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espanolEl objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar el discurso occidental sobre la libertad de tal manera que sea compatible con la primacia de las leyes del universo y las cosmovisiones de las naciones indigenas, que descartan cualquier deterioro de la armonia en el universo por parte de la humanidad. La humanidad es parte del universo y, por lo tanto, le corresponde a la humanidad no perturbar la armonia en el universo. Solo el universo es libre en un sentido absoluto, es decir, la libertad humana es siempre relativa. Debido a que las leyes del universo siempre reemplazan a las leyes humanas, cualquier intento legislativo humano de relativizar o administrar el universo es nulo ipso facto. Por tanto, el concepto occidental de desarrollo sostenible es ilegal. Las ideologias materialistas de la modernidad han legitimado y camuflado la violencia contra el universo todopoderoso. El agravamiento de la destruccion ambiental obliga a buscar alternativas jurisprudenciales, y estas se encuentran en las cosmovisiones de las naciones indigenas y el escolasticismo occidental. EnglishThe objective of this study is to develop the Occidental discourse on freedom in such a way that it is compatible with the primacy of the laws of the universe and the cosmovisions of the Indigenous nations thus ruling out any deterioration of the harmony in the universe by humanity. Humanity is a part of the universe and therefore it is incumbent on humanity not to disturb the harmony in the universe. Only the universe is free in an absolute sense, i.e., human freedom is always relative. Because the laws of the universe always supersede human laws, any human legislative attempt to relativize or manage the universe is void ipso facto. The Occidental concept of sustainable development is hence illegal. Materialist ideologies of the modernity have legitimized and camouflaged violence against the all powerful universe. The worsening environmental destruction makes it necessary to seek for jurisprudential alternatives, and these are found in the cosmovisions of Indigenous nations and Occidental scholasticism.

This paper is concerned with Frege’s logical aliens argument against psychologism in logic. The paper argues that this argument becomes too radical in the context of current philosophy in logic. The possible answer to Frege’s argument could be inspirited by the philosophical ideas of later Wittgenstein: we play different language games, and some of them are logical games. However, different people have different criteria of certainty and not all of them can play logical games. This gives new comprehension of the normativity of logic that shows that there are no logical aliens in absolute sense. This view can give in turn a new understanding of what rationality is and show why logic and psychology should interact.

الملخص : يأتي هذا البحث في مصاف الدراسات التي تعنى بتحليل المشتقات ذات الأصل الواحد في السياقات القرآنية؛ إسهاما في إظهار الدلالات الدقيقة لمفردات القرآن بمنهجية حديثة تقوم على تصور متماسک ومنطقي في فهم النص القرآني. وإنما کانت نظرية السياق بجناحيها الخارجي والداخلي مرتکزا أساسيا قام عليه البحث؛ لأنها تستعمل کل الأدوات التي تفضي إلى فقه المعنى واستکشافه داخل النص بدءا من أصغر وحدة في النص وهي الصوت، ومرورا بالوحدة الصغرى وهي الکلمة، وانتهاء بالوحدة الکبرى وهي الجملة في نسق النص القرآني؛ لذا غدت نظرية السياق في ميدان علم لغة النص نظرية تکاملية بکل ما تعنيه الکلمة. ولأن البحث يهدف إلى تأسيس منهج تحليلي تکاملي يمکن البناء عليه عند دراسة المشتقات ذات الأصل الواحد في إطار النص القرآني، فقد اقتضت طبيعة الموضوع وأهدافه اتخاذ المنهج الوصفي التحليلي طريقا تمضي الدراسة عليه، مع الاستئناس أحيانا بآلية الإحصاء وتحليل النتائج، وقد طبقت هذا المنهج مع کل موضع بأن حددت السياق الخارجي أولا للمقطع القرآني قبل الولوج إلى التحليل اللغوي الذي مر بمراحل تبدأ من التحليل الترکيبي للجملة موضع الشاهد وعلاقاتها السياقية مع البنى الأخرى في المقطع، ثم التحليل المورفولوجي لکل کلمة من کلمات الجملة موضع الشاهد وتحديد وظائف مورفيماتها، وأخيرا التحليل الصوتي على المستويين الفوناتيکي والفونولوجي. وقد أثمر اتباع المنهج السابق نتائج منها: أن الأصل الثلاثي لمادة(ص ر خ) مبني في حقيقته الوضعية حول معنى الصوت مطلقا والصياح خاصة، ودلت تقلباته الاشتقاقية حول معنيين متقابلين هما: الإغاثة والاستغاثة، ولم يخل سياق الموقف وجوه في المواضع الأربعة من الفزع والترويع والتحذير والتهديد المشوب بالخوف والقلق وغيرها من المعاني المسببة للصياح والصراخ. الکلمات المفتاحية: الصرخ، مشتقات، النسق القرآني، السياقية. The Derivatives of (Sarkh) in the QuranicContext - Contextual Study Ahmed Abdel-Mawgoud Attia Suleiman Moawad Lecturer of the science of language at the Faculty of Arabic Language in Cairo, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. Email: AhmedMoawad.203@azhar.edu.eg Abstract: This research comes among the best studies that are meant to analyze the one-root derivative in the Qur'anic contexts. It contributes to illustrating the subtle connotations of the Qur'anic words with a modern methodology based a coherent and logical conception in understanding the Qur'anic text. The theory of the context, with its outer and inner sides, is an essential foundation for the research as it uses all the tools leading to understanding and exploring the inside of the text, starting with the smallest unit of the text, the sound, passing to the minor unit, the word, and ending with the major unit, the sentence in the context of the Qur'anic text. For that reason, the theory of the context has become an integrated theory, in the full sense of the word, in the linguistics of the text. As the research aims at founding an integrated analytical approach that can be built upon when studying the one-root derivatives in the Qur'anic text, the nature and the aim of the topic require to apply the descriptive, analytical approach as a course for the study. Sometimes, however, I resort to the statistics and analyzing the results. I applied this approach in each case. I identified the contexts of the Sarkh derivatives proceeding with the linguistic analysis that starts with the lexical connotation of the root (S-R-Kh). It also includes the structural, morphological, phonetic and the phonological analysis along with the recommendations. Among the conclusions reached by the study is that the three-letter root of the word S-R-Kh is based on its objective reality regarding the meaning of sound in an absolute sense and crying out in a specific sense. Its variant derivatives indicate two opposite meanings: helping and seeking help. The two meanings are not free from the connotation of crying out in their different contexts. The context of the situations and theirambience in the four positions are not free from the connotation of panic, awe, terrifying, warning and threat covered with fear and anxiety. Key words: Sarkh, Qur'anic context, derivatives andcontextuality.

As contemporary criminal justice practices have grown more varied, the equality concerns they raise have grown more nuanced and complex. This essay, written for a symposium on multi-door criminal justice, explores the interplay between equality in criminal justice and the mix of punitive and non-punitive mechanisms that have proliferated in parallel in the criminal justice systems of many post-industrial societies in the last thirty years. Multi-door criminal justice does not fare well under the dominant conception of equality in American criminal law, which seeks to stamp out disparities in punishment and ensure roughly equal outcomes for roughly similar offenders. But we need not view that as fatal to multi-door criminal justice. Tension between a multi-door system and our reigning approach to equality might suggest reasons to question the latter more than it does the former. Alternative, more flexible, more process-oriented conceptions of equality might exist that could better accommodate a multi-door world while still protecting and advancing egalitarian norms and ideals. At the same time, shifting our perspective on equality will not eliminate all equality concerns that flow from multi-door criminal justice, and it likely will reveal new ones. The question then becomes not whether multi-door criminal justice is unequal in some absolute sense. The question is whether it is less unequal — or unequal in more palatable ways — than what we have now.

The paper aims to evaluate the distribution of economic growth between poor and non-poor in the eight post-communist countries which joined the European Union in 2004. As if the integration process did not pose its own challenges, the overall situation was complicated by the outbreak of the financial and economic crisis in 2009. To address these factors, three periods are examined: the pre-crisis period of 2005–2009, the crisis period of 2010–2013, and the entire period spanning 2005–2013. The methodology applied in analyzing the pattern of pro-poor growth is based on the “poverty equivalent growth rate” approach. Additional insight was obtained from ranking the countries examined based on this growth rate as well as related measures. Interestingly, Hungary and Slovenia appear to be more prone to propagation of growth changes to the incomes of the poor relative to the other countries examined. This had negative repercussions for the poor as negative growth was a hallmark of the crisis period. Our results also show that the substantial growth during the post-accession period up until the crisis was not pro-poor in an absolute sense in any of the countries under examination.

We develop new exact confidence intervals for a proportion using ranked-set sampling (RSS). The existing intervals arise from applying the method of Clopper and Pearson (1934) to the total number of successes. We improve on the existing intervals by using the method of Blaker (2000) and by replacing the total number of successes with the maximum likelihood estimator of the proportion. The new intervals outperform the existing intervals in terms of average expected length, and they are also good in an absolute sense, as they come within a few percentage points of a new theoretical bound on the average expected length. Like the existing intervals, the new intervals use a perfect rankings assumption. They are no longer exact under imperfect rankings, but provide coverage close to nominal for mild departures from perfect rankings.

ملخص جاءت هذه الدراسة بعنوان: (ترشيد الفهم للنص الديني وأثره في ترشيد الخلاف) للوقوف على مفهوم النص الشرعي بمعناه المطلق حيث يراد به الدليل، وهو کل ملفوظ مفهوم المعنى، من الکتاب أو السنة، سواء کان ظاهرا، أو نصا، أو مفسرا، عاما، أو خاصا؛ومفهوم النص بمعناه الخاص، وبيان أسس ومحددات النص الديني، ومنهجية التعامل مع النصوص واستثمارها بما يحقق صلاحيتها لکل زمان ومکان، مع بيان أسس وضوابط ترشيد الفهم للنصوص الشرعية، بحيث لا يخرجها عن دلالاتها، ولا يناقض المقاصد الشرعية المرادة منها. وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتبين : الفرق بين النص الشرعي والنص بمعناه الأصولي الخاص، المراد بترشيد الفهم للنص، وأسسه وضوبطه ،وما العلاقة بين النص والاجتهاد و محل الاجتهاد في النصوص الشرعية ،و أثر اختلاف الأصوليين في تحديد مفهوم النص، في الاجتهاد المعاصر.و ضوابط فهم النصوص الشرعية، أثر ذلک في ترشيد الخلاف. وإن من أهداف هذه الدراسة :تحديد مفهوم النص الشرعي، وموقف الشريعة الإسلامية منه.و التعرف على مناهج الأصوليين في تحديد مفهوم النص.وبيان المراد بترشيد الفهم للنصـ وأثره في استثمار دلالات النص بحيث تنساق إلى غاياته.وبيان اختلاف الصحابة في فهم النص، وأثر ذلک في الاجتهاد المعاصر،و بيان العلاقة بين اللفظ والمعنى، وإبراز الوظائف الدلالية التي لها أثر في تغيير المعنى وتعدده،و بيان العلاقة بين النص والاجتهاد،ومحل الاجتهاد في النصوص الشرعية ، و معالجة القصور في فهم النصوص الشرعية، وما ينتج عنه من خلافات مذهبية ومنهجية. (Rationalizing the understanding of the textand its effect on the rationalization of the dispute) Dr. Fatima AbdullahI Yousef Azzam UniversityQatar/ CollegeFor Sharia. Assistant Professor/ Department of Jurisprudence and Its Origins : Email: dr.fatimahazzam@hotmail.com Summary This study was entitled: (Rationalizing the understanding of the religious text and its effect on the rationalization of (disagreement)to find out the concept of the Islamic text in its absolute sense where it is intended to) guide, which is all the concept of meaning, from the book or the sunnah, Whether it is visible, text, interpreted, public or private, the concept of the text in its own sense, and the statement of the foundations and determinants of the religious text, and the methodology of dealing with texts and investing them in order to achieve their validity for every time and place, with a statement of the foundations and controls of rationalizing the understanding of the islamic texts, so as not to deviate from their connotations, and does not contradict The legitimate purposes of which are intended. This study came to show: The difference between the legitimate text and the text in its own fundamentalist sense, which is intended to rationalize the understanding of the text, its foundations and its disconnection, and what is the relation Between text and ijtihad and the place of ijtihad in the islamic texts The effect of the differences of fundamentalists in determining the concept of the text, in contemporary jurisprudence, and the controls of understanding the islamic texts, has the effect of rationalizing the dispute. Some of the objectives of this study are: Defining the concept of the Islamic text and the position of Islamic law from it. The relationship between pronunciation and meaning, highlighting semantic functions that have an impact on changing meaning and its multipliuming, and showing the relationship between text and ijtihad, and the place of diligence in the islamic texts, and addressing the deficiencies in the understanding of islamic texts, and the resulting doctrinal and systematic differences. Kay word : Rationalizing ,the understanding , textandits. effect the rationalization, of the dispute

The value of bit-errors as a source of forensic information is investigated by experiments on isolated NAND-flash chips and USB thumb-drives. Experiments on isolated NAND-flash chips, programmed directly using specialized equipment, show detectable differences in retention bit-errors over forensically relevant time periods with the device used within manufacturer specifications. In experiments with USB thumb-drives, the controller is used to load files at different times onto the drives, some of which have been subjected to stress-cycling. Retention bit-error statistics of memory pages obtained by offline analysis of NAND-flash chips from the thumb-drives are to some extent linked to the time files are loaded onto the drives. Considerable variation between USB thumb-drives makes interpretation of bit-error statistics in absolute sense difficult, although in a relative sense bit-error statistics seems to have some potential as an independent side-channel of forensic information.

We prove that certain Fuchsian triangle groups are profinitely rigid in the absolute sense, i.e. each is distinguished from all other finitely generated, residually finite groups by its set of finite quotients. We also develop a method based on character varieties that can be used to distinguish between the profinite completions of certain groups., Comment: v1, 11 pages

In this paper, I examine Wittgenstein’s frequent and pervasive of the adjective “complicated.” I begin by comparing and contrasting the adjective’s use in the Tractatus and the much later manuscripts on the philosophy of psychology. While there are a number of important and illuminating affinities between these uses, I argue that these need to be balanced against the wide disparities between them: in contrast to the Tractatus, the later philosophy preserves a sense of “surface” complexity while jettisoning the idea of a deep—but hidden—simplicity that logical analysis promises to reveal. The notion of a surface must thus be reconceived as complicated in terms of its “spread” rather than in relation to what lies “beneath” it. Wittgenstein’s later appeals to what is complicated need to be read in tandem with his critique of the idea of there being an “absolute sense” of “simple.” Doing so prevents our seeing in his later appeals to complexity a new, more substantive notion of complexity that a more adequate philosophical theory must capture or reflect. On the contrary, the appeal to something as complicated plays a recollective and corrective role that challenges the viability of a theoretical-explanatory perspective.

This study examines the effects of different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories on predicted ozone concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, and estimates changes in ozone due to emissions reductions. We ran the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model using the High-Order Decoupled Direct Method with three inventories of foreign anthropogenic emissions: (1) the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment, Phase B (INTEX-B) 2006; (2) the Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment (CREATE) 2010; and (3) the Model Inter-Comparison Study (MICS)-Asia 2010. All three inventories have different spatial distributions of emissions, yielding different modeled ozone concentrations. However, the ozone concentrations modeled for the SMA differ less than those modeled for large, foreign cities in the modeling domain. The simulations using INTEX-B 2006 and CREATE 2010 suggested greater reduction in ozone with NOx control than with VOCs control. All simulations show that (1) simultaneous reduction in NOx and VOCs leads to less ozone reduction than the sum of ozone reductions for individual NOx and VOCs controls and (2) ozone reductions are stronger for high ozone days than for low ozone days. Comparing the modeled reductions in the relative sense yields smaller differences between high and low ozone days than comparing the modeled reductions in the absolute sense. With a 20% reduction in only NOx emissions, the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 0.3 and 0.7 ppb. Because air-quality planning often leads to defined tonnage reductions, we examined the model’s response to such a defined emissions reduction. Using the NOx reduction in China estimated by Zhao et al. (2013), we estimated that the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 1.50 and 1.78 ppb. Based on these results, we recommend using different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories to test future scenarios for air-quality control

An investigation is reported on the use of the autocatalytic enantioselective Soai reaction, known to be influenced by the presence of a wide variety of chiral materials, as a generic tool for measuring the enantiopurity and absolute configuration of any substance. Good generality for the reaction across a small group of test analytes was observed, consistent with literature reports suggesting a diversity of compound types that can influence the stereochemical outcome of this reaction. Some trends in the absolute sense of stereochemical enrichment were noted, suggesting the possible utility of the approach for assigning absolute configuration to unknown compounds, by analogy to closely related species with known outcomes. Considerable variation was observed in the triggering strength of different enantiopure materials, an undesirable characteristic when dealing with mixtures containing minor impurities with strong triggering strength in the presence of major components with weak triggering strength. A strong tendency of the reaction toward an 'all or none' type of behavior makes the reaction most sensitive for detecting enantioenrichment close to zero. Consequently, the ability to discern modest from excellent enantioselectivity was relatively poor. While these properties limit the ability to obtain precise enantiopurity measurements in a simple single addition experiment, prospects may exist for more complex experimental setups that may potentially offer improved performance.

RESUMEN. El autor describe algunos elementos distintivos del estatus y de las funciones del ciudadano en la Atenas del siglo V asi como en el contexto democratico ateniense, en el que nacio la figura del ciudadano. Pone de relieve el caracter excluyente y las instituciones "limitadas" que hacen de la ciudadania un estatus exclusivo, reservado para los hombres, para los hijos de ambos padres atenienses y que de esa manera excluia a los extranjeros residentes (metecos), a los otros griegos y a los barbaros. A partir de la categoria aristotelica de "ciudadano en sentido absoluto", el autor muestra como incluso dentro de la comunidad de los atenienses libres, por varias razones, grupos como el de los jovenes, de los ancianos y de las mujeres en particular, esten excluidos de la plena participacion en la vida politica de la ciudad, en definitiva, a las decisiones y la gestion del poder. Al mismo tiempo, la investigacion muestra como los atenienses, a pesar de que sean una minoria de hombres libres dentro de la ciudad, durante dos siglos en forma gradual desarrollen un alto nivel de participacion en la vida politica de la ciudad, en el sentido de que incluso las clases menos privilegiadas pudieran ocupar cargos politicos que antes eran reservados solo para los mas ricos. De este modo se aplicaria plenamente el principio democratico con el cual todo el pueblo gobierna y, al mismo tiempo, a traves del primer ejercito hecho enteramente de ciudadanos, defiendan sus propias decisiones. ABSTRACT. The author describes a number of distinctive traits of the status and role of citizens in the democratic Athens of the 5 th -century BC and in the Athenian democratic framework which saw the establishment of the figure of the citizen. He highlights the exclusiveness of citizenship and the legal institutes that “closed” access to citizenship status. Citizenship was reserved to males born to Athenian parents, and excluded resident aliens (meteci), the other Greeks and the Barbarians. Starting with the Aristotelian category of “citizens in the absolute sense”, the author shows that even within the community of free Athenians, young people, the elderly and, above all, women, were barred from fully participating in the political life of the city for various reasons. Such categories were in all effects excluded from the decision-making process and from the management of power. At the same time the research shows how Athenian citizens, made up of free men which formed but a minority in the city population, succeeded within two centuries to fully develop a high degree of participation in the political life of the city. It was not long before members of lower-income groups started holding key positions in the city that were previously reserved to individuals belonging to the wealthier classes. It was a turnaround that reflected the full realisation of the democratic principle according to which it was the people of Athens as a whole that governed and defended the choices made with an army made up of Athenian citizens.

Peters et al. (2015) criticize the one-run kinetics method that my colleagues and I developed and promoted (Waples et al., 2002, 2010; Waples and Nowaczewski, 2013), and further claim that source-rock kinetics derived by the standard multirun methods are superior. Specifically, they state that Arrhenius ( A ) factors determined mathematically from multirun kinetics are significantly more accurate than those obtained using other methods. They also claim that those A factors and the associated activation-energy ( E a) distributions are sufficiently accurate in an absolute sense to be used, with confidence and without any further quality control, in modeling hydrocarbon generation. I disagree strongly with those various statements. Any discussion of the kinetics of hydrocarbon generation must begin with an understanding that the parallel first-order kinetic description used by almost everyone is simply a convenient construct, and it is clearly not a mechanistic description of what happens in nature (e.g., Stainforth, 2009). Most researchers in this field believe that the reactions involved in hydrocarbon generation are mainly chain reactions rather than simple decompositions, that reaction schemes do not involve a group of discrete parallel processes, and that generation yields various intermediate products on the way to final products (e.g., Stainforth, 2009; Tang and Ma, 2009). We therefore seek a useful kinetic system, rather than a correct one, and we must be prepared to make compromises and simplifications to achieve this goal. That said, not all compromises and simplifications are equally valid or acceptable. The parallel first-order kinetic model has been remarkably successful for three decades in modeling the evolution of the S2 peak during Rock-Eval–type pyrolysis of the great majority of kerogens, although exceptions have been noted where the S2 peak is narrower than first-order kinetics can explain (e.g., Burnham et al., 1996; Stainforth, 2009). Because generation of the …

We present a method to compare spatial interaction models against data based on well known statistical measures that are appropriate for such models and data. We illustrate our approach using a widely used example: commuting data, specifically from the US Census 2000. We find that the radiation model performs significantly worse than an appropriately chosen simple gravity model. Various conclusions are made regarding the development and use of spatial interaction models, including: that spatial interaction models fit badly to data in an absolute sense, that therefore the risk of over-fitting is small and adding additional fitted parameters improves the predictive power of models, and that appropriate choices of input data can improve model fit.

Gresham Sykes and David Matza's "Techniques of Neutralization" was written largely in response to Albert Cohen's Delinquent Boys. Sykes and Matza challenged Cohen's thesis almost immediately, arguing that he had grossly overstated the differences between delinquents and nondelinquents. By the first criterion above, attention from other scholars, the theory has been an unqualified success. It is one of the best known and most frequently cited theories in criminology, and by 2003 it had been cited more than seven hundred times in the scholarly literature. Neutralization theory was never intended to be a complete theory in itself. The concept of cause is not as popular in social science circles as it once was, but if people understand it in a probabilistic rather than an absolute sense, there is no need to abandon this useful concept. Studies based on interviews and personal narratives are numerous, but they have failed to meet these criteria.

Reservoir and fracturing parameters are essential to evaluate well production after fracturing treatment. Conventional technologies to get these parameters are costly in both an absolute sense and in possible temporary loss of production. In this paper, we present a new technology to acquire parameters from the fracturing fluid flowing back process. The technology includes a new mathematical model and a new numerical method. The model considers the situations of a variable flow rate and different boundaries. This technology can reduce cost and time, and put the fractured well into production ahead of time.

Achiral ligand- and Ag(I)-driven spontaneous resolution occurred simultaneously in the formation of two enantiomers 1P and 1M of [Ag2(5-nip)(mpyz)] (5-nip = 5-nitroisophthalic, mpyz = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine), whose absolute sense of a helix made of achiral components is induced by the metal Ag(I) through argentophilic interactions.

Debates on emissions and climate change are dominated by inter-country inequalities, usually ignoring within-country inequalities. In this paper, we address the question of carbon space sharing in India across different classes after economic reforms were introduced in 1991. We establish using household consumption surveys that the elites in India are major polluters both in an absolute sense as well as in per capita terms. We find that inter-class component of emissions now explains 28.5% of total inequality compared to a mere 2.5% in 1994 at the onset of market-oriented reforms.

Make-or-buy decisions have become increasingly important owing to the current emphasis on outsourcing. However, despite these conditions, previous research in the area of accounting shows that these decisions tend to be made without adequate analysis. The aim of this paper is to investigate the economic consequences of alternative approaches to make-or-buy, as well as the impact of strategic changes between the two options. For the analytical framing of the research problem, this paper uses industrial network theory. This approach investigates the business reality in three related dimensions: activities, resources and actors. The resulting holistic view enables examination of both the direct and the indirect effects of make-or-buy. The paper is based on a qualitative case study in the construction industry, centering on a building contractor who firstly outsourced some activities and then insourced the same activities, which made it possible to analyze three make-or-buy situations. The first contribution of the paper is the detailed analysis of the consequences of the three alternatives. The study shows that each alternative provides its particular economic effects, depending on the ways activities, resources and actors are organized and connected. The second contribution concerns the exploration of the changes between make and buy. In this analysis, accounting information is supplemented by an examination of indirect effects and the impact of 'hard-to-quantify factors'. The overall conclusion of the study is that no alternative is superior in an absolute sense. What stands out as the 'best' option depends on what aspects are considered most crucial in the specific situation.

Increases in numbers and lengths of heat waves have previously been identified in global temperature records, including locations within Europe. However, studies of changes in UK heat wave characteristics are limited. Historic daily maximum temperatures from 29 weather stations with records exceeding 85 years in length across the country were examined. Heat waves were defined as periods with unusually high temperatures for each station, even if the temperatures would not be considered warm in an absolute sense. Positive trends in numbers and lengths of heat waves were identified at some stations. However, for some stations in the south east of England, lengths of very long heat waves (over 10 days) had declined since the 1970s, whereas the lengths of shorter heat waves had increased slightly. Considerable multidecadal variability in heat wave numbers and lengths was apparent at all stations. Logistic regression, using a subset of eight stations with records beginning in the nineteenth century, suggested an association between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the variability in heat wave numbers and lengths, with the summertime North Atlantic Oscillation playing a smaller role. The results were robust against different temperature thresholds.

A parametric study on the stability performance of a prototypical natural circulation BWR is performed with the downscaled GENESIS facility. The GENESIS design is based on fluid-to-fluid modeling and includes an artificial void reactivity feedback (VRF) system for simulating the neutronic-thermal-hydraulic coupling. In this work a more sophisticated VRF system than its predecessors is developed and implemented. The VRF allowed investigating different configurations relevant for the reactor design. The experiments show that changing the fuel rods diameter to a half (doubling) decreases (increases) the stability performance of the system while the resonance frequency increases (decreases). In addition, it is found that the use of MOX fuels in a BWR slightly decreases the stability performance of the reactor. On top of this, it is clearly observed that at least two oscillatory modes exists in the system, the thermal-hydraulic mode (associated to density waves traveling thorough the core plus chimney section) and the so-called reactor mode (related to density waves travelling thorough the core). It is observed that the last one is amplified by increasing (in an absolute sense) the void reactivity feedback coefficient. Details regarding the interplay between these oscillatory modes is also given. Fil: Marcel, Christian Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Rohde Scheel, María Eugenia. Delft University of Technology; Países Bajos Fil: Van Der Hagen, T. H. J. J.. Delft University of Technology; Países Bajos

Revolutionary violence stems from the conatus of survival, from the appetite for life (Spinoza) and joy rather than from the desire to destroy and the hubristic pretension to punish (Žižek and Benjamin). It is an incursion of one's desire to affirm life and annihilate pain. Following Laruelle's methodology of nonstandard philosophy, I conclude that revolutionary violence is the product of an intensive expansion of life. Pure violence, conceived in non-philosophical terms, is a pre-lingual, presubjective force affected by the “lived,; analogous to Badiou's void (of the event in the absolute sense) and it is radically revolutionary. It is fundamentally different from Benjamin's lawmaking “divine violence; and its appropriations by Žižek. Revolutionary experience is inevitably translated into language. What preserves the revolutionary substance in a post-revolution political discourse is that it is constantly checked by the sense of fidelity to (; bearing witness to) the experience of the revolutiona...

Turtles experience numerous modifications in the morphological, physiological, and mechanical characteristics of their shells through ontogeny. Although a general picture is available of the nature of these modifications, few quantitative studies have been conducted on changes in turtle shell shape through ontogeny, and none on changes in strength or rigidity. This study investigates the morphological and mechanical changes that juvenile Trachemys scripta elegans undergo as they increase in size. Morphology and shell rigidity were quantified in a sample of 36 alcohol-preserved juvenile Trachemys scripta elegans. Morphometric information was used to create finite element models of all specimens. These models were used to assess the mechanical behavior of the shells under various loading conditions. Overall, we find that turtles experience complementary changes in size, shape, deformability, and relative strength as they grow. As turtles age their shells become larger, more elongate, relatively flatter, and more rigid. These changes are associated with decreases in relative (size independent) strength, even though the shells of larger turtles are stronger in an absolute sense. Decreased deformability is primarily due to changes in the size of the animals. Residual variation in deformability cannot be explained by changes in shell shape. This variation is more likely due to changes in the degree of connectedness of the skeletal elements in the turtle's shells, along with changes in the thickness and degree of mineralization of shell bone. We suggest that the mechanical implications of shell size, shape, and deformability may have a large impact on survivorship and development in members of this species as they mature.

I propose in this article that psychoanalysis is, in its absolute sense, within the field of science, since with topology, mathemes, formulas of sexualization and borromean knots, Lacan insisted on separating these structures of the meaning. I make a distinction between science and praxis, admitting that psychoanalysis is divided between one and other. However, if psychoanalysis is - in the absolute sense - an experience that leads to a meaningless existence, we better reexamine this distinction.

Several statistical functionals such as quantiles and expectiles arise naturally as the minimizers of the expected value of a scoring function, a property that is called elicitability (see Gneiting in J Am Stat Assoc 106:746–762, 2011 and the references therein). The existence of such scoring functions gives a natural way to compare the accuracy of different forecasting models, and to test comparative hypotheses by means of the Diebold–Mariano test as suggested in a recent work. In this paper we suggest a procedure to test the accuracy of a quantile or expectile forecasting model in an absolute sense, as in the original Basel I backtesting procedure of value-at-risk. To this aim, we study the asymptotic and finite-sample distributions of empirical scores for normal and uniform i.i.d. samples. We compare on simulated data the empirical power of our procedure with alternative procedures based on empirical identification functions (i.e. in the case of VaR the number of violations) and we find an higher power in detecting at least misspecification in the mean. We conclude with a real data example where both backtesting procedures are applied to AR(1)–Garch(1,1) models fitted to SP500 logreturns for VaR and expectiles’ forecasts.

This chapter considers the relations of knowledge to objectivity, certainty, intuition, deduction, and rigour. It argues that knowledge cannot be objective in the sense of being totally independent of any subject, but only in the sense of being as independent as possible of any particular human subject; that knowledge cannot be absolutely certain, since it can only be plausible; that knowledge is not obtained by intuition, not even fallible intuition; that knowledge cannot be obtained merely by deduction, but requires non-deductive reasoning; and that knowledge cannot be obtained by sticking to an abstract ideal of rigour, since what is important is not rigour but fruitfulness, hence the concept of rigour is better replaced with that of fruitfulness.

Section 20.1 discusses some theoretical issues governing how changes in productivity should affect labor and capital's share over time. Two models are developed for each factor: its percentage share of national income, and what causes that to change, and its level of income and what causes the level to change. Fundamentally, the models indicate that the fully half decline in labor's share since 1980 results not from its own decline in income in any absolute sense (it actually grew), but from the growth in profits share of national income due to the rapid growth of profits earned by American firms on overseas operations. The other half of the year–to–year variation in labor's share over the half century studied was due more to Keynesian business cycle effects.

What is the pay-off to enlisting celebrity endorsers? Although effects on stock returns are relatively well documented, little is known about any impact on sales—arguably a metric of more direct importance to advertising practitioners. This study of athlete endorsements finds there is a positive pay-off to a firm9s decision to sign an endorser, and that endorsements are associated with increasing sales in an absolute sense and relative to competing brands. Furthermore, sales and stock returns jump noticeably with each major achievement by the athlete. However, whereas stock-return effects are relatively constant, sales effects exhibit decreasing returns over time. Implications for practitioners are outlined.

The subject matter of this paper is the view that it is correct, in an absolute sense, to believe a proposition just in case the proposition is true. I take issue with arguments in support of this view put forward by Nishi Shah and David Velleman.

By placing Jesus's commandment not to "resist evil" in its textual and religious context, the author demonstrates that it should not be interpreted in an absolute sense. Christianity does not condemn vengeance as such but makes it a divine prerogative. A critique is presented of Tolstoy's doctrine of nonviolence.

This study addresses two questions: (1) when youths are exposed to advertisements for cigarettes, do they primarily see advertisements for brands or products, and (2) is there a relationship between youths' understandings of cigarette advertisements and their susceptibility to smoking? A sample of 271 participants ranging in age from 7 to 12 viewed a series of print advertisements that included cigarette and non-tobacco-related ads. While viewing each ad, participants were asked to indicate what they thought the advertisement was trying to sell. Responses were coded into one of three categories reflecting important differences in participants' comprehension of each advertisement - no understanding, product category understanding, or brand understanding. Results show that youths typically understand the type of product an advertisement is promoting; however, the levels of brand understanding observed for cigarette advertisements were low in an absolute sense, and significantly lower than brand understanding of non-tobacco-related advertisements. Results also show that understanding cigarette ads as promoting specific brands of cigarettes is positively related to susceptibility to smoking. Taken together, these findings provide a glimpse of the psychological mechanisms that may underlie the well established link between exposure to cigarette advertising and youth smoking.

A mild and facile Pd-catalyzed intramolecular chloroamination of unactivated alkenes has been described. This reaction takes place at room temperature and is tolerant of synthetically useful acid-sensitive functional groups. Generally high exo-selectivities are observed in the formation of a variety of 5- and 6-membered rings. This system is unique in its ability to tolerate multidentate ligands on palladium, which opens up the possibility of controlling the absolute sense of induction using a chiral ligand.

Hydration monitoring, especially for infants, is generally limited to clinical environments. In these settings hydration is most often assessed using chemical analysis techniques. In this work we show our efforts to bring hydration monitoring to consumer market with a proof-of-concept wearable bio-impedance analyzer for infant hydration monitoring. While this technique is limited in that it cannot quantify total body water in an absolute sense, it is ideal for measuring changes to detect dehydration. Specifically, our sensor is implemented using an Analog Devices 5933 impedance analyzer. We combine this chip’s capabilities with an RFduino for Bluetooth communication with a smartphone. In our smartphone application we are able to monitor changes in hydration levels in real time. Finally, we test the capabilities of our system on two adult subjects. For all trials we measured a relative decrease in bio-impedance, and an increase in hydration.