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The popularity of additive technologies in construction is increasing every year. At the same time, there are still a significant number of unresolved issues in this area related to the complexity of ensuring uniformity of printing due to technical difficulties with the mortar. One of the main issues is the adhesion of printed layers. This is especially true for continuing the printing process after it has been suspended with the formation of a cold joint. The authors consider the possibility of improving the technological properties of 3D construction printing (3DCP) mortars by introducing redispersible polymer powders (RPPs) and surface-active substances (SASs) into their composition. A comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of various RPPs and SASs was carried out using standard testing methods to identify the most effective options and combinations of admixtures depending on their structure and mechanism of action. Laboratory tests of the mortar composition for 3DCP using the selected RPPs and SASs were carried out with the imitation of the formation of a cold joint. The most effective combination of RPPs and SASs was used to create the mortar for making the form-forming element using a construction 3D printer. Based on the results of the tests, the patterns of RPPs and SASs influence on the adhesive strength of such mixtures were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has previously been shown that, in mice, chronic social defeat stress in daily agonistic interactions leads to a depression-like state similar to that in depressive patients. With this model, it has become obvious that it is possible to study peripheral markers of the depression-like state in an experiment. This paper was aimed at searching for protein markers in the blood plasma of depressed mice in the chronic social conflict model, which allows for us to obtain male mice with repeated experiences of defeat. Proteomic analysis of blood plasma samples was conducted to identify proteins differentially expressed in this state. There were changes in the expression levels of the amyloid proteins SAA1, SAA4, and SAMP and apolipoproteins APOC3, APOD, and ADIPO in the blood plasma of depressed mice compared with controls (unstressed mice). Changes in the expression of serine protease inhibitors and/or proteins associated with lipid metabolism, inflammation, or immune function [ITIH4, SPA3, A1AT5, HTP (HP), CO9, and A2MG] were also found. Here, we showed that chronic social stress is accompanied by increased levels of amyloid proteins and apolipoproteins in blood plasma. A similarity was noted between the marker protein expression changes in the depressed mice and those in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These data indicate a psychopathogenic role of chronic social stress, which can form a predisposition to neurodegenerative and/or psychoemotional disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common knowledge that innovations are the drivers of economic growth. However, the direct relationship between innovation and socio-economic performance is questionable. In the article, we examine the linkage between innovation performance, measured by the Summary innovation index, and labour market indicators in Nordic countries, being the leaders of innovation performance and welfare states at the same time. The study shows that employment is growing among people with higher education with the improvement of innovation performance. At the same time, there is a large share of unemployed among low-skilled workers, which also tends to grow. The causality test analysis between Summary Innovation Index and labour statistics by Granger test for panel data does not reveal the causal relationships.

In the context of modern economic and legal reality, property insurance plays an important role in civil-law relations. For the present, Russian citizens, individual entrepreneurs and commercial entities witness an increasing need for a firm guarantee of protection of property interests linked with performing different types of activities and as well with maintaining a certain standard of living. Analysis of legislation in force reveals some gaps in the legal regulation of insurance institutions as a whole as well as a property insurance contract in particular, that conditions much judicial conflict and occurrence of errors in law enforcement that impact negatively on the protection of legal rights and interests of insurance relations participants. Legal research of law in force, theoretical understanding and relevant judicial practice in the matters of property insurance regulation along with possible identification of existing problems and formulation of proposals on legislation improvement. The methodological base for the present research is represented by a set of general scientific and specific scientific methods of research activities, including a historical method, a method of formal logic, a method of system analysis, a research method, a comparative legal method, a statistical method, a functional-structural method, methods of analysis and synthesis, a method of specification and as well an empirical and theoretical method, i.e. analogy, deduction. The authors suppose that provisions of Chapter 48 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation must be completed with a separate norm on financial risk insurance as it is the case with property insurance, third-party liability insurance (damage liability insurance, contractual liability insurance) and entrepreneurial risk insurance in parallel with pointing out an object of insurance and cases when the conclusion of the mentioned contract is required. The authors prove the necessity to qualify the reinsurance contract as the property contract in line with other types thereof named in Article 929 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

An important task in the construction of buildings and structures is the choice of the most rational solutions in terms of organization and technology of construction production. Currently, the complexity and variety of organizational and technological decisions in the dynamics of the process of erecting buildings and structures for various purposes requires research. To this end, it is necessary to improve existing or develop new organizational and technological solutions, in conditions when the tasks are set to increase the growth in the volume of housing construction. The author is faced with the task of forming an integrated system that includes organizational and technological solutions, methods and assessment of the effectiveness of the study. It is assumed that the results of the study will be in demand by construction organizations to maintain competitiveness, paying attention to organizational and technological solutions, both at the stage of preparation and during construction. This will prevent losses, increase the effective functioning of construction organizations in the market, and strengthen their business reputation. Scientific novelty lies in the formation of parameters and their classification, methods of modeling organizational and technological solutions. To assess organizational and technological solutions, it is necessary to study methods and ways of measuring them. In the course of the research, an analysis of the methods widely used at present for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of organizational and technological solutions was carried out. Qualitative assessment methods make it possible to reveal the significance of certain factors of a phenomenon through the analysis of competent opinions. In the case of studying the influence of organizational and technological solutions on construction processes, there are no measurable physical parameters, objects inaccessible to perception and large volumes of statistical data. The article concludes that empirical, theoretical and quantitative methods are difficult for the research chosen by the author. Therefore, the author of this article chose the Monte Carlo method (MCM) as a research method - a group of numerical methods for studying random processes. Also, the work identified a vector for further research.

Abstract Background Functional aspects of mast cell-neuronal interactions remain poorly understood. Mast cell activation and degranulation can result in the release of powerful pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine and cytokines. Cerebral dural mast cells have been proposed to modulate meningeal nociceptor activity and be involved in migraine pathophysiology. Little is known about the functional role of spinal cord dural mast cells. In this study, we examine their potential involvement in nociception and synaptic plasticity in superficial spinal dorsal horn. Changes of lower spinal cord dura mast cells and their contribution to hyperalgesia are examined in animal models of peripheral neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammation. Results Spinal application of supernatant from activated cultured mast cells induces significant mechanical hyperalgesia and long-term potentiation (LTP) at spinal synapses of C-fibers. Lumbar, thoracic and thalamic preparations are then examined for mast cell number and degranulation status after intraplantar capsaicin and carrageenan. Intradermal capsaicin induces a significant percent increase of lumbar dural mast cells at 3 hours post-administration. Peripheral carrageenan in female rats significantly increases mast cell density in the lumbar dura, but not in thoracic dura or thalamus. Intrathecal administration of the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromoglycate or the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor BAY-613606 reduce the increased percent degranulation and degranulated cell density of lumbar dural mast cells after capsaicin and carrageenan respectively, without affecting hyperalgesia. Conclusion The results suggest that lumbar dural mast cells may be sufficient but are not necessary for capsaicin or carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.

The article offers information on a project that aims to enlarge the geophysical database along the East Greenland margin to allow comparison of both margin structures. The Euromargins programme provided the fund for the first part of the investigations in 2003. Another aim of the project is to continue the research of the first phase. The project seeks to answer various questions including the condition of the crustal structure between Shannon Island and the Greenland Fracture Zone and the sedimentary structure of the East Greenland shelf between 75 and 79 degrees North.