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Plants have been long valuable sources of natural materials that have served to preserve human and animal health; as a result, pharmacological purposes have arisen from the use of plant compounds in most countries, according to a World Health Organization report. The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance of tannin extract against Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates in sheep. A total of 100 samples from sheep were used to isolate E. coli and treated with tannin extract (90% purity) to investigate the in vitro effect, as compared to some antibiotics (Clindamycin, Cephalexin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin). The bacterial samples were cultured in a selective and differential medium, and Gram staining was used to examine them. The biochemical assays were performed to purify and expose these cultures; moreover, the API 20E system and RapidTM ONE kits were utilized to confirm the bacterial strain. Based on the findings, 50% of the samples showed a positive result for the presence of E. coli. The well diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial activity to confirm the antibacterial action of tannin extract (from pomegranate peel) in different concentrations against E. coli. The highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranged from 12±0.5 to 30.3±0.2 at 50% concentrations, proving that tannins extract was significantly effective against E. coli. The presence of E. coli was detected in 50 % of the samples. The well-diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial property of tannin extract through various concentrations with the highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranging from 12.5 to 30.30.2 at 50%, demonstrating that tannin extract was significantly effective on E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a groundbreaking and versatile approach to multi-mode rainbow trapping in photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs), overcoming long-standing limitations in photonic device design. Our innovative semi-bilayer PC design, formed by stacking two PCs, enables the realization of new photonic modes that were previously inaccessible, leading to enhanced device flexibility, improved performance, and increased resilience to defects and imperfections. By meticulously engineering a chirped PC within the PCW, we achieve multi-mode light trapping at distinct positions for different frequencies along the waveguide, effectively creating a rainbow of light. This study paves the way for efficient and robust trapping and demultiplexing of multiple wavelengths, opening up new avenues for on-chip nanophotonic applications. Moreover, the realization of ultra-high-quality (Q) factor Fano resonances within the waveguide cavity unveils unprecedented possibilities for designing on-chip nanophotonic devices. The diverse array of Fano resonances holds immense potentials for developing novel optical filters, switches, and lasers with exceptionally low thresholds. Our proposed structure offers a more compact, efficient, and robust solution for multi-wavelength photonic device applications.

Plants have been long valuable sources of natural materials that have served to preserve human and animal health; as a result, pharmacological purposes have arisen from the use of plant compounds in most countries, according to a World Health Organization report. The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance of tannin extract against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) isolates in sheep. A total of 100 samples from sheep were used to isolate E. coli and treated with tannin extract (90% purity) to investigate the in vitro effect, as compared to some antibiotics (Clindamycin, Cephalexin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin). The bacterial samples were cultured in a selective and differential medium, and Gram staining was used to examine them. The biochemical assays were performed to purify and expose these cultures; moreover, the API 20E system and Rapid TM ONE kits were utilized to confirm the bacterial strain. Based on the findings, 50% of the samples showed a positive result for the presence of E. coli . The well diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial activity to confirm the antibacterial action of tannin extract (from pomegranate peel) in different concentrations against E. coli . The highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranged from 12±0.5 to 30.3±0.2 at 50% concentrations, proving that tannins extract was significantly effective against E. coli . The presence of E. coli was detected in 50 % of the samples. The well-diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial property of tannin extract through various concentrations with the highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranging from 12.5 to 30.30.2 at 50%, demonstrating that tannin extract was significantly effective on E. coli ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

A paradigm for high-quality factor (Q) with a substantial fulfillment for appraising sensing ability and performance has been investigated. Through constructing a 1D (one-dimensional) topological photonic crystal (PhC) mirror heterostructure, which is formed by the image view of 1D topological PhC stacking with its original one. In the 1D topological PhC-mirror heterostructure, there is an interesting mode that appeared with the symmetric, typical Lorentzian-line shape with 100% transmittance in the topological mirror edge-state mode (hybrid resonance mode) at the heterostructure interface. Physically, such a mode is a defect mode, but the defect is introduced through topological operations. The high Q-factor of 5.08 × 10 4 is obtained due to the strong optical localization of the defect mode at the topological edge area. Consequently, this device acts as a narrow passband filter. Moreover, due to the narrow bandpass property, it may be an advantageous reference for many applications in filtering, switching, and sensing. Thus, introducing an electro-optical (EO) polymer layer at the interface to modify the edge defect can tune the defect mode both in frequency and Q-factor for higher spatial pulse compression and higher EO sensitivity. Accordingly, the Q-factor of 105, the sensitivity of 616 nm/RIU, and the figure of merit of 49,677.42 RIU -1 are obtained. The sensing ability and performance are attributable to the strong optical localization in the interface region and enhanced light-matter interaction. We predict that the 1D topological PhC mirror heterostructure will be an outstanding point in the field of optical sensing, filters, and optical switching in different fields.

A paradigm for high buffering performance with an essential fulfillment for sensing and modulation was set forth. Through substituting the fundamental two rows of air holes in an elongated hexagonal photonic crystal (E-PhC) by one row of the triangular gaps, the EPCW is molded to form an irregular waveguide. By properly adjusting the triangle dimension solitary, we fulfilled the lowest favorable value of the physical-size of each stored bit by about μ5.5510 μm. Besides, the EPCW is highly sensitive to refractive index (RI) perturbation attributed to the medium through infiltrating the triangular gaps inside the EPCW by microfluid with high RI sensitivity of about 379.87 nm/RIU. Furthermore, dynamic modulation can be achieved by applying external voltage and high electro-optical (EO) sensitivity is obtained of about 748.407 nm/RIU. The higher sensitivity is attributable to strong optical confinement in the waveguide region and enhanced light-matter interaction in the region of the microfluid triangular gaps inside the EPCW and conventional gaps (air holes). The EPCW structure enhances the interaction between the light and the sensing medium.

Slow light with adequate low group velocity and wide bandwidth with a flat band of the zero-dispersion area were investigated. High buffering capabilities were obtained in a silicon-polymer coupled-slot slab photonic crystal waveguide (SP-CS-SPCW) with infiltrating slots by ionic liquid. A figure of merit (FoM) around 0.663 with the lowest physical bit length Lbit of 4.6748 µm for each stored bit in the optical communication waveband was gained by appropriately modifying the square air slot length. Posteriorly, by filling the slots with ionic liquid, the Lbit was enhanced to be 4.2817 μm with the highest FoM of 0.72402 in wider transmission bandwidth and ultra-high bit rate in terabit range, which may become useful for the future 6G mobile communication network. Ionic liquids have had a noticeable effect in altering the optical properties of photonic crystals. A polymer was used for the future incorporation of an electro-optic effect in buffers to realize the dynamic controlling of optical properties. Ionic liquids enhanced the transmission rate through optical materials. Additionally, the delay time in the ns-range was achieved, providing longer delay and ultra-low group velocity, which is important for light-matter interaction in light amplifiers and nonlinear devices.