438 results on '"Abraham Nitzan"'
Search Results
2. Energy Conversion and Entropy Production in Biased Random Walk Processes—From Discrete Modeling to the Continuous Limit
- Author
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Henning Kirchberg and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
thermodynamic process ,entropy production ,discrete state space ,continuous state space ,stochastic thermodynamics ,Science ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
We considered discrete and continuous representations of a thermodynamic process in which a random walker (e.g., a molecular motor on a molecular track) uses periodically pumped energy (work) to pass N sites and move energetically downhill while dissipating heat. Interestingly, we found that, starting from a discrete model, the limit in which the motion becomes continuous in space and time (N→∞) is not unique and depends on what physical observables are assumed to be unchanged in the process. In particular, one may (as usually done) choose to keep the speed and diffusion coefficient fixed during this limiting process, in which case, the entropy production is affected. In addition, we also studied processes in which the entropy production is kept constant as N→∞ at the cost of a modified speed or diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, we also combined this dynamics with work against an opposing force, which made it possible to study the effect of discretization of the process on the thermodynamic efficiency of transferring the power input to the power output. Interestingly, we found that the efficiency was increased in the limit of N→∞. Finally, we investigated the same process when transitions between sites can only happen at finite time intervals and studied the impact of this time discretization on the thermodynamic variables as the continuous limit is approached.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Edge State Quantum Interference in Twisted Graphitic Interfaces
- Author
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Annabelle Oz, Debopriya Dutta, Abraham Nitzan, Oded Hod, and Elad Koren
- Subjects
2D materials ,edge states ,graphene interfaces ,quantum interference ,transport ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Zigzag edges in graphitic systems exhibit localized electronic states that drastically affect their properties. Here, room‐temperature charge transport experiments across a single graphitic interface are reported, in which the interlayer current is confined to the contact edges. It is shown that the current exhibits pronounced oscillations of up to ≈40 µA with a dominant period of ≈5 Å with respect to lateral displacement that do not directly correspond to typical graphene lattice spacing. The origin of these features is computationally rationalized as quantum mechanical interference of localized edge states showing significant amplitude and interlayer coupling variations as a function of the interface stacking configuration. Such interference effects may therefore dominate the transport properties of low‐dimensional graphitic interfaces.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Landau–Zener evolution under weak measurement: manifestation of the Zeno effect under diabatic and adiabatic measurement protocols
- Author
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Anna Novelli, Wolfgang Belzig, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
quantum measurement ,Zeno effect ,Landau–Zener problem ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The time evolution and the asymptotic outcome of a Landau–Zener–Stueckelberg–Majorana (LZ) process under continuous weak non-selective measurement is analyzed. We compare two measurement protocols in which the populations of either the adiabatic or the non-adiabatic levels are (continuously and weakly) monitored. The weak measurement formalism, described using a Gaussian Kraus operator, leads to a time evolution characterized by a Markovian dephasing process, which, in the non-adiabatic measurement protocol is similar to earlier studies of LZ dynamics in a dephasing environment. Casting the problem in the language of measurement theory makes it possible for us to compare diabatic and adiabatic measurement scenarios, to consider engineered dephasing as a control device and to examine the manifestation of the Zeno effect under the different measurement protocols. In particular, under measurement of the non-adiabatic populations, the Zeno effect is manifested not as a freezing of the measured system in its initial state, but rather as an approach to equal asymptotic populations of the two diabatic states. This behavior can be traced to the way by which the weak measurement formalism behaves in the strong measurement limit, with a built-in relationship between measurement time and strength.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Electron hopping heat transport in molecules
- Author
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Galen T. Craven and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
The realization of single-molecule thermal conductance measurements has driven the need for theoretical tools to describe conduction processes that occur over atomistic length scales. In macroscale systems, the principle that is typically used to understand thermal conductivity is Fourier’s law. At molecular length scales, however, deviations from Fourier’s law are common in part because microscale thermal transport properties typically depend on the complex interplay between multiple heat conduction mechanisms. Here, the thermal transport properties that arise from electron transfer across a thermal gradient in a molecular conduction junction are examined theoretically. We illustrate how transport in a model junction is affected by varying the electronic structure and length of the molecular bridge in the junction as well as the strength of the coupling between the bridge and its surrounding environment. Three findings are of note: First, the transport properties can vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the molecular bridge and its environment; second, the system’s thermal conductance commonly deviates from Fourier’s law; and third, in properly engineered systems, the magnitude of electron hopping thermal conductance is similar to what has been measured in single-molecule devices.
- Published
- 2023
6. Comparing semiclassical mean-field and 1-exciton approximations in evaluating optical response under strong light-matter coupling conditions
- Author
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Bingyu Cui, Maxim Sukharev, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physics - Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Atomic and Molecular Clusters (physics.atm-clus) - Abstract
The rigorous quantum mechanical description of the collective interaction of many molecules with the radiation field is usually considered numerically intractable, and approximation schemes must be employed. Standard spectroscopy usually contains some levels of perturbation theory, but under strong coupling conditions, other approximations are used. A common approximation is the 1-exciton model in which processes involving weak excitations are described using a basis comprising the ground state and singly excited states of the molecule cavity-mode system. In another frequently used approximation in numerical investigations, the electromagnetic field is described classically, and the quantum molecular subsystem is treated in the mean-field Hartree approximation with its wavefunction assumed to be a product of single molecules’ wavefunctions. The former disregards states that take long time to populate and is, therefore, essentially a short time approximation. The latter is not limited in this way, but by its nature, disregards some intermolecular and molecule-field correlations. In this work, we directly compare results obtained from these approximations when applied to several prototype problems involving the optical response of molecules-in-optical cavities systems. In particular, we show that our recent model investigation [J. Chem. Phys. 157, 114108 (2022)] of the interplay between the electronic strong coupling and molecular nuclear dynamics using the truncated 1-exciton approximation agrees very well with the semiclassical mean-field calculation.
- Published
- 2023
7. Short-time particle motion in one and two-dimensional lattices with site disorder
- Author
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Bingyu Cui, Maxim Sukharev, and Abraham Nitzan
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Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
As in the case of a free particle, the initial growth of a broad (relative to lattice spacing) wavepacket placed on an ordered lattice is slow (its time derivative has zero initial slope), and the spread (root mean square displacement) becomes linear in t at a long time. On a disordered lattice, the growth is inhibited for a long time (Anderson localization). We consider site disorder with nearest-neighbor hopping on one- and two-dimensional systems and show via numerical simulations supported by the analytical study that the short time growth of the particle distribution is faster on the disordered lattice than on the ordered one. Such faster spread takes place on time and length scales that may be relevant to the exciton motion in disordered systems.
- Published
- 2023
8. Noise and Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation in 'Underwater' Molecular Junctions
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Henning Kirchberg
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
We determine the zero-frequency charge current noise in a metal-molecule-metal junction embedded in a thermal environment, e.g., a solvent, dominated by sequential charge transmission described by a classical master equation, and study its dependence of specific model parameters, i.e., the environmental reorganization energy and relaxation behavior. Interestingly, the classical current noise term has the same structure as its quantum analog which reflects a charge correlation due to the bridging molecule. We further determine the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) which defines a bound on the relationship between the average charge current, its fluctuation and the entropy production in an electrochemical junction in the Marcus regime. In a second part, we use the same methodology to calculate the current noise and the TUR for a protoype photovoltaic cell in order to predict its upper bound for the efficiency of energy conversion into useful work., (in press)
- Published
- 2022
9. Dissociation slowdown by collective optical response under strong coupling conditions
- Author
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Maxim Sukharev, Joseph Subotnik, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Quantum Physics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum Physics (quant-ph) ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
We consider an ensemble of diatomic molecules resonantly coupled to an optical cavity under strong coupling conditions at normal incidence. Photodissociation dynamics is examined via direct numerical integration of the coupled Maxwell–Schrödinger equations with molecular rovibrational degrees of freedom explicitly taken into account. It is shown that the dissociation is significantly affected (slowed down) when the system is driven at its polaritonic frequencies. The observed effect is demonstrated to be of transient nature and has no classical analog. An intuitive explanation of the dissociation slowdown at polaritonic frequencies is proposed.
- Published
- 2022
10. Strong Coupling in Infrared Plasmonic Cavities
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Monosij Mondal, Alexander Semenov, Maicol A. Ochoa, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
General Materials Science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
Controlling molecular spectroscopy and even chemical behavior in a cavity environment is a subject of intense experimental and theoretical interest. In Fabry-Pérot cavities, strong (radiation-matter) coupling phenomena without an intense radiation field often rely on the number of chromophore molecules collectively interacting with a cavity mode. For plasmonic cavities, the cavity field-matter coupling can be strong enough to manifest strong coupling involving even a single molecule. To this end, infrared plasmonic cavities can be particularly useful in understanding vibrational strong coupling. Here we present a procedure for estimating the radiation-matter coupling and, equivalently, the mode volume as well as the mode lifetime and quality factor for plasmonic cavities of arbitrary shapes and use it to estimate these quantities for infrared cavities of two particularly relevant geometries comprising several n-doped semiconductors. Our calculations demonstrate very high field confinement and low mode volumes of these cavities despite having relatively low quality factors, which is often the case for plasmonic cavities.
- Published
- 2022
11. Coupling, lifetimes, and 'strong coupling' maps for single molecules at plasmonic interfaces
- Author
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Monosij Mondal, Maicol A. Ochoa, Maxim Sukharev, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
The interaction between excited states of a molecule and excited states of metal nanostructure (e.g. plasmons) leads to hybrid states with modified optical properties. When plasmon resonance is swept through molecular transition frequency an avoided crossing may be observed, which is often regarded as a signature of strong coupling between plasmons and molecules. Such strong coupling is expected to be realized when $2|U|/{\hbar\Gamma}>1$, where $U$ and ${\Gamma}$ are the molecule-plasmon coupling and the spectral width of the optical transition respectively. Because both $U$ and ${\Gamma}$ strongly increase with decreasing distance between a molecule and a plasmonic structure it is not obvious that this condition can be satisfied for any molecule-metal surface distance. In this work we investigate the behavior of $U$ and ${\Gamma}$ for several geometries. Surprisingly, we find that if the only contributions to ${\Gamma}$ are lifetime broadenings associated with the radiative and nonradiative relaxation of a single molecular vibronic transition, including effects on molecular radiative and nonradiative lifetimes induced by the metal, the criterion $2|U|/{\hbar\Gamma}>1$ is easily satisfied by many configurations irrespective of the metal-molecule distance. This implies that the Rabi splitting can be observed in such structures if other sources of broadening are suppressed. Additionally, when the molecule-metal surface distance is varied keeping all other molecular and metal parameters constant, this behavior is mitigated due to the spectral shift associated with the same molecule-plasmon interaction, making the observation of Rabi splitting more challenging.
- Published
- 2022
12. Heat Conduction in Polymer Chains: Effect of Substrate on the Thermal Conductance
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh
- Subjects
General Physics and Astronomy ,Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter - Abstract
In standard molecular junctions, a molecular structure is placed between and connected to metal leads. Understanding how mechanical tuning in such molecular junctions can change heat conductance has interesting applications in nanoscale energy transport. In this work, we use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to address the effect of stretching on the phononic contribution to the heat conduction of molecular junctions consisting of single long-chain alkanes and various metal leads such as Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, and Pt. The thermal conductance of such junctions is found to be much smaller than the intrinsic thermal conductance of the polymer and significantly depends on the nature of metal leads as expressed by the metal-molecule coupling and metal vibrational density of states. This behavior is expected and reflects the mismatch of phonon spectra at the metal molecule interfaces. As a function of stretching, we find a behavior similar to what was observed earlier [J. Chem. Phys. 153, 164903 (2020)] for pure polymeric structures. At relatively short electrode distances, where the polyethylene chains are compressed, it is found that the thermal conductances of the molecular junctions remain almost constant as one stretches the polymer chains. At critical electrode distances, the thermal conductances start to increase, reaching the values of the fully-extended molecular junctions. Similar behaviors are observed for junctions in which several long-chain alkanes are sandwiched between various metal leads. These findings indicate that this behavior under stretching is an intrinsic property of the polymer chain and not significantly associated with the interfacial structures., 23 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables
- Published
- 2022
13. Quantum Simulations of Vibrational Strong Coupling via Path Integrals
- Author
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Tao E. Li, Abraham Nitzan, Sharon Hammes-Schiffer, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics::Optics ,General Materials Science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
A quantum simulation of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) in the collective regime via thermostatted ring-polymer molecular dynamics (TRPMD) is reported. For a collection of liquid-phase water molecules resonantly coupled to a single lossless cavity mode, the simulation shows that, as compared with a fully classical calculation, the inclusion of nuclear and photonic quantum effects does not lead to a change in the Rabi splitting but does broaden polaritonic linewidths roughly by a factor of two. Moreover, under thermal equilibrium, both quantum and classical simulations predict that the static dielectric constant of liquid water is largely unchanged inside versus outside the cavity. This result disagrees with a recent experiment demonstrating that the static dielectric constant of liquid water can be resonantly enhanced under VSC, suggesting either limitations of our approach or perhaps other experimental factors that have not yet been explored., manuscript (18 pages) + supporting information (8 pages)
- Published
- 2022
14. Cavity molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water under vibrational ultrastrong coupling
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan, Tao E. Li, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Multidisciplinary ,010304 chemical physics ,Liquid water ,Infrared ,Autocorrelation ,FOS: Physical sciences ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular physics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Molecular dynamics ,Coupling (physics) ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Physical Sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Polariton ,Molecule ,Diffusion (business) ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
We simulate vibrational strong coupling (VSC) and vibrational ultrastrong coupling (V-USC) for liquid water with classical molecular dynamics simulations. When the cavity modes are resonantly coupled to the O−H stretch mode of liquid water, the infrared spectrum shows asymmetric Rabi splitting. The lower polariton (LP) may be suppressed or enhanced relative to the upper polariton (UP) depending on the frequency of the cavity mode. Moreover, although the static properties and the translational diffusion of water are not changed under VSC or V-USC, we do find the modification of the orientational autocorrelation function of H(2)O molecules especially under V-USC, which could play a role in ground-state chemistry.
- Published
- 2020
15. Nonadiabatic Dynamics in a Laser Field: Using Floquet Fewest Switches Surface Hopping To Calculate Electronic Populations for Slow Nuclear Velocities
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan, Zeyu Zhou, Hsing-Ta Chen, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Floquet theory ,Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Scattering ,Surface hopping ,Laser ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,law.invention ,Electronic states ,Molecular dynamics ,Formalism (philosophy of mathematics) ,Classical mechanics ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Adiabatic process - Abstract
We investigate two well-known approaches for extending the fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) algorithm to periodic time-dependent couplings. The first formalism acts as if the instantaneous adiabatic electronic states were standard adiabatic states, which just happen to evolve in time. The second formalism replaces the role of the usual adiabatic states by the time-independent adiabatic Floquet states. For a set of modified Tully model problems, the Floquet FSSH (F-FSSH) formalism gives a better estimate for both transmission and reflection probabilities than the instantaneous adiabatic FSSH (IA-FSSH) formalism, especially for slow nuclear velocities. More importantly, only F-FSSH predicts the correct final scattering momentum. Finally, in order to use Floquet theory accurately, we find that it is crucial to account for the interference between wavepackets on different Floquet states. Our results should be of interest to all those interested in laser-induced molecular dynamics.
- Published
- 2020
16. Energy Transfer and Thermoelectricity in Molecular Junctions in Non-Equilibrated Solvents
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Henning Kirchberg
- Subjects
Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter ,Physics::Biological Physics ,Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules ,Quantum Physics ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,Quantum Physics (quant-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
We consider a molecular junction immersed in a solvent where the electron transfer is dominated by Marcus-type steps. However, the successive nature of the charge transfer through the junction does not imply that the solvent reaches thermal equilibrium throughout the transport. In our previous work [Kirchberg et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 1729 (2020)], we have determined the nonequilibrium distribution of the solvent where its dynamics, expressed by a friction, is considered in two limiting regimes of fast and slow solvent relaxation. In dependence of the nonequilibrium solvent dynamics, we investigate now the electrical, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of the molecular junction. We show that by suitable tuning of the friction, we can reduce the heat dissipation into the solvent and enhance the heat transfer between the electrodes. Interestingly, we find that the Seebeck coefficient grows significantly by adapting the solvent friction in both regimes.
- Published
- 2022
17. Interplay Between Disorder and Collective Coherent Response: Superradiance and Spectral Motional Narrowing in the Time Domain
- Author
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Hsing-Ta Chen, Zeyu Zhou, Maxim Sukharev, Joseph E. Subotnik, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
The interplay between static and dynamic disorder and collective optical response in molecular ensembles is an important characteristic of nanoplasmonic and nanophotonic molecular systems. Here we investigate the cooperative superradiant response of a molecular ensemble of quantum emitters under the influence of environmental disorder, including inhomogeneous broadening (as induced by static random distribution of the molecular transition frequencies) and motional narrowing (as induced by stochastic modulation of these excitation energies). The effect of inhomogeneous broadening is to destroy the coherence of the collective molecular excitation and suppress superradiant emission. However, fast stochastic modulation of the molecular excitation energy can effectively restore the coherence of the quantum emitters and lead to a recovery of superradiant emission, which is an unexpected manifestation of motional narrowing. For a light scattering process as induced by an off-resonant incident pulse, stochastic modulation leads to inelastic fluorescence emission at the average excitation energy at long times and suggests that dynamic disorder effects can actually lead to collective excitation of the molecular ensemble.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Numerical Approach to Nonequilibrium Quantum Thermodynamics: Nonperturbative Treatment of the Driven Resonant Level Model Based on the Driven Liouville von-Neumann Formalism
- Author
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Annabelle Oz, Oded Hod, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,Mathematics::Spectral Theory ,01 natural sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Formalism (philosophy of mathematics) ,symbols.namesake ,Classical mechanics ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum thermodynamics ,Von Neumann architecture - Abstract
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the driven resonant-level model is studied using numerical simulations based on the driven Liouville von-Neumann formalism. The approach is first validated against recently obtained analytical results for quasistatic level shifts and the corresponding first-order corrections. The numerical approach is then used to study far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system under finite level shift rates. The proposed methodology allows the study of unexplored nonequilibrium thermodynamic regimes in open quantum systems.
- Published
- 2019
19. Edge State Quantum Interference in Twisted Graphitic Interfaces
- Author
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Annabelle Oz, Debopriya Dutta, Abraham Nitzan, Oded Hod, and Elad Koren
- Subjects
General Chemical Engineering ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,General Materials Science ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Zigzag edges in graphitic systems exhibit localized electronic states that drastically affect their properties. Here, room-temperature charge transport experiments across a single graphitic interface are reported, in which the interlayer current is confined to the contact edges. It is shown that the current exhibits pronounced oscillations of up to ≈40 µA with a dominant period of ≈5 Å with respect to lateral displacement that do not directly correspond to typical graphene lattice spacing. The origin of these features is computationally rationalized as quantum mechanical interference of localized edge states showing significant amplitude and interlayer coupling variations as a function of the interface stacking configuration. Such interference effects may therefore dominate the transport properties of low-dimensional graphitic interfaces.
- Published
- 2021
20. Molecular polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics under strong Light-Matter Coupling
- Author
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Tao E. Li, Bingyu Cui, Joseph E. Subotnik, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physical Phenomena ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Chemistry, Physical ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Models, Theoretical ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light–matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light–matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light–matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor.
- Published
- 2021
21. Publications of Abraham Nitzan
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Chemistry ,MEDLINE ,Library science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Published
- 2019
22. Evaluation of dynamical properties of open quantum systems using the driven Liouville-von Neumann approach: methodological considerations
- Author
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Inbal Oz, Oded Hod, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Molecular junction ,Biophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Model system ,Mathematics::Spectral Theory ,010402 general chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular machine ,0104 chemical sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Classical mechanics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum thermodynamics ,Molecular Biology ,Quantum ,Von Neumann architecture - Abstract
Methodological aspects of using the driven Liouville-von Neumann (DLvN) approach for simulating dynamical properties of molecular junctions are discussed. As a model system we consider a non-interacting resonant level uniformly coupled to a single Fermionic bath. We demonstrate how a finite system can mimic the depopulation dynamics of the dot into an infinite band bath of continuous and uniform density of states. We further show how the effects of spurious energy resolved currents, appearing due to the approximate nature of the equilibrium state obtained in DLvN calculations, can be avoided. Several ways to approach the wide band limit that is often adopted in analytical treatments, using a finite numerical model system are discussed including brute-force increase of the lead model bandwidth as well as efficient cancellation or direct subtraction of finite-bandwidth effect. These methodological considerations may be relevant also for other numerical schemes that aim to study non-equilibrium thermodynamics via simulations of open quantum systems., 30 pages, 6 figures
- Published
- 2019
23. Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling Effects on Molecular Vibrational Relaxation and Energy Transfer: Numerical Insights via Cavity Molecular Dynamics Simulations*
- Author
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Tao E. Li, Abraham Nitzan, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,010405 organic chemistry ,Intermolecular force ,Relaxation (NMR) ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,Physics::Optics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular physics ,Catalysis ,0104 chemical sciences ,Molecular dynamics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Excited state ,Vibrational energy relaxation ,Polariton ,Molecule ,Physics::Chemical Physics - Abstract
For a small fraction of hot CO2 molecules immersed in a liquid-phase CO2 thermal bath, classical cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that forming collective vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between the C=O asymmetric stretch of CO2 molecules and a cavity mode accelerates hot-molecule relaxation. The physical mechanism underlying this acceleration is the fact that polaritons, especially the lower polariton, can be transiently excited during the nonequilibrium process, which facilitates intermolecular vibrational energy transfer. The VSC effects on these rates (i) resonantly depend on the cavity mode detuning, (ii) cooperatively depend on molecular concentration or Rabi splitting, and (iii) collectively scale with the number of hot molecules, which is similar to Dicke's superradiance. For larger cavity volumes, due to a balance between this superradiant-like behavior and a smaller light-matter coupling, the total VSC effect on relaxation rates can scale slower than $1/N$, and the average VSC effect per molecule can remain meaningful for up to $N \sim10^4$ molecules forming VSC. Moreover, we find that the transiently excited lower polariton prefers to relax by transferring its energy to the tail of the molecular energy distribution rather than equally distributing it to all thermal molecules. Finally, we highlight the similarities of parameter dependence between the current finding with VSC catalysis observed in Fabry-Perot microcavities., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures
- Published
- 2021
24. Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases : Relaxation, Transfer, and Reactions in Condensed Molecular Systems
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
- Reaction mechanisms (Chemistry), Chemical reaction, Conditions and laws of, Molecular dynamics
- Abstract
This second edition of Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases provides a substantial modification and expansion of the first edition published in 2006. Nitzan offers a uniform approach to diverse problems encountered in the study of dynamical processes in condensed phase molecular systems. The textbook focuses on three themes: contextual background material, in-depth introduction of methodologies, and analysis of several key applications. These applications are among the most fundamental processes that underlie physical, chemical, and biological phenomena in complex systems. The comprehensive, advanced, and self-contained text provides the theoretical foundations for the processes affecting molecular dynamics in condensed phases that are encountered in the chemistry laboratory as well as in biology and material science research. The mathematical tools and the physical concepts necessary to develop the chemical description are provided first, followed by a detailed discussion of the fundamental chemical processes that underlie the chemical dynamics, including quantum and classical aspects of molecular motion and the interaction of molecules with the radiation field and the surrounding thermal environment. The last part of the book discusses several key processes: accumulation and relaxation of molecular energy, chemical reaction dynamics and the interplay of these dynamics with the dynamics and relaxation of the surrounding solvent, electron transfer reactions, electrode processes and molecular conduction junctions as well as molecular response to optical stimuli in solution and at dielectric interfaces. Attention is given to combining the mathematical analysis with qualitative physical understanding of the different dynamical phenomena. New to this edition is a new chapter 19 on the interaction of molecules with light at dielectric interfaces, motivated by the surge of interest in molecular plasmonics and molecular cavity electrodynamics, as well as a section relevant to this issue added to Chapter 10. Chapters on light-matter interaction and spectroscopy have been expanded to include subjects relevant to the foundation and practice of interfacial spectroscopy. Sections have also been added to include discussion of noise and fluctuations observed in single molecule spectroscopy and in molecular junction transport.
- Published
- 2024
25. Energy-efficient pathway for selectively exciting solute molecules to high vibrational states via solvent vibration-polariton pumping
- Author
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Tao E. Li, Abraham Nitzan, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Multidisciplinary ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physics::Optics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Chemistry ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
Selectively exciting target molecules to high vibrational states is inefficient in the liquid phase, which restricts the use of IR pumping to catalyze ground-state chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate that this inefficiency can sometimes be solved by confining the liquid to an optical cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. For a liquid solution of 13CO2 solute in a 12CO2 solvent, cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that exciting a polariton (hybrid light-matter state) of the solvent with an intense laser pulse, under suitable resonant conditions, may lead to a very strong (> 3 quanta) and ultrafast (< 1 ps) excitation of the solute, even though the solvent ends up being barely excited. By contrast, outside a cavity the same input pulse fluence can excite the solute by only half a vibrational quantum and the selectivity of excitation is low. Our finding is robust under different cavity volumes, which may lead to observable cavity enhancement on IR photochemical reactions in Fabry-Pérot cavities., 10 pages of manuscript + 23 pages of SI
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Energy, Work, Entropy, and Heat Balance in Marcus Molecular Junctions
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Natalya A. Zimbovskaya
- Subjects
Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Phonon ,Energy balance ,Electron ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Electron transport chain ,Atomic units ,0104 chemical sciences ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Energy conservation ,Entropy (classical thermodynamics) ,Chemical physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quasistatic process - Abstract
We present a consistent theory of energy balance and conversion in a single-molecule junction with strong interactions between electrons on the molecular linker (dot) and phonons in the nuclear environment where the Marcus-type electron hopping processes predominate in the electron transport. It is shown that the environmental reorganization and relaxation that accompany electron hopping energy exchange between the electrodes and the nuclear (molecular and solvent) environment may bring a moderate local cooling of the latter in biased systems. The effect of a periodically driven dot level on the heat transport and power generated in the system is analyzed, and energy conservation is demonstrated both within and beyond the quasistatic regime. Finally, a simple model of atomic scale engine based on a Marcus single-molecule junction with a driven electron level is suggested and discussed.
- Published
- 2020
27. Charge Transfer through Redox Molecular Junctions in Nonequilibrated Solvents
- Author
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Michael Thorwart, Abraham Nitzan, and Henning Kirchberg
- Subjects
Materials science ,Charge (physics) ,02 engineering and technology ,Dielectric ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Thermal conduction ,Kinetic energy ,01 natural sciences ,Redox ,0104 chemical sciences ,Marcus theory ,Solvent ,Electron transfer ,Chemical physics ,General Materials Science ,Physics::Chemical Physics ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Molecular conduction operating in dielectric solvent environments is often described using kinetic rates based on the Marcus theory of electron transfer at a molecule-metal electrode interface. However, the successive nature of charge transfer in such a system implies that the solvent does not necessarily reach equilibrium in such processes. Here we generalize the theory to account for solvent nonequilibrium and consider a molecular junction consisting of an electronic donor-acceptor system coupled to two metallic electrodes and placed in a polarizable solvent. We determine the nonequilbrium distribution of the solvent by solving diffusion equations in the strong- and weak-friction limits and calculate the charge current and its fluctuating behavior. In extreme limits, the absence of the solvent or fast solvent relaxation, the charge-transfer statistics is Poissonian, while it becomes correlated by the dynamic solvent between these limits. A Kramers-like turnover of the nonequilibrium current as a function of the solvent damping is found. Finally, we propose a way to tune the solvent-induced damping using geometrical control of the solvent dielectric response in nanostructured solvent channels.
- Published
- 2020
28. Wiedemann-Franz Law for Molecular Hopping Transport
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan and Galen T. Craven
- Subjects
Materials science ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Molecular junction ,Condensed matter physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Molecular electronics ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Thermal conductivity ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,Thermal ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Wiedemann–Franz law - Abstract
The Wiedemann-Franz (WF) law is a fundamental result in solid-state physics that relates the thermal and electrical conductivity of a metal. It is derived from the predominant origin of energy conversion in metals: the motion of quasi-free charge-carrying particles. Here, an equivalent WF relationship is developed for molecular systems in which charge carriers are moving not as free particles but instead hop between redox sites. We derive a concise analytical relationship between the electrical and thermal conductivity generated by electron hopping in molecular systems and find that the linear temperature dependence of their ratio as expressed in the standard WF law is replaced by a linear dependence on the nuclear reorganization energy associated with the electron hopping process. The robustness of the molecular WF relation is confirmed by examining the conductance properties of a paradigmatic molecular junction. This result opens a new way to analyze conductivity in molecular systems, with possible applications advancing the design of molecular technologies that derive their function from electrical and/or thermal conductance.
- Published
- 2020
29. On the Origin of Ground-State Vacuum-Field Catalysis: Equilibrium Consideration
- Author
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Joseph E. Subotnik, Abraham Nitzan, and Tao E. Li
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,010304 chemical physics ,Field (physics) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Context (language use) ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Chemical reaction ,0104 chemical sciences ,Reaction coordinate ,Transition state theory ,Chemical physics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Potential of mean force ,Ground state - Abstract
Recent experiments suggest that vibrational strong coupling (VSC) may significantly modify ground-state chemical reactions and their rates even without external pumping. The intrinsic mechanism of this "vacuum-field catalysis" remains largely unclear. Generally, modifications of thermal reactions in the ground electronic states can be caused by equilibrium or non-equilibrium effects. The former are associated with modifications of the reactant equilibrium distribution as expressed by the transition state theory of chemical reaction rates, while the latter stem from the dynamics of reaching and leaving transition state configurations. Here, we examine how VSC can affect chemical reactions rates in a cavity environment according to transition state theory. Our approach is to examine the effect of coupling to cavity mode(s) on the potential of mean force (PMF) associated with the reaction coordinate. Within the context of classical nuclei and classical photons and also assuming no charge overlap between molecules, we find that while the PMF can be affected by the cavity environment, this effect is negligible for the usual micron-length cavities used to examine VSC situations.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Cavity molecular dynamics simulations of vibrational polariton enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan, Tao E. Li, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Relaxation (NMR) ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Physics::Optics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular physics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Nonlinear system ,Molecular dynamics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Excited state ,0103 physical sciences ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,Polariton ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Order of magnitude ,Excitation ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
Recent experiments have observed that the chemical and photophysical properties of molecules can be modified inside an optical Fabry-Perot microcavity under collective vibrational strong coupling (VSC) conditions, and such modification is currently not well understood by theory. In an effort to understand the origin of such cavity induced phenomena, some recent studies have focused on the effect of the cavity environment on the nonlinear optical response of the molecular subsystem. Here, we use a recently proposed protocol for classical cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) simulations to numerically investigate the linear and nonlinear response of liquid carbon dioxide under such VSC conditions following an optical pulse excitation. We find that applying a strong pulse of excitation to the lower hybrid light-matter state, i.e., the lower polariton (LP), can lead to an overall molecular nonlinear absorption which is enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude relative to the excitation outside the cavity. This polariton-enhanced multiphoton absorption also causes an ultrashort LP lifetime (0.2 ps) under strong illumination. Unlike usual polariton relaxation processes -- whereby polaritonic energy transfers directly to the manifold of singly excited vibrational dark states -- under the present mechanism, the LP transfers energy directly to the manifold of higher vibrationally excited dark states; these highly excited dark states subsequently relax to the manifold of singly excited states with a lifetime of tens of ps. Because the present mechanism is generic in nature, we expect these numerical predictions to be experimentally observed in different molecular systems and in cavities with different volumes.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Electron transfer at thermally heterogeneous molecule-metal interfaces
- Author
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Galen T. Craven and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Thermal conduction ,01 natural sciences ,Metal ,Temperature gradient ,Electron transfer ,Reaction rate constant ,Chemical physics ,visual_art ,0103 physical sciences ,Thermal ,Heat transfer ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The rate of electron transfer between a molecular species and a metal, each at a different local temperature, is examined theoretically through implementation of a bithermal (characterized by two temperatures) Marcus formalism. Expressions for the rate constant and the electronic contribution to a heat transfer mechanism which is induced by the temperature gradient between molecule and metal are constructed. The system of coupled dynamical equations describing the electronic and thermal currents are derived and examined over diverse ranges of reaction geometries and temperature gradients. It is shown that electron transfer across the molecule-metal interface is associated with heat transfer and that the electron exchange between metal and molecule makes a distinct contribution to the interfacial heat conduction even when the net electronic current vanishes.
- Published
- 2019
32. Energy transfer and interference by collective electromagnetic coupling
- Author
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Serge Ravaine, Agustín Mihi, Mayte Gómez-Castaño, Andrés Redondo-Cubero, Maxim Sukharev, Jose Luis Pau, Abraham Nitzan, Renaud A. L. Vallée, L. Buisson, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Electronics and Semiconductor Group, Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (CSIC), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Department of Physics, Arizona State University (ASU), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), National Science Foundation (US), Comunidad de Madrid, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Research Council, and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France)
- Subjects
Letter ,Energy transfer ,Boundary (topology) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Interference (wave propagation) ,Molecular physics ,Collective fluorescence ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,Molecule ,General Materials Science ,Polarization (electrochemistry) ,[PHYS.COND.CM-MSQHE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect [cond-mat.mes-hall] ,Physics ,energy transfer ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Intermolecular force ,Superradiance ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,0210 nano-technology ,superradiance ,Excitation ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
The physics of collective optical response of molecular assemblies, pioneered by Dicke in 1954, has long been at the center of theoretical and experimental scrutiny. The influence of the environment on such phenomena is also of great interest due to various important applications in, e.g., energy conversion devices. In this Letter, we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically the spatial modulations of the collective decay rates of molecules placed in proximity to a metal interface. We show in a very simple framework how the cooperative optical response can be analyzed in terms of intermolecular correlations causing interference between the response of different molecules and the polarization induced on a nearby metallic boundary and predict similar collective interference phenomena in excitation energy transfer between molecular aggregates.
- Published
- 2019
33. Understanding Detailed Balance for an Electron-Radiation System Through Mixed Quantum-Classical Electrodynamics
- Author
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Hsing-Ta Chen, Abraham Nitzan, Tao E. Li, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Thermal equilibrium ,Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,education.field_of_study ,Field (physics) ,Population ,Semiclassical physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Detailed balance ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Quantum electrodynamics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Quantum system ,Classical electromagnetism ,010306 general physics ,education ,Quantum fluctuation ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
We investigate detailed balance for a quantum system interacting with thermal radiation within mixed quantum-classical theory. For a two-level system coupled to classical radiation fields, three semiclassical methods are benchmarked: (1) Ehrenfest dynamics overestimate the excited-state population at equilibrium due to the failure of capturing vacuum fluctuations. (2) The coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations, which supplement Ehrenfest dynamics by damping at the full golden rule rate, underestimate the excited state population due to double-counting of the self-interaction effect. (3) $\mathrm{Ehrenfest}+\mathrm{R}$ dynamics recover detailed balance and the correct thermal equilibrium by enforcing the correct balance between the optical excitation and spontaneous emission of the quantum system. These results highlight the fact that, when properly designed, mixed quantum-classical electrodynamics can simulate thermal equilibrium in the field of nanoplasmonics.
- Published
- 2019
34. Predictive Semiclassical Model for Coherent and Incoherent Emission in the Strong Field Regime: The Mollow Triplet Revisited
- Author
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Abraham Nitzan, Joseph E. Subotnik, Hsing-Ta Chen, and Tao E. Li
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,010304 chemical physics ,Sideband ,Semiclassical physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Superradiance ,01 natural sciences ,Bloch equations ,Quantum mechanics ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Rotating wave approximation ,General Materials Science ,Spontaneous emission ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,Quantum ,Light field ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
We re-investigate the famous Mollow triplet and show that most of the well-known quantum characteristics of the Mollow triplet--including incoherent emission and a non-standard dependence of the sidebands on detuning--can be recovered quantitatively using semiclassical dynamics with a classical light field. In fact, by not relying on the rotating wave approximation, a semiclassical model predicts some quantum effects beyond the quantum optical Bloch equation, including higher order scattering and asymmetric sideband features. This letter highlights the fact that, with strong intensities, many putatively quantum features of light-matter interactions arise from a simple balance of mean-field electrodynamics and elementary spontaneous emission which requires minimal computational cost. Our results suggest that the application of semiclassical electrodynamics to problems with strong light-matter coupling in the fields of nanophotonics and superradiance are likely to yield a plethora of new information., 3 figures
- Published
- 2019
35. Ehrenfest+R dynamics. I. A mixed quantum-classical electrodynamics simulation of spontaneous emission
- Author
-
Hsing-Ta Chen, Tao E. Li, Abraham Nitzan, Joseph E. Subotnik, and Maxim Sukharev
- Subjects
Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Electromagnetic field ,Physics ,Quantum optics ,Approximation theory ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Maxwell's equations ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,Quantum mechanics ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,0103 physical sciences ,Path (graph theory) ,symbols ,Classical electromagnetism ,Spontaneous emission ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum - Abstract
The dynamics of an electronic system interacting with an electromagnetic field is investigated within mixed quantum–classical theory. Beyond the classical path approximation (where we ignore all feedback from the electronic system on the photon field), we consider all electron–photon interactions explicitly according to Ehrenfest (i.e., mean-field) dynamics and a set of coupled Maxwell–Liouville equations. Because Ehrenfest dynamics cannot capture certain quantum features of the photon field correctly, we propose a new Ehrenfest+R method that can recover (by construction) spontaneous emission while also distinguishing between electromagnetic fluctuations and coherent emission.
- Published
- 2019
36. Understanding the Nature of Mean-Field Semiclassical Light-Matter Dynamics: An Investigation of Energy Transfer, Electron-Electron Correlations, External Driving and Long-Time Detailed Balance
- Author
-
Joseph E. Subotnik, Abraham Nitzan, Hsing-Ta Chen, and Tao E. Li
- Subjects
Physics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Semiclassical physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Detailed balance ,Electronic structure ,Electron ,symbols.namesake ,Classical mechanics ,Mean field theory ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,symbols ,Classical electromagnetism ,Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) ,Quantum ,Physics - Optics ,Optics (physics.optics) - Abstract
Semiclassical electrodynamics is an appealing approach for studying light-matter interactions, especially for realistic molecular systems. However, there is no unique semiclassical scheme. On the one hand, intermolecular interactions can be described instantaneously by static two-body interactions connecting different molecules plus a classical transverse E-field; we will call this Hamiltonian #I. On the other hand, intermolecular interactions can also be described as effects that are mediated exclusively through a classical one-body E-field without any quantum effects at all (assuming we ignore electronic exchange); we will call this Hamiltonian #II. Moreover, one can also mix these two Hamiltonians into a third, hybrid Hamiltonian, which preserves quantum electron-electron correlations for lower excitations but describes higher excitations in a mean-field way. To investigate which semiclassical scheme is most reliable for practical use, here we study the real-time dynamics of a pair of identical two-level systems (TLSs) undergoing either resonance energy transfer (RET) or collectively driven dynamics. While all approaches perform reasonably well when there is no strong external excitation, we find that no single approach is perfect for all conditions. Each method has its own distinct problems: Hamiltonian #I performs best for RET but behaves in a complicated manner for driven dynamics. Hamiltonian #II is always stable, but obviously fails for RET at short distances. One key finding is that, under externally driving, a full configuration interaction description of Hamiltonian #I strongly overestimates the long-time electronic energy, highlighting the not obvious fact that, if one plans to merge quantum molecules with classical light, a full, exact treatment of electron-electron correlations can actually lead to worse results than a simple mean-field treatment., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Heat conduction in polymer chains with controlled end-to-end distance
- Author
-
Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,010304 chemical physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,Thermal conduction ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Molecular dynamics ,Thermal conductivity ,Chain (algebraic topology) ,chemistry ,Chemical physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Heat transfer ,Thermal ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
The low thermal conductance of polymers is one of the major drawbacks for many polymer-based products. However, a single polymer chain when stretched can have high thermal conductivities. We use non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to study the steady-state thermal conductance along finite macromolecules under mechanical control of the end-to-end distance. We find that the nature of heat transport along such chains strongly depends on mechanical tuning, leading to significantly different heat conductions and temperature profiles along the chain in the compressed-chain and stretched-chain limits. This transition between modes of behaviors appears to be a threshold phenomenon: at relatively small end-to-end distances, the thermal conductance remains almost constant as one stretches the polymer chain. At given critical end-to-end distances, thermal conductances start to increase, reaching the fully extended chain values. Correlated with this behavior are two observations: first, the temperature bias falls mostly at contacts in the fully stretched chain, while part of it falls along the molecule in the compressed limit. Second, the heat conduction does not change significantly with the chain length in the stretched-chain limit but decreases dramatically when this length increases in the compressed molecule. This suggests that heat transfer along stretched chains is mostly ballistic, while in the compressed chain, heat is transferred by diffusive mechanisms. Significantly, these trends persist also for a large range of molecular structures and force fields, and the changing behavior correlates well with mode localization properties. Similar studies conducted with disordered chains and bundles of several chains show remnants of the same behavior.
- Published
- 2020
38. Stochastic simulation of nonequilibrium heat conduction in extended molecular junctions
- Author
-
Abraham Nitzan, Inon Sharony, and Renai Chen
- Subjects
Materials science ,Landauer formula ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Force field (chemistry) ,Thermal conductivity ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Langevin dynamics ,Quantum ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,010304 chemical physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,Conductance ,Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) ,Thermal conduction ,0104 chemical sciences ,Physics - Computational Physics - Abstract
Understanding phononic heat transport processes in molecular junctions is a central issue in the developing field of nanoscale heat conduction. Here, we present a Langevin dynamics simulation framework to investigate heat transport processes in molecular junctions at and beyond the linear response regime and apply it to saturated and unsaturated linear hydrocarbon chains connecting two gold substrates. Thermal boundary conditions represented by Markovian noise and damping are filtered through several (up to four) gold layers to provide a realistic and controllable bath spectral density. Classical simulations using the full universal force field are compared with quantum calculations that use only the harmonic part of this field. The close agreement found at about room temperature between these very different calculations suggests that heat transport at such temperatures is dominated by lower frequency vibrations whose dynamics is described well by classical mechanics. The results obtained for alkanedithiol molecules connecting gold substrates agree with previous quantum calculations based on the Landauer formula and match recent experimental measurements [e.g., thermal conductance around 20 pW/K for alkanedithiols in single-molecule junctions (SMJs)]. Heat conductance simulations on polyynes of different lengths illuminate the effects of molecular conjugation on thermal transport. The difference between alkanes and polyynes is not large but correlates with the larger rigidity and stronger mode localization that characterize the polyyne structure. This computational approach has been recently used [R. Chen, I. Sharony, and A. Nitzan, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 4261-4268 (2020)] to unveil local atomic heat currents and phononic interference effect in aromatic-ring based SMJs.
- Published
- 2020
39. Transport and thermodynamics in quantum junctions: A scattering approach
- Author
-
Abraham Nitzan and Alexander Semenov
- Subjects
Density matrix ,Physics ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,010304 chemical physics ,Entropy production ,Scattering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Thermodynamics ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Expression (mathematics) ,0104 chemical sciences ,symbols.namesake ,0103 physical sciences ,Thermal ,symbols ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Quantum thermodynamics ,Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) ,Quantum ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
We present a scattering approach for the study of the transport and thermodynamics of quantum systems strongly coupled to their thermal environment(s). This formalism recovers the standard non-equilibrium Green's function expressions for quantum transport and reproduces recently obtained results for the quantum thermodynamic of slowly driven systems. Using this approach, new results have been obtained. First, we derived of a general explicit expression for non-equilibrium steady state density matrix of a system compromised of multiple infinite baths coupled through a general interaction. Then, we obtained a general expression for the dissipated power for the driven non-interacting resonant level to first order in the driving speeds, where both the dot energy level and its couplings are changing, without invoking the wide band approximation. In addition, we also showed that the symmetric splitting of system bath interaction, employed for the case of a system coupled to one bath to determine the effective system Hamiltonian [Phys. Rev. B 93, 115318 (2016)] is valid for the multiple baths case as well. Finally, we demonstrated an equivalence of our method to the Landauer-Buttiker formalism and its extension to slowly driven systems developed by von Oppen and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 107701 (2018)]. To demonstrate the use of this formalism we analyze the operation a device in which the dot is driven cyclically between two leads under strong coupling conditions. We also generalize the previously obtained expression for entropy production in such driven processes to the many-bath case., 86 pages, 2 figures
- Published
- 2020
40. Simultaneous weak measurement of non-commuting observables: a generalized Arthurs-Kelly protocol
- Author
-
Wolfgang Belzig, Maicol A. Ochoa, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,Mathematical analysis ,lcsh:Medicine ,Observable ,Space (mathematics) ,01 natural sciences ,Measure (mathematics) ,Article ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,POVM ,Operator (computer programming) ,Position (vector) ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,lcsh:Q ,Weak measurement ,lcsh:Science ,010306 general physics ,Wave function ,Mathematics - Abstract
In contrast to a projective quantum measurement in which the system is projected onto an eigenstate of the measured operator, in a weak measurement the system is only weakly perturbed while only partial information on the measured observable is obtained. A full description of such measurement should describe the measurement protocol and provide an explicit form of the measurement operator that transform the quantum state to its post measurement form. A simultaneous measurement of non-commuting observables cannot be projective, however the strongest possible such measurement can be defined as providing their values at the smallest uncertainty limit. Starting with the Arthurs and Kelly (AK) protocol for such measurement of position and momentum, we derive a systematic extension to a corresponding weak measurement along three steps: First, a plausible form of the weak measurement operator analogous to the Gaussian Kraus operator often used to model a weak measurement of a single observable is obtained by projecting a na\"ive extension (valid for commuting observable) onto the corresponding Gabor space. Second, we show that the so obtained set of measurement operators satisfies the normalization condition for the probability to obtain given values of the position and momentum in the weak measurement operation, namely that this set constitutes a positive operator valued measure (POVM) in the position-momentum space. Finally, we show that the so-obtained measurement operator corresponds to a generalization of the AK measurement protocol in which the initial detector wavefunctions is suitable broadened. published
- Published
- 2018
41. Universal approach to quantum thermodynamics in the strong coupling regime
- Author
-
Wenjie Dou, Abraham Nitzan, Maicol A. Ochoa, and Joseph E. Subotnik
- Subjects
Physics ,Full density ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,Entropy production ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Resonance ,01 natural sciences ,Laws of thermodynamics ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Entropy (classical thermodynamics) ,0103 physical sciences ,Strong coupling ,Statistical physics ,010306 general physics ,Quantum thermodynamics ,Quantum ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
We present a protocol for the study of the dynamics and thermodynamics of quantum systems strongly coupled to a bath and subject to an external modulation. Our protocol quantifies the evolution of the system-bath composite by expanding the full density matrix as a series in the powers of the modulation rate, from which the functional form of work, heat, and entropy rates can be obtained. Under slow driving, thermodynamic laws are established. The entropy production rate is positive and is found to be related to the excess work dissipated by friction, at least up to second order in the driving speed. As an example of the present methodology, we reproduce the results for the quantum thermodynamics of the driven resonance level model. We also emphasize that our formalism is quite general and allows for electron-electron interactions, which can give rise to exotic Kondo resonances appearing in thermodynamic quantities.
- Published
- 2018
42. Upside/Downside statistical mechanics of nonequilibrium Brownian motion. II. Heat transfer and energy partitioning of a free particle
- Author
-
Abraham Nitzan, Renai Chen, and Galen T. Craven
- Subjects
Physics ,Free particle ,Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) ,010304 chemical physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,Statistical mechanics ,01 natural sciences ,Thermal transport ,0103 physical sciences ,Heat transfer ,Thermal ,Energy partitioning ,Statistical physics ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,Brownian motion ,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics - Abstract
The energy partitioning during activation and relaxation events under steady-state conditions for a Brownian particle driven by multiple thermal reservoirs of different local temperatures is investigated. Specifically, we apply the formalism derived in a previous article [G. T. Craven and A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 044101 (2018)] to examine the thermal transport properties of two sub-ensembles of Brownian processes, distinguished at any given time by the specification that all the trajectories in each group have, at that time, energy either above (upside) or below (downside) a preselected energy threshold. Dynamical properties describing energy accumulation and release during activation/relaxation events and relations for upside/downside energy partitioning between thermal reservoirs are derived. The implications for heat transport induced by upside and downside events are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
43. Kinetic Schemes in Open Interacting Systems
- Author
-
Michael Galperin and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physics ,Molecular junction ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Function (mathematics) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Kinetic energy ,01 natural sciences ,Connection (mathematics) ,Coupling (physics) ,Kinetic equations ,0103 physical sciences ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,cond-mat.mes-hall ,Physical Sciences ,Chemical Sciences ,Vibrational energy relaxation ,General Materials Science ,Statistical physics ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
We discuss utilization of kinetic schemes for description of open interacting systems, focusing on vibrational energy relaxation for an oscillator coupled to a nonequilibirum electronic bath. Standard kinetic equations with constant rate coefficients are obtained under the assumption of timescale separation between system and bath, with the bath dynamics much faster than that of the system of interest. This assumption may break down in certain limits and we show that ignoring this may lead to qualitatively wrong predictions. Connection with more general, nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) analysis, is demonstrated. Our considerations are illustrated within generic molecular junction models with electron-vibration coupling., Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures
- Published
- 2018
44. Electron-Transfer-Induced Thermal and Thermoelectric Rectification
- Author
-
Galen T. Craven, Dahai He, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Materials science ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Thermal conduction ,01 natural sciences ,Electron transfer ,Temperature gradient ,Rectification ,Chemical physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Thermal ,Thermoelectric effect ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,Molecule ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Transport phenomena - Abstract
Controlling the direction and magnitude of both heat and electronic currents using rectifiers has significant implications for the advancement of molecular circuit design. In order to facilitate the implementation of new transport phenomena in such molecular structures, we examine thermal and thermoelectric rectification effects that are induced by an electron transfer process that occurs across a temperature gradient between molecules. Historically, the only known heat conduction mechanism able to generate thermal rectification in purely molecular environments is phononic heat transport. Here, we show that electron transfer between molecular sites with different local temperatures can also generate a thermal rectification effect and that electron hopping through molecular bridges connecting metal leads at different temperatures gives rise to asymmetric Seebeck effects, that is, thermoelectric rectification, in molecular junctions.
- Published
- 2018
45. Label-Free Dynamic Detection of Single-Molecule Nucleophilic-Substitution Reactions
- Author
-
Hong Guo, Chunhui Gu, Andong Xia, Dongqing Lin, Abraham Nitzan, Ying Wei, Dingkai Su, Mingzhi Li, Linghai Xie, Xuefeng Guo, Chuancheng Jia, Chen Hu, and Jianxin Guan
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Carbocation ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Chemical reaction ,0104 chemical sciences ,Molecular engineering ,Solvent ,Molecular wire ,Chemical physics ,Covalent bond ,Nucleophilic substitution ,Molecule ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The mechanisms of chemical reactions, including the transformation pathways of the electronic and geometric structures of molecules, are crucial for comprehending the essence and developing new chemistry. However, it is extremely difficult to realize at the single-molecule level. Here, we report a single-molecule approach capable of electrically probing stochastic fluctuations under equilibrium conditions and elucidating time trajectories of single species in non-equilibrated systems. Through molecular engineering, a single molecular wire containing a functional center of 9-phenyl-9-fluorenol was covalently wired into nanogapped graphene electrodes to form stable single-molecule junctions. Both experimental and theoretical studies consistently demonstrate and interpret the direct measurement of the formation dynamics of individual carbocation intermediates with a strong solvent dependence in a nucleophilic-substitution reaction. We also show the kinetic process of competitive transitions between acetate and bromide species, which is inevitable through a carbocation intermediate, confirming the classical mechanism. This unique method creates plenty of opportunities for carrying out single-molecule dynamics or biophysics investigations in broad fields beyond reaction chemistry through molecular design and engineering.
- Published
- 2018
46. Electronic noise due to temperature differences in atomic-scale junctions
- Author
-
Abraham Nitzan, Dvira Segal, Lena Simine, Ofir Shein Lumbroso, and Oren Tal
- Subjects
Physics ,Fano factor ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Quantum limit ,Shot noise ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Noise (electronics) ,visual_art ,0103 physical sciences ,Electronic component ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Reflection (physics) ,Optoelectronics ,Electronics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Since the discovery a century ago1–3 of electronic thermal noise and shot noise, these forms of fundamental noise have had an enormous impact on science and technology research and applications. They can be used to probe quantum effects and thermodynamic quantities4–11, but they are also regarded as undesirable in electronic devices because they obscure the target signal. Electronic thermal noise is generated at equilibrium at finite (non-zero) temperature, whereas electronic shot noise is a non-equilibrium current noise that is generated by partial transmission and reflection (partition) of the incoming electrons8. Until now, shot noise has been stimulated by a voltage, either applied directly8 or activated by radiation12,13. Here we report measurements of a fundamental electronic noise that is generated by temperature differences across nanoscale conductors, which we term ‘delta-T noise’. We experimentally demonstrate this noise in atomic and molecular junctions, and analyse it theoretically using the Landauer formalism8,14. Our findings show that delta-T noise is distinct from thermal noise and voltage-activated shot noise8. Like thermal noise, it has a purely thermal origin, but delta-T noise is generated only out of equilibrium. Delta-T noise and standard shot noise have the same partition origin, but are activated by different stimuli. We infer that delta-T noise in combination with thermal noise can be used to detect temperature differences across nanoscale conductors without the need to fabricate sophisticated local probes. Thus it can greatly facilitate the study of heat transport at the nanoscale. In the context of modern electronics, temperature differences are often generated unintentionally across electronic components. Taking into account the contribution of delta-T noise in these cases is likely to be essential for the design of efficient nanoscale electronics at the quantum limit. A fundamental electronic noise—beyond electronic thermal noise and voltage-activated shot noise—that is generated by temperature differences across nanoscale conductors is demonstrated, with possible implications for thermometry and electronics.
- Published
- 2018
47. Publisher’s Note: Theory of Light Emission from Quantum Noise in Plasmonic Contacts: Above-Threshold Emission from Higher-Order Electron-Plasmon Scattering [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 , 126803 (2015)]
- Author
-
Kristen Kaasbjerg and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Scattering ,Quantum noise ,Corpuscular theory of light ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Order (ring theory) ,Electron ,Plasmon - Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.126803.
- Published
- 2018
48. Mixed Quantum-Classical Electrodynamics: Understanding Spontaneous Decay and Zero Point Energy
- Author
-
Maxim Sukharev, Abraham Nitzan, Hsing-Ta Chen, Tao E. Li, Joseph E. Subotnik, and Todd J. Martínez
- Subjects
Electromagnetic field ,Physics ,Quantum Physics ,010304 chemical physics ,Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Zero-point energy ,Semiclassical physics ,01 natural sciences ,Physics - Atomic Physics ,Superposition principle ,Quantum mechanics ,Excited state ,0103 physical sciences ,Classical electromagnetism ,Spontaneous emission ,Quantum Physics (quant-ph) ,010306 general physics ,Quantum ,Optics (physics.optics) ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
The dynamics of an electronic two-level system coupled to an electromagnetic field are simulated explicitly for one and three dimensional systems through semiclassical propagation of the Maxwell-Liouville equations. We consider three flavors of mixed quantum-classical dynamics: the classical path approximation (CPA), Ehrenfest dynamics, and symmetrical quantum-classical (SQC) dynamics. The CPA fails to recover a consistent description of spontaneous emission. A consistent "spontaneous" emission can be obtained from Ehrenfest dynamics--provided that one starts in an electronic superposition state. Spontaneous emission is always obtained using SQC dynamics. Using the SQC and Ehrenfest frameworks, we further calculate the dynamics following an incoming pulse, but here we find very different responses: SQC and Ehrenfest dynamics deviate sometimes strongly in the calculated rate of decay of the transient excited state. Nevertheless, our work confirms the earlier observations by W. Miller [J. Chem. Phys. 69, 2188-2195, 1978] that Ehrenfest dynamics can effectively describe some aspects of spontaneous emission and highlights new possibilities for studying light-matter interactions with semiclassical mechanics., 15 figures
- Published
- 2018
49. Autobiography of Abraham Nitzan
- Author
-
Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Literature ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Biography ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,business - Published
- 2019
50. Coherent and Diffusive Time Scales for Exciton Dissociation in Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells
- Author
-
K. Birgitta Whaley, Aleksey A. Kocherzhenko, and Abraham Nitzan
- Subjects
Technology ,Range (particle radiation) ,Condensed matter physics ,Chemistry ,Exciton ,Photovoltaic system ,Physical Chemistry ,Acceptor ,Polymer solar cell ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Delocalized electron ,Engineering ,General Energy ,Chemical physics ,Chemical Sciences ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Diffusion (business) ,Excitation - Abstract
We study the dynamics of charge separation in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic systems in light of recent experimental observations that this process is characterized by multiple time scales in the range of 10 fs to 100 ps. Coherent evolution of the excitonic state has been suggested to dominate the early stages of the charge separation process and diffusion of localized excitons to be dominant at longer times. Both of these processes obviously depend on the system morphology, in particular on the grain sizes of the donor and acceptor phases. Here we analyze these mechanisms and their characteristic time scales, aiming to verify the consistency of the proposed mechanisms with the experimentally observed time scales of charge separation. We suggest that the coherent mechanism that dominates the early stage of charge separation involves delocalized excitons. These excitons are formed by optical excitation of clusters of strongly interacting donor sites, and the charge separation rate is determined by the probability that such sites lie at the donor-acceptor interface. The (relatively) slow diffusive rate is estimated from the mean first passage time for a diffusing exciton to reach the donor grain surface. Our estimates, based on available exciton diffusion rates and morphology data, are consistent with experimental observations. (Figure Presented).
- Published
- 2014
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