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Plastics are an increasingly important component of urban solid waste. The disposal of waste materials, such as used plastic bags, has become a major issue. The vast amount of waste plastic bags collected in the twenty-first century has posed significant challenges for their disposal. The amount of waste plastic in the home is substantial and growing. Our results indicate cement blocks are ideal for laying and finishing pathways and streets because they are easy to lay and finish. This study was carried out on experimenting the substitute materials in the mixture of cement blocks a component of building materials which is normally manufactured using the mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water, following a certain ratio. A series of three different percentages of plastics bags were added with the mix and certain quantities were replaced by quarry dust instead of Fine aggregate. Tests were done on the blocks to study its compressive strength, split tensile strength the water absorption percentage and acid test. Both the test compressive and split tensile tests were conducted on the seventh and 28th day. Based on the results acquired, for compressive strength tests on the 28th day, the result a good indication is that the blocks can be produced by replacing the cement and fine aggregate with utilizing the plastic for and effective way of 1:1 and 1:2, with 10& 20% replacing with quarry dust having strength 10.7 and 9.5 N/mm2 respectively Which is 165 more than the conventional type of blocks. Similarly the water percentage is also nil and very marginal in the same proportions. The decrease in weight is existed in all the samples tested the result is equal in all mix compositions. This is uniform rate implies block undergo certain abrasion. Conclusions were drawn for utilising the above composition in a suitable non structured places and minimizing the plastic waste.

Multi-functionalization is the future development direction for protective coatings on metal surface, but has not yet been explored a lot. The effective integration of multiple functions into one material remains a huge challenge. Herein, a superhydrophobic multilayer coating integrated with multidimensional organic-inorganic components is designed on magnesium alloy via one-step plasma-induced thermal field assisted crosslinking deposition (PTCD) processing followed by after-thermal modification. Hard porous MgO ceramic layer and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nano-particles work as the bottom layer skeleton and filler components separately, forming an organic-inorganic multilayer structure, in which organic nano-particles can be crosslinked and cured to form a compact polymer-like outer layer with hierarchical surface textures. Remarkably, the chemical robustness after prolonged exposure to aqua regia, strong base and simulated seawater solution profits from polymer-like nanocomposite layer uniformly and compactly across the film bulk. Moreover, the self-similar multilayer structure coating endows it attractive functions of strong mechanical robustness (>100th cyclic rotary abrasion), stable and ultra-low friction coefficient (about 0.084), high-temperature endurance, and robust self-cleaning. The organic-inorganic multilayer coating also exhibits high insulating property with breakdown voltage of 1351.8 ± 42.4 V, dielectric strength of 21.4 ± 0.7 V/µm and resistivity of 3.2 × 1010 Ω·cm. The excellent multifunction benefits from ceramic bottom skeleton, the assembly and deposition of multidimensional nano-particles, and the synergistic effect of organic inorganic components. This study paves the way for designing next generation protective coating on magnesium alloy with great potential for multifunctional applications.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of airborne-particle abrasion with alumina particles or silicamodified alumina particles on the bond strength between zirconia and conventional MDP-based (Ph; Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray) or self-adhesive (SA; RelyX U200, 3M ESPE) resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five surface treatments were evaluated: C = no surface treatment; AB = airborne-particle abrasion with alumina particles (BIO-ART Dental Supplies and Equipment); ABP = AB combined with MDP-based primer (Alloy Primer, Kuraray); SS = airborne-particle abrasion with silica-modified alumina particles (CoJet, 3M ESPE) combined with silane (RelyX Ceramic Primer, 3M ESPE); and SSP = SS combined with MDP-based primer. The surface roughness (Ra) of the airborne particle-abraded samples (n = 5) was measured by a contact profilometer (Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-401, Mitutoyo). Cylinders of the resin cements tested were bonded to the surface-treated zirconia. The microshear test was performed by the application of a load with a wire loop parallel to the adhesive interface until debonding of the resin cement cylinders. The microshear bond strength (μSBS) of the samples was measured before and after being subjected to thermocycling (TC; 5°C to 55°C, 60 seconds dwell time for 3,000 cycles; MSCT, Marcelo Nucci). One-way (Ra) and two-way (μSBS) analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc test (α = .05) were used. RESULTS The SS (Ph: 12.6 MPa; Ph-TC: 6.37 MPa; SA: 11.8 MPa; SA-TC: 9.37) and SSP (Ph: 10.4 MPa; Ph-TC: 5.82 MPa; SA: 10.4 MPa; SA-TC: 10.0) surface treatments produced the highest surface roughness values (P < .001). The SS samples achieved the highest immediate bond strength for both resin cements. However, after TC, SA resin cement associated with any surface treatment produced the highest bond strength values. CONCLUSION The self-adhesive resin cement promoted higher and more stable bond strength values when associated with a surface roughening method.

Ni/Co/SiO2 hydrophobic coatings were fabricated by embedding SiO2 nanoparticles into Ni/Co coatings using pulsed electrodeposition, followed by a liquid-phase hydrophobic treatment. Microstructure and morphology analysis of the composite coatings revealed that the SiO2 nanoparticles were homogenously distributed in the Ni/Co coating, and the surfaces of the samples were close-grained without crack. Furthermore, the SiO2 nanoparticles in the coating formed micro-nano structures on its surface, such that the contact angle reached 125° following the hydrophobic modification. The surface of the hydrophobic coating was found to be abrasion resistant and exhibited long-term stability in water. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of the Ni/Co/SiO2 hydrophobic coatings on a Q235 carbon steel substrate in simulated seawater solution reached 98.6%, indicating optimal anti-corrosion performance.

When applying an additional coating method to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure required for superhydrophobic function on glass surface, the hierarchical structure does generally not have good abrasion resistance, due to the weak adhesion between coating and glass surface. However, glass itself is a material with good abrasion resistance. A micro-nano hierarchical structure with honeycomb-shaped micro-armor protection on glass surface by a two-step hydrothermal corrosion method has been constructed: the first step of hydrothermal corrosion in water to construct micro-armor structure, and the second step of hydrothermal corrosion in sodium citrate aqueous solution to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure. The advantages of this new method are: the treatment process is simple, and there is no need to apply additional coatings. The micro-nano hierarchical structure constructed on glass surface by this method has a great abrasion resistance. After 1,000 cycles of abrasion under harsh conditions, the nano-structure on glass surface can still be remained intact. It provides a new method for fabricating abrasion-resistant micro-nano hierarchical structure on glass surface, as well as a new approach to the preparation of abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic glass.

The thermal stability, wear resistance and impact toughness of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) are the primary determining variables in determining the performance. The cobalt binder contributes significantly to the PDC's thermal stability and wear resistance. To increase the thermal stability of the PDC, this paper used electrolysis to remove the cobalt binder from the polycrystalline diamond (PCD) layer of the PDC with a diameter of 62 mm. The optimal process parameters for cobalt removal via electrolysis were determined by examining the electrolyte concentration, the electrolytic voltage, and the electrolytic time. The cobalt removal impact was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), an X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). In addition, the abrasion ratio of the PDC samples were tested. The experimental results indicated that the optimal electrolysis parameters for cobalt removal were obtained when the concentration of cobalt sulphate was 4 g/100 mL, the electrolysis voltage was 2.5 V, and the electrolysis time was 10 h; in this case, the cobalt removal rate from the PCD layer exceeded 80%, and the cobalt removal depth was 372 μm. TG-DTA analysis revealed that the thermal stability of PDC was significantly enhanced as a result of the initial graphitization temperature of the cobalt removal sample being increased from 1071 °C to 1113 °C, but the abrasion ratio rose by more than 20%. It was discovered that electrolysis may efficiently remove the cobalt binder phase from the PCD layer, therefore improving the thermal stability and wear resistance of PDC.

The separation of ethylene and ethane is a crucial, challenging and cost-intensive process in chemical engineering. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of novel porous adsorbents used for the separation of ethylene/ethane mixtures. However, MOFs are normally crystalline powders that cause multiple problems, such as dust, abrasion and heat/mass loss, as well as significant pressure drops on the adsorption bed resulting in a sudden stop in production. To solve these issues, we have prepared four different sphere-shaped adsorbents, including Mg-gallate, Co-gallate, MUV-10(Mn) and MIL-53(Al) using a calcium alginate method to achieve excellent ethylene/ethane separation performance. The performance of the sphere-shaped adsorbents has been validated using mechanical strength measurements, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, gas adsorption isotherms and dynamic breakthrough experiments. The excellent mechanical strength of these sphere-shaped adsorbents meets the criteria for industrial application in gas separation. Thus, the energy consumption and operating cost will be further reduced in the ethylene production process. We believe that this shaping method will open a prosperous route to the development of MOFs toward higher technology levels and their commercial application.

In this research, core−shell electrospun fibers loaded with the shell of cellulose acetate and the core of oleic acid and alkyd varnish resin were synthesized and used within poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) to prepare self-healing and pH-responsive coatings for a steel substrate. The morphology of the electrospun fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Thermo gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the self-healing agents were loaded successfully with a loading rate of 2.9%. The properties of the fiber-PDMS composite coating were characterized by water contact angle measurements, mechanical tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning Kelvin probe. Results show that the maximum self-healing efficiencies of the fiber-PDMS coating in alkaline and acidic solution are 95.96% and 97.04%, respectively. The composition of the self-healing agents at the damaged part of the coating was verified by an infrared mapping test and using an energy dispersive spectrometer. In addition, the sandpaper abrasion test shows the hydrophobic effect of fiber-PDMS coating remains above 88.2% and decreases slightly through the addition of abrasion cycles. This research can pave the way for the industrial applications of pH-responsive self-healing coatings.

As it produces parts with intricate details and finishes, minimal waste, few stress points, and excellent wall thickness uniformity, rotational moulding is one of the commercial shaping processes for manufacturing polymeric automotive parts. Use of a mould release agent is critical for a demoulding approach in rotational moulding, and the main requirement for typical use of a mould release agent is suitability in work environments at very high temperatures (>200 °C). Surprisingly, Thailand has approximately 2000 mould manufacturers, which can be attributed to the high demand for mould release agents; however, a vast majority of release agents are imported from abroad. This research aims to formulate the semi-permanent water-based release agents for shaping engineering plastics via a rotational moulding process. The main functions of the produced release agent include allowing the resin to become attached to the mould wall during the initial heating phase of the moulding cycle, ensuring that the fully molten skin of the rotomoulded part remains in close contact with the mould wall throughout the heating cycle. The rotomoulded part must remain in close contact with the mould wall during the initial part of the cooling cycle until the part has enough cohesion within its structure to resist collapse when the release process begins. The release agent used to aid in the quick release of rotomoulded parts while minimizing surface abrasion damage. First, chemical characterizations were performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Next, processability, surface characteristic, thermal stability, adhesion performance, and rheological characteristic were observed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, adhesion tester, and rheometer, respectively, to inspect the possibility of using the produced release agents for a rotational moulding process. Experimental results confirm successful formulated rotomoulding release agent, however; the repetition of using a release agent needs further improvements for cost reduction.

The consequence of coupling wear (erosion/abrasion) and corrosion is not just simply the sum of wear in the absence of corrosive medium and corrosion in absence of wear. The so-called synergistic effect implies that corrosion is accelerated due to the removal of the passivating layer because of wear. On the other hand, corrosion can accelerate abrasion when the electrochemical dissolution yields a brittle surface layer which can be subsequently removed by abrasion. The synergism between wear and corrosion is complex and the interaction between mechanical and chemical factors governing tribocorrosion is not yet fully understood. This review aims at providing a general and thorough summary of the wear-corrosion interaction focused on stainless steels due to the technological relevance of these materials. It is taken into consideration the influence of the key parameters affecting wear-corrosion, such as the stainless steel type, slurry characteristics (temperature, pH, solid concentration), the erodent properties (particle size and shape), etc. The different models to describe wear-corrosion and the most used apparatus for tribocorrosion testing are also reviewed.

This study evaluates the mechanical and durability characteristics of eco-friendly concrete incorporating electronic plastic waste (EPW) as partial replacement of fine aggregate. This strategy not only reduces the adverse impacts of EPW on the natural environment but also prevents the depletion of natural resources due to excessive quarrying. For this purpose, four M20 grade concrete mixes were prepared, substituting natural fine aggregates with plastic fine aggregates (PFA) using 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement levels. The mechanical performance of EPW concrete was evaluated based on the compressive and splitting tensile strength tests while the durability properties were assessed through fire resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), alternate wetting and drying, sorptivity coefficient, and abrasion resistance tests. The results revealed that the compressive strength was reduced by 2.6%, 9%, and 13.6%, and tensile strength was dropped by 4.95%, 8.20%, and 20.46% with the 10%, 15%, and 20% of PFA incorporation, respectively. Also, a substantial reduction in the compressive strength was observed during the fire resistance test at elevated temperatures. However, the EPW concrete offered satisfactory to superior outcomes in the workability, sorptivity coefficient, UPV, alternative wetting and drying, and resistance to abrasion tests, signifying the potential of EPW concrete for applications where durability is of prime concern.

Investigation of three-body abrasive wear behavior of rice husk-filled Polylactic acid (PLA) composites of different weight percentages of 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 and compared with the pure PLA. The experiments were carried in accordance with the ASTM G65 by using a rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT). The experiments were conducted for a load of 9.81, 29.46, and 49.65 N at an abrading distance of 300 m using 106microns abrasive dry Silica sand particles as a third body. The results of the experimental study revealed that the weight loss increases with an increase in applied load and wear resistance increases with an increase in fiber content in PLA composites. The greater wear resistance occurred at 30 wt% of rice husk fiber in the composite. With the help of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the worn surfaces are analyzed.

Plastic bottles are a large part of the increasing population in the 1940s. It takes hundreds of years for petro-chemical based compounds to decompose. The process of dumping plastic waste is a huge problem and also harmful to the environment. Plastic products are one of the major sources of pollution for land and water. Dumping of plastic waste is a critical problem. To overcome these effects, solid waste management can be used in the construction area. By placing the cement with Prospis Juliflora ash the side effects caused by cement can be reduced. Solid waste such as crushed plastic and Prosopis Juliflora Ash (PJA) can be used in concrete production. Prosopis Juliflora, a persistent weed that has spread widely over the past 150 years, has been an environmental issue in various parts of the world, including India. Because of its environmental and economic effects, in Africa and India, Prosopis Juliflora has been confirmed as a deleterious plant. It can fix large quantities of carbon dioxide as biomass from the atmosphere, it can be viewed as a smart source of biomass. By replacing the cement with Prosopis Juliflora Ash the side effects of cement towards the environment can also reduce. In this research, the white cement, plastic, and PJA are used to make a floor tile. The primary binder cement is replaced in this study by plastic waste and PJA with 10%, 20% and 30% proportion. In this study, mechanical properties of concrete with and without addition of PJA is studied as per Indian Standard code provisions. It has been observed that these combinations prove good for abrasion and impact resistance of floor tiles made from these, but do not contribute much to strength gain.

To address the increased demand for greater mechanical robustness of superhydrophobic and icephobic surfaces, we fabricated damage-tolerant, abrasion-insensitive, and icephobic superhydrophobic bulk nanocomposites using a facile, cost-effective, industrially applicable, and environmentally benign strategy. We prepared nanocomposites composed of high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber through the highly controlled incorporation of nanosized fumed silica and microsized aluminum trihydrate particles. The produced nanocomposites did not require additional processing, such as sand abrasion or plasma treatment, to acquire their superhydrophobic properties. The extended roughness throughout the whole bulk of the nanocomposites imparted the volumetric superhydrophobicity and resistance to mechanical damage. The presence of micro-nanoparticles also enhanced the thermal stability and icephobic properties of the silicone rubber. The icephobic behavior of the developed nanocomposites was assessed based on freezing delay and push-off tests both of which denoted improved icephobic properties, i.e., high freezing delay time and low ice adhesion strength. We verified the extended duration of superhydrophobicity within the bulk nanocomposite using sandpaper abrasion, severe cutter scratching, tape peeling, and water-jet impacts. This study represents the first evaluation, to the best of our knowledge, of the icephobic properties of both the surface and bulk of the produced nanocomposite subjected to several cycles of sandpaper abrasion. Interestingly, even after multiple abrasion cycles, the samples demonstrated considerably low ice adhesion strength confirming their bulk icephobicity. In a nutshell, our findings are very promising for the fabrication of mechanically robust icephobic materials.

The use of ceramic products (tiles, electrical insulators, sanitary fitting, etc.) in building and structural construction is increasing day by day. Generation of ceramic waste is increased globally due to the fragile nature of ceramic it easily breaks during processing, transportation, and installation. Therefore, researchers are growing interest in using ceramic waste as alternative aggregate materials for construction. While other ceramic product wastes such as sanitary wares and electrical insulators have been extensively investigated, not many findings are available on ceramic wall and floor tiles wastes. Thus, the current study focuses on the mechanical (compression, tensile, flexural, and abrasion) and permeability characterization of waste ceramic wall and floor tiles aggregate concrete. Ceramic tiles were used as crushed coarse aggregate in concrete as a replacement for natural aggregates by the replacement level of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20%, and 25%. From the results, it has been observed that ceramic waste enhances the performance of concrete at a certain level of replacement. Ceramic waste has the potential to use in concrete structures at a certain level of replacement to achieve desirable properties.

Every year, large quantities of construction and demolition waste are generated in India, which is a mixture of different grades of concrete. Such waste disposal required an immense amount of land and induced ecological pollution as well. Globally, researchers are trying to substitute coarse aggregate in concrete with recycled aggregate (RA). In the present paper, construction & demolition (C&D) waste was obtained from nearby the Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna. Where, due to the up-gradation of National Highway-3, a massive amount of building structures is demolished. In this work, a newly invented technique called pre-soaking in mild acetic acid (3%), followed by mechanical grinding using the Los Angeles abrasion machine for various durations was proposed for RA treatment. To assess the quality of RA, basic properties were studied, such as gradation, structure, abrasion value, crushing value, impact value, bulk density, and water absorption. Strength and durability properties of concrete made with RA were also studied. The improvement in RA’s quality after 72 h of pre-soaking in mild acetic acid (3%) followed by 7 min of mechanical grinding in a Los Angeles abrasion machine was observed optimum duration of treatment based on laboratory work. Strength and durability properties were also studied for concrete made with RA with different natural aggregate (NA) replacement levels (NA). The compressive and split tensile strength increased by 17.11% and 14.03%, respectively, in RAC compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC) at the 100% replacement level. The innovative proposed technique is an effective one to implement in the field to produce RA to meet the construction industry’s demands.

Electrically conductive fibric composites (CFCs) have been widely used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials; however, it is still difficult to achieve combination of strong interfacial adhesion, outstanding water proof performance, multi-functionality and superb EMI shielding performance for the CFCs. Herein, we report a novel “photo-thermally induced interfacial sintering” method to prepare flexible and superhydrophobic CFCs with excellent interfacial adhesion. The CFC possesses dual conductive network composed of carbon nanofiber and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and a conductivity of 112.1 S/cm, imparting to the material excellent Joule heating performance, revealing an large SE and SSE (59.4 dB and 333.9 dB mm−1) of the CFC in the X band, respectively. In addition, the CFC can maintain its superhydrophobicity, high conductivity and excellent EMI shielding performance after cyclic abrasion, stretching and ultrasonication washing. This “interfacial sintering” strategy provides a new way to fabricating multi-functional and durable conductive polymer composite.

Industry demands Nano level of surface finishing and development of advanced material makes finishing difficult to attain for modern grinding industry. The Electro-Chemical Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (ECMAF) is an advanced abrasion based finishing process used to finish very hard material with superior surface finishing. In ECMAF, soft film generated by electro-chemical dissolution (ECD) on the workpiece is removed by gentle finishing force of micron size abrasive particles of Magnetic abrasive Finishing (MAF). In this process, the material is removed in the form of microchips without sub surface damage. This paper presents the experimental investigation of SS 304 workpiece using indigenously newly developed ECMAF set up that eliminates the problem of washing of abrasive particles by electrolyte from the working gap. The Un-bonded Magnetic Abrasive Particles (UMAPs) are prepared by mechanical mixture of ferromagnetic particles and abrasive particles. The experiment is designed using L25 orthogonal array of Taguchi Methodology and effect of working gap, workpiece rotational speed, electrolytic flow rate and electrolytic current on the Surface Roughness (SR) and Material Removal (MR) is studied. The result is analyzed using ANOVA and found the working gap to be the most significant process parameter followed by workpiece rotational speed and electrolytic current for SR while the working gap is found to be most the significant process parameter for MR.

The influence of nano-silica addition on the durability of concrete has been studied. Nano-silica particles (0 to 3 wt%) by cement were incorporated in the concrete and their effect on abrasion and impact resistance was analysed after 56 days. The test results showed that the abrasion loss of concrete reduces as the content of the nano-silica increases. In M 30 and M 40 grade concrete, with addition of 3 % nano-silica abrasion loss was decreased by 29.82 % and 52.21 % respectively when compared with concrete without nano-silica. The impact resistance of concrete also dramatically improved with the rise in nano-silica content. The number of blows required for ultimate failure was increased by 207.69 % and 304.16 % for M 30 and M 40 grade concrete mixes with 3 % nano-silica. The relationship between abrasion loss and compressive strength has been established, suggesting that the stronger the concrete, the more resistance it offers to wear. Nano-silica can be used to produce concrete that is both stronger and more durable.

The weakness of individual fibers can be overcome by hybridization leading to improvement of mechanical and tribological properties. The present investigation aims to evaluate the flexural and tribological properties of hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites experimentally. The plain and hybrid composite with stacking sequence [C2G3]S were fabricated. The results revealed that the flexural stress and modulus of hybrid [C2G3]S composite increased by 48% and 76% respectively compared to plain glass FRP composite. The three body abrasion wear was conducted and specific wear rate (SWR) was measured as per design of experiment. By response Surface Methodology (RSM) the process factors to minimize SWR of hybrid composite were determined. The least SWR predicted for the hybrid [C2G3]S is 16.3209 × 10−3 mm3/Nm at 1100 m and 33.15 N. The hybrid composite creates opportunity to be used in different applications.

The effect of varying abrasion pressure and nanographene on two body abrasive wear behavior of Glass – Epoxy (GE) composites under multipass condition was studied. These composites: Epoxy (EP), Glass –Epoxy (GE), GE/1 wt% nanographene (GE1) and GE/2 wt% nanographene (GE2) were developed using autoclave molding. The experimentation has been carried out by varying the abrasion load of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 N under the influence of 180 Grit SiC abrasives through an abrading velocity of 0.5 m/s as per ASTM G99 method. It is observed that the wear volume loss of these composites is a linear function of abrasion load and their composition. Further, inclusion of 1 wt% nanographene showed better abrasion wear resistance than higher loading of the same nano filler. This may be due to the structural integrity of Glass Epoxy composites. Higher loading of nanographene localized the stress concentration which leads to poor tribological response. Further, hardness, good mechanical properties and improved degree of crystallanity made the GE1 composites to exhibit good abrasion wear behavior. The frictional study suggested that coefficient of friction (COF) decreases initially as an effect of adding nanographene under lower pressure whereas the reverse action has been exhibited by the composites under the influence of higher pressure. The morphology of the abrasion worn surface was studied using SEM images. It was found that microcuttng, microploughing and fatigue were some of the mechanisms responsible for the failure.

The selection of suitable material having significant property for any structure or a component is an issue for a designer where the material used in fabricating most components is preferred according to their mechanical properties to sustain for various applied loads. Many components, however, fail under either fracture or fatigue loadings which fall below the applied loads before their life expectancy. These loads initiate, propagate and elongate along the cracks, leading to the failure of the component. Protective treatments like coatings are used to enrich the resistance to corrosion and abrasion, improve physical or mechanical properties, or improve the surface finish, improve aesthetic appearance, etc. In various structures in aerospace, automotive, ocean engineering, nuclear power plants, etc., many coated and treated components are used under different service temperatures. Protecting the alloys and metals from damage due to the surrounding medium is the focus of today’s technology. This area of technology for protecting alloys and once considered to be an important field confined to the practical aspects of galvanizing, chromizing, enameling, etc. of certain industrial and household appliances has now gained its practical importance in various fields of engineering and technology which deserves to be treated as an independent aspect of scientific investigation. In this paper, the effect of variable thickness of the copper coating on the plane strain fracture toughness is studied and concluded that the increase or decrease in the fracture toughness of the coated materials depends mainly on the parameters like the coating thickness, the environment under which coating is done, the temperature at which coating process is carried out and the duration of time for which the material is kept under these conditions during coating.

The interaction effect of abrasive particles on three body abrasion wear behavior of Glass – Carbon thermoplastic hybrid composites was investigated. The blend (PA66/PTFE) (80/20 wt%), Blend/Short glass fiber (SGF), Blend/Short Carbon fiber (SCF), Blend/10 wt% SGF/10 wt% SCF (GC) were the material systems considered for the study. The melt mix method with the help twin screw extruder and injection molding were the methods used for processing and development of hybrid composites. The experimentation was conducted for 20 N and 30 N using varying distance at a constant velocity of 2.5 m/s in accordance with ASTM G65 method. The unique observation has been made from the fiber filled composites. The three body abrasion wear behavior has been effectively improved due to fiber reinforcement. The individual fibers have their own contribution in developing the abrasion resistance. The hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the composites have supported the wear resistance. Further, the Ratner – Lancaster factor (σe) of composites played the significant role in enhancing the wear behavior under three body mode. SCF filled composites exhibited better wear behavior than SGF filled ones. The hybridization effect of both SGF and SCF effectively improved the abrasion wear resistance of GC hybrid composites. The high crystallanity, hardness and hardness ratio between polymer and rubber wheel helped in improving the abrasion wear behavior of hybrid composites. The morphology of the abraded surfaces were studied using SEM images.

The effect of hybrid micro fillers on two body abrasive wear of PA66/PA6 blend based composites was investigated. Three composites: Blend (PA66/PA6) (80/20 wt%), Blend/10 wt% PTFE and Blend/10 wt% PTFE/5 wt% MoS2 were considered for the investigation. These micro composites were prepared by using melt mix method using twin screw extrusion technique. The two-body abrasion wear behavior of these micro composites was investigated using 180 grit SiC abrasion paper in a multipass condition as per ASTM G99 standard under the influence of variable abrasion load at a constant velocity of 0.5 m/s. It is found from the experimentation that the volumetric wear loss is totally dependent on abrading load. Further, it is found that Blend/PTFE composites exhibited good abrasion wear behaviour due to excellent Ratner-Lancaster (σe) factor. Micro ploughing and micro cutting were noticed during the morphological study through SEM images. Among the micro composites studied, Blend/10 wt% PTFE exhibited better abrasive wear resistance compared to other composites.

A recyclable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/Silicone thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) consisting of TPU, Silicone, and additives (i.e. crosslinking agent, antioxidant, compatilizers, and processing aid) with high tensile strength (10.0 MPa), good elongation (322%), low abrasion rate (0.11%), proper hardness (Shore A83), and low static/kinetic friction coefficient (0.72/0.61) has been successfully manufactured. Moreover, we have also prepared the prototype for bands of smart bracelets based on lab-made TPU/Silicone TPV, demonstrating that it is a highly potential recyclable material for wearable devices.

In the field of food packaging, the addition of exfoliated layered silicates in polymers has been established to improve the polymers&rsquo, gas barrier properties. Using these polymers as coatings to protect smart textiles from oxidation and corrosion while maintaining their textile properties should significantly extend their lifetime and promote their market penetration. The aim of this study was to print new polymer dispersions containing layered silicates to protect screen-printed conductive structures, and to test the resulting samples. For this, appropriate printing parameters were determined by statistical design of experiments. According to these results, conductive structures were printed and protected with the selected coating. The abrasion resistance and the continuity of the protective layer of the printed samples were then measured. A continuous protective coating of approximately 70&ndash, 80 &micro, m thickness was applied on a conductive structure. The printed samples showed a very high resistance to abrasion (unchanged by 85,000 abrasion cycles) while remaining flexible and presenting a lower water vapor permeability (&lt, 2.5 g/m&sup2, d) than the coatings commonly used in the textile field.

Seeking to fabricate B4C composites that are even more superhard (>30 GPa) at lower cost, B4C was transient liquid-phase assisted spark-plasma-sintered, somewhat counterintuitively, at lower temperature ( 15 vol.%) than ever before. It was found that just 20 vol.% MoSi2 aid enables the full densification of B4C at 1700 °C, thereby avoiding the deleterious transformation β-MoB2→α-MoB2, having consumed the entire MoSi2 to form MoB2 and SiC. This maximizes the hardness (∼33 GPa) of these novel triplex-particulate B4C-SiC-MoB2 composites without penalizing their toughness (∼4.1 MPa⋅m0.5). Also importantly, the dry sliding-wear of these novel composites was investigated for the first time, showing that they undergo only mild wear (specific wear rate of ∼10−8 mm³/(N⋅m)) by plasticity-dominated two-body abrasion. Moreover, it was demonstrated that they are much more wear resistant than porous B4C monolithics fabricated under both the same and more demanding conditions, and at least as equally wear resistant as fully-dense B4C monolithics and composites fabricated under more demanding conditions.

One of the most common forms of deterioration of concrete structures is by surface abrasion. Abrasion primarily depends upon the resistance level of materials, mix composition, strength gain and construction practices. Such deteriorations endanger the structural safety and increase the cost of repair and maintenance. In order to minimize the maintenance problems and to increase the serviceability of the structures, it is important that the structure should be resistant to abrasion. Understanding the physics of abrasion is critical for reducing its negative effects on concrete because abrasion is a typical degradation mechanism for concrete. An effort has been spent to identify the factors affecting abrasion of concrete structures and a review on different additives that can be added to achieve abrasion-resistant concrete is carried out. This paper reviews the research work carried out in the area of surface abrasion with works focusing within the last decade. Keywords: Abrasion Resistance, Additives, Concrete Abrasion, Degradation, Durability, Serviceability.

Silver-functionalized textiles, as the most common protective medical materials, have attracted considerable attention. However, poor antibacterial durability and relatively tedious preparation process limit their applications. In this study, a kind of multifunctional cotton fabric was prepared through simultaneous dip-coating of silver-silica hybrid nanoparticles (Ag-MSNs) and fluorinated MSNs (F-MSNs), providing excellent antifouling ability due to superhydrophobicity and long-term antibacterial properties from the sustained release of Ag ions (Ag+). Detailed studies were performed to evaluate their structure and protective performance, especially the long-term antibacterial properties of the obtained fabrics were tested by the inhibition zone experiment for 25 d. The as-prepared fabrics showed good non-wetting properties and sustained antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Further washing and abrasion experimentations demonstrated that the as-prepared fabrics had stable hydrophobicity and antibacterial properties, much more reliable than commercial antibacterial gauze. Considering the inexpensive and simple preparation process as well as long-term and efficient effect for sterilization, the strategy paves a new and facile way for the fabrication of multifunctional fabrics with robust hydrophobic and antibacterial activity.

The bamboo biomass is widely available in tropical countries and is actually being used for papermaking on a commercial scale in other countries. Its comparable cellulosic content to wood resources in the pulp and paper industry corresponds to its suitability as a substitute in view to reduce our dependency on wood and in line with sustainability. Accordingly, the study investigated the production of paper from the non-wood fibre for subsequent uses hinged on its physical and mechanical characteristics. It also targets paper waste since the latter was employed in different mixing ratios (20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20). Value added materials, namely envelopes, paper bags and holders were produced in order to open new arenas for the Mauritian fibre industry. Soda process was employed as the chemical pulping process. The optimum cooking conditions, giving rise to the highest pulp yield were found to be 16% w/v NaOH and a cooking time of 2 h at 90 °C. The thickness of the formed sheets was between 0.376 mm and 0.593 mm. Paper made from 100% bamboo was found to be most resistant to soil degradation. The highest bursting index was obtained from 80% bamboo sheet, amounting to 1.86kPam2/g. Sheets constituting of 20% and 40% bamboo showed favourable results to be used as printing materials and were observed to be most resistant to abrasion, requiring 40 and 26 turns, respectively. The minimum water absorbency rate of sheets derived from 80 and 100% bamboo connotes to their use as absorbents. The crease recovery angles were found to be within 27.5° to 63.8°, implying the application of 100%, 80% and 60% bamboo mix in the manufacture of envelopes and paper bags.

In this work, Ni-W/Al2O3 composite coatings with Al2O3 content from 0 to 8 wt.% were electrodeposited and heat treated to study the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles and heat treatment on the wear resistance of Ni-W/Al2O3 coatings. The wear resistance of as-deposited Ni-W/Al2O3 coatings is obviously improved by incorporation of Al2O3 nanoparticles, which can strongly alleviate the serious plowing during the sliding abrasion. By heat treatment at 300 °C, microhardness and wear resistance of Ni-W/Al2O3 are simultaneously improved. For the Ni-W/Al2O3 coatings heat treated at 700 °C, the grain size increases while the microhardness is barely changed in comparison with the as-deposited coatings, and the wear resistance is improved with low Al2O3 content but degraded at high Al2O3 content. The evolution of wear resistance of Ni-W/Al2O3 coatings can be related to microhardness, incorporation of Al2O3, precipitation strengthening and interphase interfaces.

Severe abrasive wear of drill pipe and casing often occurs in exploration drilling operations. To achieve the surface enhancement of the drilling components in terms of abrasive wear resistance, various flux-cored wires (FCWs) containing multiple alloying elements were developed, and the Fe-based hardfacing layers were developed by metal active-gas (MAG) welding process. The macro morphology, microstructure, and phase composition of the alloys were characterized by using OM, SEM, XRD, and EDS methods, while the wear resistance performance was measured by using an abrasion tester. The results showed that the hardfacing layer prepared by Fe-Cr-C FCW is hypoeutectic that mainly consisted of austenite matrix and (Fe,Cr)7C3-type carbides. On this basis, a higher C content in combination with Nb, Ti, and B additives resulted in the microstructure comprised of martensite-based matrix and the precipitations of (Nb,Ti)C and Fe2B hard phases. With the removal of Cr, the further addition of Nb, Ti, and B, the hard phases change from particles to bulk and lath shapes. The hard phases with higher microhardness values than the matrix contributed to an improved Rockwell hardness and a highly decreased wear weight loss of hardfacing layer. Accordingly, the wear mechanism changed from severe plastic fracture to micro-cutting going with a slight brittle micro-peeling. The interlaced distribution of (Nb,Ti)C and Fe2B provided a stable skeleton that enables an further enhanced abrasive wear resistance.

Statement of problem The bond between resin cement and zirconia is essential to the long-term retention of a zirconia crown. However, it is unclear if the existing methods provide a long-term bond between resin cement and zirconia. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of a zirconia etching solution on the shear bond strength between zirconia and resin cement. Material and methods Sixty yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) disks (O8×5 mm) were divided into 4 groups (n=15). Each group was then treated with 1 of the following methods: airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm Al2O3 (AA); etched with zirconia etching solution (ZES); airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm Al2O3 and then etched with ZES (AA-ZES); etched with ZES and then airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm Al2O3 (ZES-AA). Sixty composite resin cylinders (O2.3×2.4 mm) were luted to the zirconia disks with a self-adhesive resin cement under constant load and then light-polymerized for 40 seconds. Specimens were stored in a 37 °C incubator in distilled water for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 1000 cycles between 5 °C and 55 °C. A universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min was used to measure the shear force (N). The shear bond strength (MPa) was then calculated. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean shear bond strength among the groups (α=.05). The failure mode was evaluated by using light microscopy at ×90 magnification and categorized as an adhesive, cohesive, or mixed failure. Results Mean ±standard deviation shear bond strength for AA, ZES, AA-ZES, and ZES-AA groups were 9.9 ±2.6, 8.9 ±2.9, 9.6 ±3.9, and 11.0 ±2.3 MPa, respectively. There was no significant difference among the treatment groups (P>.05). Conclusions A zirconia etching solution did not significantly improve the shear bond strength between zirconia and resin cement compared with airborne-particle abrasion with Al2O3.

Water-based suspensions with nanoparticles as additives have been developed to replace oil-based lubricants for green manufacturing. Optimisation of nanosuspension formulation can enhance their performance and thereby reduce manufacturing costs. Nevertheless, developing high-performance water-based nanosuspensions requires an in-depth understanding of the role of nanoadditives in lubrication. This review summarises the formulation of water-based nanosuspensions, their tribological properties, and lubrication mechanisms. Technical issues are systematically addressed concerning the applications of nanosuspensions in the rolling of steels, machining of difficult-to-cut metals, and abrasive shaping of hard-brittle ceramics. This review facilitates understanding water-based nanolubrication to enable formulating nanosuspensions with a satisfactory manufacturing performance. The review outcomes indicate that oxide-based nanosuspensions are suitable candidates for metal forming and machining processes due to their excellent anti-wear performance and high heat-carrying capacity. Carbon-based nanosuspensions are appropriate for ceramic shaping processes due to their excellent lubricity and superior resistance against abrasion. In particular, hybrid nanosuspensions consisting of at least two different types of nanoparticles demonstrate a superior synergistic performance in lubrication and cooling. They hence have great potential for future manufacturing processes for both ductile and brittle materials.

Aim: To develop quercetin-loaded poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) films coated with silver (Ag) to prevent the formation of postoperative adhesions (POA). Materials & methods: Films were prepared using the solvent casting method, coated with Ag, and underwent in vitro tests. In vivo studies were conducted employing an animal model of sidewall defect and cecum abrasion. Results: Films showed sustained release behavior of quercetin and Ag. Coating films with Ag improved their antimicrobial activity. In vivo studies confirmed superior antiadhesion properties of films compared with the control groups evaluated by gross observation, histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry analyses. Conclusion: Ag-Q-PCL-PC films are a potential candidate to prevent POA by acting as a sustained release delivery system and physical barrier.

Combining textile fabrics with 3D printing has been investigated intensively during the last years. Mostly, research concentrated on the adhesion between both partners of the composite or on the new freedom of design, enabled by combining these techniques. Here, we present examinations of the influence of elastic 3D printed patterns on the elongation and wearing out of elastic textile fabrics as well as on the tribological properties of the textile surface, comparing pure and imprinted textile fabrics. Therefore, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was 3D printed in different patterns on diverse textile fabrics. Our study shows that for a sufficient adhesion, reached by small enough nozzle-fabric distance, elastic 3D printed patterns can indeed improve the surface resistance against wear.

Nowadays, natural plant fibers are being explored and employed for various industrial applications owing to their attributes such as low weight to strength ratio, cost effectiveness, biodegradabili...

Bajoe Village is one of the coastal areas in Province of Southeast Sulawesi has experienced abrasion within a period of 10 years. So it is necessary to provide education on the management of the residential environment that will be affected by abrasion. The method used is the analysis of satellite images using google aerth and SAS Planet, and the lecture method. The result of this activity is that in Tiga Hamlet, it was detected that coastal abrasion had occurred, so that mangrove planting was carried out in Tiga Hamlet. Education is carried out for students so that they can clearly see the change in the environment due to abrasion in Bajoe Village.Then have a discussion with the village head as a stakeholder about the results obtained so that it expected to provide consideration in making decisions on the development of Bajoe Village.

Understanding dual-mode wear behavior, including fatigue and abrasive wear, is essential for determination of surface damage under the sliding-impact condition, which can induce early motion-pair f...

In most developing countries, the use of marginal quality aggregates had resulted in premature distress on the road pavements not visible until years after construction. Abakaliki region is endowed with low-grade indurated shales that have tremendous potentials for use in road construction but require beneficiation in order to improve their quality and durability before use. It is, therefore, necessary to develop process of improving the aggregate properties to achieve satisfactory results. This study presents results of laboratory testing of the physico-mechanical properties of shales and when treated with bitumen. The concept was based on the principle of using coating process on the aggregates with a bituminous film. The aggregates can be rendered water-proofed so that their strength in dry condition could be retained even after wetting. The results of mineralogical and chemical analyses revealed that the shales have no remarkable differences in their mineralogy with predominance of quartz, clay minerals, and feldspar and high silica, aluminum, and alkali content, respectively. The strength and resistance to abrasion attrition of the aggregates were critical factors that determined the quality of the aggregates. The aggregates when tested in dry condition performed marginally when compared with standard criteria as the presence of moisture further downgrade the aggregate properties. When beneficiated, bituminous materials reduced the aggregate absorption capacity by blocking the capillaries within the aggregates with hydrophobic film, and increased the aggregate resistance against weathering. The treated aggregates showed potential for appreciable gain in strength which qualifies the aggregates for use as road construction.

Developing a practical strategy to fabricate an anti-abrasion and durable superhydrophobic wood surface with ultraviolet (UV) resistance has great practical significance for expanding the application of natural wood. In this study, a robust superhydrophobic layer with a hierarchical micro/nano-roughness structure was modified on the wood surface through in-situ mineralization and polymerization using a simple sol–gel method along with efficient electron beam (EB) curing technology. Hydrophobic agent (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS), and crosslinking monomer (γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, MAPS) form new covalent bonds between TiO2 particle layer and wood substrate after EB radiation, which endows robust superhydrophobicity and remarkable UV resistance on the wood surface. The as-prepared wood exhibited a water contact angle of approximately 165.7° and obvious repellency to many aqua-phase liquids (cola, strongly acidic, alkaline droplets etc.). Furthermore, the hierarchical micro/nano-protrusion structures remained unchanged and micro/nano particles aggregated tightly on the as-prepared wood surface under harsh external environments (sandpaper abrasion and, ultrasonic treatment), confirming the desirable anti-abrasion and mechanically durable performance of the superhydrophobic surface. After the 18-day UV accelerated weathering test, the TiO2 particle layer conspicuously retained the discoloration and maintained its exceptional repellency toward water. The biomimetic superhydrophobic wood with excellent mechanical durability and UV resistance reveals its potential application in the furniture and architecture fields.

Sediment deposition can cause a reduction in reservoir capacity and hydro-mechanical abrasion of pumped-storage power stations (PSPSs). To increase the operating efficiency and service life of PSPS...

The current view on the determination of the abrasion resistance of a cement composite is mainly focused on the resistance of the composite to the effects of mechanical abrasion. However, many concrete structures are exposed to the abrasive effects of flowing liquids. One of the test procedures simulating this principle of abrasion is based on the creation of a very fast flow of liquids, often including abrasive media. Based on worldwide published research on the given topic, the use of the action of ultrasonic waves in a liquid, leading to the simulation of the cavitation stress of a composite, which is a very dangerous phenomenon, is considered a suitable method for creating the mentioned abrasion effects. The following article discusses new possibilities for simulating and evaluating the abrasive effects of cavitation on cement composites using the action of ultrasonic waves in a liquid. These effects will be monitored on cement pastes, which will be modified with several types of commonly used admixtures. Furthermore, the connection between the effects of the mentioned abrasive action and several physical-mechanical parameters will be monitored.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were incorporated into an EPDM/SBR rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composite by melt blending of HNTs into the EPDM/SBR blend. The mechanical properties, abrasion and swelling resistance of HNTs ranging from 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) to 10 parts per hundred rubber (phr) were investigated in EPDM/SBR base rubber. Tensile strength, 100% modulus (modulus at 100 percent elongation), elongation at break and tear strength were evaluated at ambient temperature using electric universal tensile testing equipment in accordance with ASTM D-412. Hardness, abrasion and swelling resistance were determined using Shore-A Durometer, DIN abrader and immersion techniques, respectively. The results show that increasing HNT content increased tensile strength, tear strength, hardness (stiffness), and crosslink density. The surface morphology of tensile-fractured material was studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). According to FE-SEM results, the most roughness of the surface was seen at HNTs filled rubber nano-composites.

In the modern forestry, the demand for renewable and environmentally friendly wood protection is increasing. This paper reports a green method for preparing stable and self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating for wood protection by dripping polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked hollow silica nanoparticles on the surface of wood in combination with polydimethylsiloxane modification. The coating is based on a laminated structure with layers stacked on the surface of the wood and cured quickly with the assistance of UV. The coatings obtained on wood substrates with appropriate ratios have excellent superhydrophobic properties, with an optimum water contact angle of up to 160.4 ± 0.2°. The coating also exhibits good transparency in the UV-visible spectrum and a maximum transmittance of 91%. With transmission electron microscopy, the microscopic morphology of the self-assembled hollow silica nanoparticles was observed. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were also applied to investigate the morphology and chemical composition of the coatings. A water contact angle of 151.5 ± 0.7° was maintained even after the abrasion tests with sandpaper at a distance of 300 cm. Meanwhile, the resultant coatings exhibit good self-cleaning properties apart from mechanical durability and chemical stability, which enables effective resistance to contamination. Evidenced by the abovementioned data, this composite coating is capable of optimizing the surface wettability of wood, offering a new dimension to the extensive and prolonged application of wood and wood-based products. Furthermore, considering the advantages of this method, it could also be used in other areas in the future, such as glass, solar substrates, and optical devices.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two immediate dentin sealing protocols including sealed dentin surface refreshment with air abrasion versus sealed dentin surface refreshment with pumice on tensile bond strength of ceramic restoration material. Materials and methods: Twenty extracted human molars were used. The prepared teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to the surface refreshment method into group (C): Air abrasion using Cojet and group (P) using pumice slurry. Twenty ceramic discs were sliced into standard thickness of 2mm ceramic slices. The teeth were immediately sealed using single bond universal adhesive it was then covered using a layer of provisional filling material directly after cutting. The provisional filling was then removed and dentin was cleaned using either airborne-particle abrasion (CoJet, 3M ESPE) (Group (C) or Pumice (group (P). The specimens in each group were then thermo-cycled and tensile bond strength test was done, using Universal Testing Machine. One-way ANOVA was used to study the effect of different tested variables and their interaction. Results: Samples done using air abrasion with Cojet, showed higher tensile bond strength than those using pumice. Conclusions: Immediate dentin sealing treatment would be recommended within high tensile stresses, when surface refreshment done by air abrasion to the tooth structure.

Structural color as a revolutionary coloration strategy has been proposed to replace the traditional dyeing and printing process. However, the poor colorfastness and easy crack formation of structural colors on textile fabrics restrict their practical application at present. In this study, poly (tert-butyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(t-BA-co-GMA)) copolymers containing reactive epoxy groups with different mass ratios of tert-butyl acrylate (t-BA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were successfully synthesized, which were used to create structural colors on black polyester fabrics. The results showed that P(t-BA-co-GMA) nanospheres could form crack-free structural colors on polyester fabrics, and the colors vary with the mass ratio of t-BA and GMA to obtain five different colors. The different particle sizes of the different P(t-BA-co-GMA) nanospheres with different refractive indexes and the arrangement of short-range ordered and long-range disordered in microstructures may be the reason of different angle-independent structural colors on polyester fabrics. The P(t-BA-co-GMA) nanosphere structural colors on polyester fabrics possess good abrasion and washing colorfastness. This research provides the experimental basis for the development of crack-free amorphous photonic crystal structural color on fabrics with high colorfastness to promote the practical application of structural color in textile coloration.