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AbstractTo find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses.Keywords: Evaluation, Geomorphosite, Geotourism, Geopark, Geoconservation, Khorasan Razavi. IntroductionGeomorphosites and geosites are parts of geodiversity and geoheritage. The protection of the geological heritage is an important goal for planners and managers (Brilha, 2015). Geomorphosites are the main components of the development of geotourism, which have certain values such as scientific, cultural, historical, aesthetic, and social economics. The maintenance and discovery of geodiversity and their evaluation can be geoconservation objectives and are considered the basis of particular geotourism activities (Andrasanu, 2009). One of the most effective ways of protecting and conserving geodiversity is to protect and preserve its valuable landmarks such as geoheritage (geological and geomorphic heritage). This study aims to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s (2017) native model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi. It includes parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. The longitude of the area is between 56 to 57 degrees (east) and the latitude is between 35 to 36 degrees (north). Materials and MethodsThis study uses an analytical-comparative approach for the evaluation of geosites and geomorphosites. The data were collected using library and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel software. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. (2017) designed for Iran's geoparks is computed with eight scientific, educational, service, protection and conservation, cultural, aesthetic, ecological, and indigenous values. In Brilha’s model, geosites and geomorphosites are scored based on the four main criteria of science, educational potential, touristic potential, and degradation risk (protective value). Comanescu’s model (2011) is based on five values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic, and management). Fassoulas et al. (2012) presented a method of four educational, tourist, ecological, and conservation criteria (a score of 1 to 10) for a quantitative study of geosites to protect the geoheritage. Research FindingsThe results of this study show that Kalshoor River, watercolor, Sheikholeslami Qanat, Ophiolite Melange, Kamiz Dam, talus, fans, watershed management, catching in the watershed, and Mushroom Stone are respectively 10 geomorphosites that have the highest geoconservation scores. Drawing shapes, ripple marks, meander, Dike Nahaldan, Sabzevar Claypan, fault, perpendicular layers, sandy pyramids, manifold, and hamada have the lowest scores in geoconservation, respectively. In total, it can be said that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models; instead, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. The Brilha method is the closest method to Shayan Yeganeh et al. for evaluating geomorphosites considering that the aesthetic and economic aspect of geomorphic cultures is insignificant. The models of Comanescu and Fassoulas are at later stages. Comanescu paid less attention to service values, and Fassoulas weakly examines the ecology of geomorphosites. Discussion of Results and Conclusion According to this study, it can be said that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model has good coverage of geomorphotoristic potential assessment. After assessing the potential of geomorphotourism, it can be calculated for each geopark as well. In this model, water forms like the Kalshoor River, watercolor, and Qanat Shaykholeslami have the highest protection levels, and wind and water shapes like drawing shapes, ripple marks, and Meander, have the weakest scores in the geoconservation of geoheritage. It can be concluded from the comparison of the models that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The latter can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh et al. is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions. References- Abedini, M., Hemmati, T., Nezafat Tekle, B., & Khayati, A. (2022). Evaluating the capabilities of sustainable tourism development of geomorphosites using the Comanescu model and the Pavlova model (Case study: Sabalan tourist route to Hiran Pass). Quarterly Journal of Tourism Space, 11(44), 19-37 (in Persian).- Andrasanu, A. (2009). Geoeducation-a key part of geoconservation. Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, 5-16.- Arora, K., Rajput, S., & Anand, R. (2020). Geomorphosites assessment for the development of scientific geo-tourism in north and middle andaman's, india. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 32(4), 1244-1251. 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Introduction The folk culture of any nation is the very culture, thought and beliefs of that nation. This kind of culture is an expression of people’s traditions, customs and thought. In addition, we can find some information about historical sociology by analyzing the folk culture (Mabjoub,2008: 139). Proverbs, beliefs, melodies, fictions and myths form a part of folk culture (Dorri & kheirandish,2013, p.82-83). “Proverb is one of manifestations of the folk culture” (Rahmati,2004:105). The folk culture of any nation is the result of the ancients’ thought and experience showing their beliefs, customs and conventions. Therefore, proverbs and aphorisms are one of any country’s culture, civilization and literature. These proverbs and aphorisms have been used by literary and scientific characters. More than any living language, Persian has a lot of proverbs and aphorisms overfilled with a lot of elegance, thought and flavor to show its purpose. Many years ago, Aristotle believed that proverbs and aphorisms are as the bunches of the traditional philosophy that have been saved against the destruction danger under the protection of brevity, reality and pious action (Golpayegani,1997). The folk culture of Kerman region is a part of this ancient country by having circuitous precedence. We can introduce just a little part of this region’s culture by studying historical characters of current proverbs and aphorisms among the people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the proverbs and aphorisms’ role in diffusion of culture of this region and their evolutionary circumstance. To this end, the current research studies proverbs and aphorisms of Kerman people and their historical characters by analytical approach. Methodology The narration and current proverbs and aphorisms are collected through interviewing. Then, from among the related resources, the titles of historical characters in proverbs and aphorisms were investigated and analyzed. Finally, the results were concluded. Discussion Understanding the wealth of folk literature such as proverbs, aphorisms, myths and stories is one of the effective ways to reach a mutual understanding of philanthropy and empathy among different nations across the world and also proving the civilization heritage. Surveying these kinds of works can make clear the basic physical and emotional needs of human beings. Undoubtedly, efforts to meet these needs can help to train the sense of brotherhood and fraternity. In this way, humans will know each other better, seeing themselves as a member of big human kind family on earth. The thought “the world is hometown of all” is gradually forming and all humans will agree with Mohammad Eghbal famous Pakistani poet. They will do this without any sense of selfishness resulting from racism and religious fanaticism (Lahori ,1994: 203). Cultural diffusion means cultural transmission from a region to another, sometimes from an age to another age reciprocally. The created cultures of the modern world are sometimes independently developed from the old cultures and sometimes they are changed or replaced. This view has been proposed as a theory about the evolution of culture by some people like Edward Tyler. They believed that the cultural diffusion has people as an effective role in the culture development (Bashirieh, 2008:128). People of Kerman have used the famous historical characters in proverbs and aphorisms based on their cultural and social services such as Shah Abbas Safavi, Mulla Hadi Sabzevari, Kerman governors Sardar Nosrat, Sardar Mojallal, and Iskandar Maghdouni, Yusuf Ghahvechi, Navab Safavi, Belal Habashi, Bohlul, Baktash Khan, the governor of Kerman, Eissa Khan Jalali, the gendarme of southern region of Kerman and Shah Nematullah Vali. Some examples of current proverbs and aphorisms of Kerman and their historical roots are studied as follow: - /âdam mibâ honar dâšte bâše/ A man must have art. - /âšeš xədang bâše kâsəš čubi bâše/ Soup should be delicious, its bowl can be of any material. - /a: xune sardâr sardereš munde/ From the leader's house only its facade is left. - /a mixkan tâ mixkub hâder bun bâš/ From the beginning to the end, you must be careful. - /engâr yusefu səre dorâhiye/ It seems Yusuf is confused. - /bozorgiš va: navvâb mimune gədâyiš va: abbâs-e dus/ His greatness is like Nawab and his begging is like Abbas Dus - /bəlâl ke mord dəge azun nəgoftan/ After the death of Belal, didn’t any one say Azan. - /bohlulo: xərq-e nun-e jəvo: sərke/ Bohlul and his little properties. - /peser-e bytâš xâne: / He thinks he is Baktash’s son. - /pirət bəsuze âš-e kašk-e pādane/ It is just a soup but it has a lot of sounds. - /de 'səre bâr mikone/ He is loading of two sides. - /ye moride xar az sad dəhe šişdongi bəhtəre/ If you have a wishy-washy follower, it will be better for you to have a lot of things. Conclusion Language and folk culture are the interesting and attractive parts in proverbs and aphorisms. The language and the common culture used in spoken and written works, make the speech more beauteous and melodious, and prevents the speech from weariness and prolong. Though some proverbs are very short, they can help the writer or narrator to state concepts. We can determine thoughts, customs and behaviors especially of people of Kerman by studying the historical proverbs and aphorisms. It is common in families to use proverbs and aphorisms in training their children. In this way, the customs, manners and traditions can be survived and passed to future generations and philanthropy can be promoted among a society through the circulation of proverbs and aphorisms.

Gully erosion is the most advanced type of water erosion in watersheds that produces large volumes of sediment that and cause a lot of damage. Thus mapping susceptibility to gully erosion and identification of factors can help managers and decision-makers to reduce the risk of erosion. The objective of the present study is to assess the capability of weights-of-evidence (WofE) and frequency ratio (FR) models for spatial prediction of gully erosion susceptibility and characterizing susceptibility conditions at Sanganeh Kalat Basin. At first, a gully erosion inventory map is prepared through extensive field study, then raster maps of the variables affecting the Gully Erosion (lithology, land use, distance from river, slope degree, slope direction, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, drainage density and altitude) in a database and Geographic Information System (GIS) was created. In total, of the 46 gullies which have been identified, 32 (70 %) cases are random algorithm selected to build gully susceptibility models, while the remaining 14 (30 %) cases are used to validate the models. The effectiveness of gully erosion susceptibility assessment via GIS-based models depends on appropriate selection of the conditioning factors, which play an important role in gully erosion. Learning vector quantization (LVQ), one of the supervised neural network methods, is employed in order to estimate variable importance. Finally, validation of the gully dataset which has not been utilized during the spatial modeling process is applied to validate the gully susceptibility maps. The receiver operating characteristic curves for each gully susceptibility map are drawn, and the areas under the curves (AUC) are calculated. The results show that the gully erosion susceptibility map produced by the frequency ratio model (AUC = 86.32 %) functions well in prediction compared to the wofe model (AUC = 73.49 %). Furthermore, LVQ results reveal that drainage density, slope degree, distance from river and topographic wetness index are the most effective factors

As a new discipline, geotourism is a part of the nature-based tourism that relies on natural resources and geology. Geosites and geomorphosites are considered as infrastructure of geodiversity by the geomorphological and geological tourists. Geotourism has formed recently and elapsed its early stages ofdevelopment. Iran is a country with a wide range of phenomena. Hence, to find the potentials for regional geotourism or capability of the geoparks, many researchers have been sought to assess the areas (of) geosites and geomorphosites in Iran, and in the world as well. The purpose of this study is to review some assessment methods of geosites and geomorphosites by 2015 and to extract their strengths and weaknesses in order to express a comprehensive method for assessing geomorphotourism areas. Analytical documents andadaptive methods are used in this research. Results of the study show that the Comanescu method is the perfect way to assess geomorphosites now. Moreover, the evaluation has been weak geomorphosites service role. Pralong, Lucie Kubalíková, Brilha and Charalampos Fassoulas methods are important in the next stage. However, in parts of the evaluation, they do not show all the potentials of a geomorphosite. Most of the methods in Iran are not in a comprehensive way to assess geomorphosites. Consequently, the present articlehas tried to propose a new method in order to maintain the strengths of the methods and reduce their weaknesses.

Nowadays, the city’s vulnerability to earthquakes is world’s major problem that is expert’s concern in various fields. Technical and historical studies of earthquake in Iran shows that devastating earthquakes along the Dorouneh fault, in many cases leads to deterioration and death of hundreds and sometimes thousands of people. Bardaskan, due to the presence of several active faults around and within it, is in a high risk of earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to determine the vulnerability of urban elements, using models and methods in reducing the vulnerability of this city against earthquake. To reach this purpose, 16 physical and spatial factors affecting the vulnerability of urban space were identified at the global level then using location data, structural elements description, building behavior data, and determining the impact of each criteria in vulnerability level, an appropriate estimation of city’s vulnerability to earthquake were presented in the framework of integrated and planning models such as fuzzy and Inversion Hierarchical Weight Process. We also discussed building damage modeling and micro-zoning against earthquake by presenting earthquake scenarios at different intensities. The results of this study show that by moving from the south to the north of Bardaskan, the vulnerability of the building’s block are increased. Earthquake scenarios modeling in the intensity of 6 and 8 Mercalli shows the vulnerability of the building were based on the 3, 1, 6, 5, 4 and 2 section respectively. The main reasons for this state are locating near the fault, peak ground acceleration, high density and low quality of building construction and building materials.

Instablity of side hills specially the risk of land slide are the main hazards in sloped area with loose soil and usually have high frequency. The hill area of Ziba shahr in Gorgan,due to the spread of Loose hills and Low resistance soil , also, changing sloped areas into residential areas and construction and civil activities on gable roofs in order to establish road , building and etc. has particular sensitivity against risk of land slide .In this study, it is tried to investigate about the effective factors on the instability of the area by emphasizing on geomorphology. Data used in this study are, topography and Geology maps, land uses , Gorgan urban map, satellite images together with field visit. Analysis method, on the basis of the existing data is apriority . for data analysis ,the relevant maps transferred to GIS area and by using AHP model ,the risk of land slide in area was evaluated. Totally 8 main criteria related to land slide phenomenon were analyzed, these criteria were classified as separate map factor and were valued by Statistical methods and consult with experts. Final produced map in area showed that, slop factor 15.8 percent, geology and soil flexibility 28 percent , fault 14 percent and land use 12.3 had the most effect on land slide in area. So the area is instable and avoiding of danger limitation is optimized