and the contributions from the effects of shake-up and shake-off to the photoabsorption spectrum are elucidated. Several multielectron excitation features were detected and analyzed by the theoretical energy of the shake-up process. Previous observations of the $[2(s,p)5(s,p)]$ and $[2(s,p)4d]$ transitions have been confirmed. $[2(s,p)4p]$ transitions are clearly identified in the present study. It is very difficult to detect the $[2s3s]$ multielectron transition with the sensitivity of $\ensuremath{\sim}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ at the $L$ edge jump. The $[2s3d]$ edge was distinguished using the first derivative of the absorption curve. A new transition is found between $[2(s,p)4p]$ and $[2(s,p)4d]$ transitions and identified as a three-electron transition $[2(s,p)4d5p].$ Moreover, the difference in the behavior of the multielectron excitation as a function of x-ray energy among the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{II}},$ or ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ edges is confirmed and investigated.

Background and objectives: The very sensitive solid-phase antiglobulin test is used widely in blood group serology. However, a disadvantage of the test is the sedimentation variabil

This is the proportionality of the area under undistorted absorption curve to the spin number contributing to the resonance phenomena which makes the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry a method of quantitative analysis. However, quantitative EPR (Q-EPR) is not so simple as the relation is. Direct quantitative measurements are practically excluded, the comparison of both standard and unknown sample EPR signals (indirect determination) is rather used, as a rule. The accuracy of spin number determination is an essential problem of quantitative EPR. The experimental conditions and instrumental variables influencing the signal shape and intensity may lower the accuracy of quantitative determinations. There is different sensitivity of various line parameters to the instrumental distortions and experimental conditions. Thus, the optimal setting of instrumental variables controlling the distortions depends on the procedure being used for quantitative determinations. The aspects of sensitivity of different Q-EPR procedures to instrumental distortions, as well as the rules of optimal setting of these parameters are the subject of this review.

The plants are subjected to conditions of multiple stresses that limit their growth and development, which affects their chances of survival wherever they grow. To evaluate the plant tolerance to these conditions, one of the most used methods is the observation of seed germination under salt stress. The action of salts on the seeds varies widely among species and can exert toxic effects, causing damage before and/or after the onset of germination. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different salts in water absorption and germination in jucá seeds (Libidibia ferrea). For absorption and germination curve, were used non-scarified and scarified seeds, and subjected to the treatments in distilled water (control) and NaCl solutions, KCl, CaCl2 and K2HPO4, in an electric conductivity of 5 dS m-1. The saline solution composed by K2HPO4 influence on water absorption of L. ferrea in intact seeds. The scarified and non-scarified seeds of L. ferrea have different times for the physiological phases of water absorption. The action of salts in the germination and vigor in non-scarified and scarified seeds, does not significantly reduce these values due to electrical conductivity of 5 dS m-1 not be enough to affect the seed germination of L. ferrea.

1 A breathalyser has been used to measure blood alcohol levels at short intervals to produce an absorption curve which we have shown is reproducible. 2 Changes in the rate of absorption which reflect changes in gastric emptying times produced by metoclopromide and propantheline have been demonstrated. 3 The breathalyser technique described appears to offer a simple method of studying the effects of drugs on the rate of gastric emptying.

A simple, rapid and direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of fluorouracil in presence of its alkali-induced degradation products is presented. The method is based on measuring the absolute value of 1D and 2D of the absorption curve at the chosen wavelengths. The validity of the method was confirmed using laboratory prepared mixtures of the intact drug with its alkali-induced degradation products. The method has been also applied for the assay of some pharmaceutical preparations. Moreover, alkaline degradations has been studied and a derivative spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of these degradations, even in presence of the intact molecule is presented.

Our earlier studies have clearly shown that vitamin A in the form of retinyl palmitate added to refined soybean oil remains stable during cooking and storage and that fortification of commercial vegetable oils is feasible in Brazil and in other developing countries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biological value of vitamin A fortified soybean oil in normal adults by measuring the postabsorptive peak rise in plasma vitamin A and the total area under the absorption curve. Healthy subjects 20–51 years of age, serving as their own controls, were given a rice-based diet containing either unfortified soybean oil (control), or vitamin A fortified soybean oil added during cooking (cooked), or vitamin A fortified soybean oil added after cooking (uncooked). The results of this study demonstrated that vitamin A in the form of retinyl palmitate when added to soybean oil is well absorbed in human even after the heat treatment it received during cooking. It can be concluded from this study so f...

A new method has been developed to determine absorption curves which are needed to derive quantitative values in PIXE analysis. In this method two spectra obtained with absorbers of different thickness are divided by each other after background subtraction and the absorption curve can be obtained immediately. Absorption curves for a 50 and a 200 µm-thick Mylar films and that for a Cr foil of 2500 µg/cm2 were determined experimentally. These curves are in good agreement with the absorption values derived from peak areas of characteristic x-rays. This method enables one to obtain absorption curves for any kind of absorber accurately and quickly.

The moisture absorption experiments of 8 kinds of molding compound and two kinds of organic substrate at 30°C/60% RH was performed to evaluate the moisture absorption performance. Organic substrate absorbed more moisture than molding compound, which provides validation of baking process before die attach during assembly, and possible cause of inter-layer popcorn during ball attach or solder reflow of some laminated substrate device. Influence of resin type and filler content on moisture absorption of molding compound was analyzed. Occurrence of moisture in condensed state is assumed to be cause of non-Fickian diffusion of moisture, and simulation result with corrected diffusion coefficient showed good explanation to the experimental absorption curve.