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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond to insulin normally, resulting in an abnormal increase in blood glucose levels. 90% of diabetes cases in pregnant women are gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is known that fluctuations in the level of glucose and its irregularity led to disturbances in the health of both mother and fetus.The therapeutic strategies and options for the treatment of gestational diabetes are highlighted in this review. We havereviewed medicinal plants used in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Literature review indicates that medicinal plants are effective in treating osteoarthritis and have been clinically and scientifically proven. Natural medicines have been the subject of chemical studies and many plants are the subject of clinical trials. Their results are remarkable and significant. However, scientific exploration for bioactive constituents is becoming increasingly important and their mechanisms of actions to treat GDM are still ongoing.

Background: As the world witnessed the outbreak of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19), a disorder developed as a result of a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), increasing genetics with healthcare evidence suggest a corresponding leadership to SARS as well as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Aim: The aim of this review is to highlight Immune response of human body toward COVID-19. Materials and methods: This was a narrative review. A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE using the keywords, Immune Response; COVID-19; Vaccination; SARS-Cov-2; ACE2; Coronavirus; MERS. Results: A flow of viral components passes to the body by means of nostrils, mouth and eyes. SARS-CoV-2 is in a position to continue to become unnoticed extended than numerous influenza or coronaviruses. Its proteins can accomplish entry by unlocking the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein in the lung cells; viruses also possess antigens furthermore recognize that these are what cries the immunity into movement via making antibodies. Investigators demonstrate an extensive variety of immune cells respond to COVID-19 along with valuable source retrieval, discovering that might want to notify the manufacturing of a viable vaccination. Conclusion: The body's natural response to a viral infection is a non-invasive intrinsic response in which macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells limit the virus's progression and may even prevent it by multiplying symptoms. This non-invasive solution is accompanied by an elastic response in which the body produces radicals that primarily adjust to the herpes virus.

Since December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged and spread quickly worldwide. The disease is generally mild in adult people but in any with comorbidities may proceed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and multi-organ dysfunction. By performing molecular tests on respiratory secretions can diagnose the virus. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and normal/low white cell counts are common laboratory diagnoses of COVID-19 while the tomographic chest scan is usually irregular for many infected people. Some patients progress to respiratory failure, pneumonia, and finally death by the end of the first week of illness because of the sharp rise in inflammatory cytokines such as IL7, IL2, GCSF, IL10, MIP1A, MCP1, IP10, and TNFα. Various approaches to the COVID- 19 are being performed by scientists. Use of chemical medical drugs that are effective for other viral infections. Among them, remdesivir was approved by FDA on 1th May 2020 because of its impact to treat patients. Also, several studies have revealed that many Chinese herbal remedies have a remarkable impact on the healing process when simultaneously were used along with pharmacological drugs. In the meantime, many efforts have been made to produce an effective vaccine, and so far, the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine has been successful and has entered phase 2 in the human trial. The current review focus on epidemiology, virology, clinical features, diagnosis, and available treatment of coronavirus that might assist researchers and clinicians in establishing action options for timely against this infection.

Objective Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of gastric infections in humans. It is estimated that approximately 50% of people around the world are infected with this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern, as well as the frequency of cagA and vacA genes in H. pylori isolates obtained from patients in the clinical centers in Tabriz city, Iran. Results The culture method detected 100 (45.25%) H. pylori isolates from 221 biopsy samples during 3 years. The results showed that 63% and 81% of the isolates were positive for cagA and vacA genes, respectively. The highest resistance of isolates was seen against metronidazole (79%) and amoxicillin (36%), respectively. Also, the isolates showed the least resistance to tetracycline (8%).

Beta-lactamases are the most common cause of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. AmpC-type beta-lactamases hydrolyze cephalosporins, penicillins, and cephamycins. Therefore, the study aims was to determine antibiotic resistance and to investigate the presence of AmpC beta-lactamase gene in clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Tabriz. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 289 E. coli specimens were collected from clinical specimens. Disk diffusion method and combined disk method were used to determine the phenotype of extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing (ESBLs) strains. Then PCR was used to evaluate the presence of AmpC (FOX) beta-lactamase gene in the strains confirmed in phenotypic tests. Antibiotic resistance was also determined using disk diffusion by the Kibry-Bauer method. A total of 121 isolates were identified as generators of beta-lactamase genes. 72 (59.5 %) isolates producing ESBL and 49 (40.5 %) isolates were identified as AmpC generators. In the PCR test, 31 isolates contained the FOX gene. The highest resistance was related to the antibiotics amoxicillin (76.12%), ceftazidime (70.24%) and nalidixic acid (65.05%). The results indicate an increase in the prevalence of beta-lactamase genes and increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, which can be the result of improper use of antibiotics and not using antibiotic susceptibility tests before starting treatment. Also, using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods such as PCR together can be very useful.

Background and aim: Shigella is one of the leading causes of acute diarrhea in children worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in this bacterium has increased due to the indiscriminate use of common antibiotics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and pattern of antibiotic resistance in Shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Tabriz hospitals. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 321 samples suspected of Shigella were collected from children's diarrhea stool samples and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance was also determined using disk diffusion by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: A total of 84 samples were positive for Shigella. Among them, S. flexneri species with 83.3% had the highest frequency and S. boydii with 13.1%, S. sonnei with 2.4% and S. dysanteriae with 1.2% had the lowest frequency. The highest resistance was related to the antibiotics cotrimoxazole (92.85%), tetracycline and ampicillin (67.86%) and the lowest resistance was related to imipenem antibiotics (2.38%) and ceftizoxime (9.52%). Conclusion: The present study showed that Shigella flexneri is the predominant species isolated from children with Shigellosis in hospitals in Tabriz city. Our results also indicate an increase in resistance to common antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended that antimicrobial susceptibility testing be performed in the study area prior to antibiotic administration.

Background: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) among brain-dead organ donors at Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Methods: By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 54 organ donors were screened for HTLV-1 virus in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Following that, Western blot confirmation was performed to confirm the HTLV-I infection. Results: Anti-HTLV-1 antibodies were detected in 2 (3.4%) cases out of 54 patients tested by ELISA. A western blot was performed in cases of positive results, but none of the subjects tested positive for HTLV-1 infection. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated rare cases of HTLV-I infection in brain-dead organ donors. However, it is recommended that organ donors be investigated for the prevalence of this virus.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is major cause of nosocomial infections. The accessory gene regulator (agr) system of Staphylococcus aureus controls the expression of the genes encoding extracellular virulence factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of agr genes and drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical samples in Tabriz hospitals. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among a total of 100 strains isolated from clinical samples in Tabriz hospitals. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. After DNA extraction, the presence of agr genes was investigated using Multiplex PCR. SPSS software was used to perform statistical tests. Results: Among 100 Staphylococcus aureus strains, 38 isolates were resistant to methicillin. They were susceptible to rifampin (89%) and vancomycin (86%) but showed resistance to penicillin (98%) and tetracycline (85%). The most prevalent gene was agrA (65%) followed by the agrC (29%) in strains. None of the isolates harbored the agrB and agrD genes. Conclusion: agrA and agrC genes play an important role in staphylococcal infections in clinical samples isolated from Tabriz hospitals. Also, the results showed high rates of multi-drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Tabriz hospitals. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the unnecessary uses of antibiotics.

Background: Nowadays, the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics has become a global problem. Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen. Acinetobacter baumannii plays a significant role in antibiotic resistance. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the blaOXA-51, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaPER, blaVEB, blaCTX-M, tetA and tetB genes and antibiotic resistance pattern of A. baumannii isolated from hospitals in Tabriz city, Iran. Methods: This study was descriptive cross-sectional research, performed on 129 isolates of Acinetobacter from different clinical specimens. The Isolates were identified using standard laboratory methods and culture in selective mediums. The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was also determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of blaOXA-51, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaPER, blaVEB, blaCTX-M, tetA and tetB genes in the isolates was carried out by a combined disk test (CDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Results: The highest resistance of isolates was determined to cefotaxime (100%) and ceftazidime (100%). The results of CDT showed that 14 (12.96%) isolates could produce extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs). However, the PCR results blaOXA-51, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaPER, blaVEB, blaCTX-M, tetA and tetB genes showed that these genes were in 100%, 18.51%, 16.66%, 32.40%, 16.66%, 31.48%, 32.40% and 21.29% of isolates, respectively. Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in strains, rapid and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii strains is necessary for the selection of an appropriate therapeutic approach and prevention of their prevalence.

Vibrio cholera (V. cholera) is a facultative pathogen that colonizes the small intestine and produces cholerae toxin as the primary virulence factor that causes cholera and fatal diarrhea in humans. In recent decades, V. cholera has emerged as a notorious multidrug-resistant enteric pathogen. This meta-analysis estimated the pooled proportion of V. cholera antimicrobial resistance against RNA and DNA effective antibiotics.A systematic search was performed for relevant literature until 05 June 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was performed to estimate weighted pooled resistance (WPR).The meta-analysis were included 164 articles. The WPR of V. cholera were as follows 76% [67,84] to furazolidone, 65% [29,94] to nitrofurantoin, 55% [44,66] to nalidixic acid, 10% [2,23] to rifampicin, 4%(0, 12) to novobiocin, 4% [2,6] to norfloxacin, 3% [1,4] to ciprofloxacin, 1%(0, 3) to sparofloxacin, 0%(0, 3) to levofloxacin, 0%(0, 2) to ofloxacin, 0%(0, 0) to gatifloxacin.V. cholera is a severe problem in Asia and Africa, especially in South Asian countries. The resistance patterns are various in geographical regions. novobiocin 0% (0, 0), and ofloxacin 0% (0, 1) in Africa, gatifloxacin 0% (0, 0), and levofloxacin 0% (0, 6) in Asia and ciprofloxacin 0% (0, 2) in North America are most effective antibiotis. The resistance rate to furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, and cephalothin has increased over the years. Monitoring antibiotic resistance and prescribing an appropriate antibiotic is vital to control resistance.

Background: Salmonella gastroenteritis is a global health concern. Recently, increased resistance to Salmonella typhimurium has been reported in several countries. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaPSE-1, sipB/C, and cmlA/tetR genes in S. typhimurium isolates and determine their antibiotic resistance. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 110 fecal samples, which were collected from the patients referred to the hospitals and medical centers in Tabriz, Iran during eight months. After phenotypic identification, the antibiogram test and double-disc synergy test were performed on the isolates. Following that, the prevalence of resistance genes was evaluated using multiplex PCR and specific primers. Results: Out of 110 fecal samples, 26 samples (23.63%) were positive for S. typhimurium. The highest resistance of the isolates was against ceftazidime, cefotaxime, amikacin, and tetracycline (100%), and the lowest resistance was against imipenem (3.85%) and nalidixic acid (7.69%). In total, 15 S. typhimurium isolates (57.69%) were positive for the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. In addition, the most common resistance genes in the isolates were cmlA/tetR (38.46%), blaTEM (34.61%), and blaCTX-M (26.92%). Four isolates (15.38%) carried sipB, three isolates (11.53%) contained blaSHV, and two isolates (7.69%) carried blaPSE-1. Conclusions: The obtained results indicated the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. typhimurium. Therefore, the identification of resistance genes is an important strategy for identifying and counteracting antibiotic resistance.

Background and objectives: Microbial resistance to antibiotics is one of the most common problems in the health care system. Therefore, many efforts have been performed to find new compounds as antimicrobial compounds. This study carried out to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of peppermint on standard Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain. Methods: In this experimental laboratory study, after collecting and performing pharmacognosy evaluations, methanolic extract of the peppermint plant was prepared and its antimicrobial effects on several bacteria were determined at concentrations of 20 to 400 mg/ml using the agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The test was repeated five times for each bacterium and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: It was revealed that the methanolic extract of peppermint had antimicrobial effects against standard Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest effect was observed in S. aureus and the least in P. aeruginosa. MIC and MBC of methanol extract on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were 6.5-15.5, 15.5-25, 50-100, and 100-200 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that peppermint can be considered as an antibacterial medicinal herb and that if the concentration of the extract is higher, its antibacterial properties will also increase. Thus, it can be used as an alternative to the usual chemical drugs in the treatment of infections after evaluating their effects in vitro.

Since the outbreak of the Corona pandemic in December 2019, many people affected, especially medical care laborers, who deal with the treated cases. Coronavirus disease 2019 not only affects the body parts, but also extends to the psychological symptoms. The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of the pandemic on the mental prosperity of the laborers. Clinical staff members from the administration emergency clinic, Lahore, were enlisted. A poll was used to collect data on the segment information, a sleeping disorder, despondency and stress manifestations. Correlation of the segment information and the mental factors were done among the sleeping and non-sleeping disorder samples. All 356 medical service laborers were selected for this investigation. There were manifestations of misery in 222 (62.35%), nervousness in 227 (64.76%), stress in 197 (55.33%) and sleep deprivation in 190 (53.37%) of members. Gentle to extreme side effects of melancholy (91.65% vs 28.9%), nervousness (83.1% vs 41.6%) and stress (84.26% vs 22.22%) were seen predominately in the sleep deprivation gathering (P.001). Insomnia was more pronounced in the members with low training levels (78.08%) versus post-advanced education (30.9%). Paramedics, attendants, and medical service laborers in confinement/serious consideration units were more inclined to the sleep deprivation (P.001). Mental prosperity of medical care laborers was influenced because of Coronavirus pandemic. Attendants, paramedics, and those working in the detachment unit showed a critical sleeping disorder. The results and indicators have proven that there is a relationship between the infection with the Corona pandemic and occurrence of disorders in psychological behavior. Therefore, the psychological rehabilitation sessions must be conducted for those infected and those in contact with the Corona cases to relieve the burden of that patients to raise their psychological conditions and support the immune system such that resist against the infection.

The recent pandemic which arose from China, is caused by a pathogenic virus named "severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)". Its rapid global expansion has inflicted an extreme public health concern. The attachment of receptor-binding domains (RBD) of the spike proteins (S) to the host cell's membrane, with or without the help of other cellular components such as proteases and especially co-receptors, is required for the first stage of its pathogenesis. In addition to humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is found on a wide range of vertebrate host's cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 has a broad spectrum of tropism; thus, it can infect a vast range of tissues, organs, and hosts; even though the surface amino acids of the spike protein conflict in the receptor-binding region. Due to the heterogeneous ACE2 distribution and the presence of different domains on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for binding, the virus entry into diverse host cell types may depend on the host cells' receptor presentation with or without co-receptors. This review investigates multiple current types of receptor and co-receptor tropisms, with other molecular factors alongside their respective mechanisms, which facilitate the binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cells, extending the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 from this perspective can effectively help prevent this disease and provide more potent treatment strategies, particularly in vulnerable people with various cellular-level susceptibilities.

People with beta-thalassemia major are more likely to acquire blood-borne viral infections due to the need for frequent blood transfusions. Of these viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are of particular importance. In this study, the prevalence of HBV, HCV and their risk factors in beta-thalassemia major patients in East Azerbaijan province was investigated. The study was descriptive cross-sectional, and 116 beta-thalassemia major patients who received blood in Shahid Ghazi hospital and Children’s hospital in Tabriz city were studied. Data were collected by a questionnaire, and blood samples of patients in terms of serum markers HCV-Ab, HBsAg and HBs-Ab were analyzed by ELISA, and positive HCV-Ab results were confirmed by Real Time-PCR. Then using SPSS software version 22 and with the help of t-tests including Anova T-test, Man-Whitney U test, Independent sample t-test, chi-square and Fisher exact test, Statistical studies were performed. Of the 116 patients studied, no HBsAg positive cases were found. Four patients (3.4%) were positive for HCV-Ab, of which two patients (1.7%) became HCV-RNA positive after Real Time-PCR. There was a significant relationship between HCV-Ab positive and HCV-RNA positive (P = 0.000), blood transfusion intervals (P = 0.043), number of injected blood units (P = 0.001) and duration of blood transfusion (P = 0.006). The prevalence of HCV was lower in patients who started receiving blood after a blood donor screening program. HCV is less prevalent in thalassemia patients in East Azerbaijan province than in some studies in the country and various global statistics. After 1996, the prevalence of HCV in the thalassemia patient population has decreased significantly, and it seems that HCV infections since 1996 have been associated with various factors such as people’s jobs, position, behaviour in society, etc.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections and as a multivalent pathogen is one of the causative agents of nosocomial and community infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in hospitals and medical centers in Marand city and also to evaluate the presence of mecA gene. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 385 samples of S. aureus were collected from different clinical samples of patients in hospitals and medical centers of Marand city. S. aureus was identified using standard biochemical methods. Methicillin resistance was determined by disk diffusion method in the presence of oxacillin and cefoxitin. The pattern of antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by disk diffusion method and according to CLSI recommendation and also PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of MecA gene. Results: In the present study, out of 385 samples of S. aureus, 215 (55.84%) samples were methicillin resistant. PCR results for mecA gene showed that 110 samples had mecA gene. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against penicillin (100%) and erythromycin (83.63%). Most MRSA were isolated from urine and wound samples. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant species and also the increase in antibiotic resistance of MRSA to various antibiotics. Therefore, in order to prevent increased resistance to other antibiotics, it is recommended to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Introduction: Nowadays, with the increase of resistance due to overuse of synthetic chemical antibiotics, it seems necessary to find alternative drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of silver nanoparticles and Eucalyptus globules (eucalyptus) ethanolic extract on standard bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, aerial parts of Eucalyptus plant were collected from Marand city and identified as Eucalyptus plant by botanists of Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch. In this study, eucalyptus ethanolic extract was prepared by Soxhlet method and the antibacterial effects of eucalyptus extract at concentrations of 20, 30, 50 and 400 mg / ml and silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg / ml with agar well diffusion methods and tubular dilution were investigated. Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus had more antibacterial properties compared to silver nanoparticles. Eucalyptus extract and silver nanoparticles had a greater effect on gram-positive bacteria. The effect of the combination of eucalyptus extract and silver nanoparticles was much greater than the effect of either. Conclusion: The results showed that silver nanoparticles in combination with eucalyptus extract have good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this extract along with silver nanoparticles can be a good option for future studies in vivo to prepare antibacterial drugs.

Nowadays, with increasing bacterial resistance, finding new antimicrobial agents to replace herbal remedies with less side effects than conventional drugs has provided. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. In this experimental study, rosemary was prepared from Tabriz city and the essential oil was extracted after drying by water distillation using Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil components were identified by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Essential oil of 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.312% of essential oil was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, 19 compounds were identified, of which 1.8 Cineole and α-pinen had the highest essential oil composition. MIC and MBC of essential oils were obtained on S. aureus (0.625 and 1.25%) and E. coli (1.25 and 2.5%), respectively. The results of this study showed that rosemary essential oil has remarkable antibacterial activity and can be used as a suitable replacement for synthetic antibiotics.

Background: Nowadays, increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria has provided theopportunity to replace herbal remedies with fewer side effects thanconventional medicines; therefore, in this study, the antibacterial effects ofmethanolic extract of saffron petal against Staphylococcusaureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains were evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this invitro study, after collecting the saffron plant and confirming its scientificname, the saffron petal extract was prepared in concentrations of 20 mg/ml to400 mg/ml. Then the antimicrobial effects of this extract were investigated bywell diffusion and tube dilution method. Results: The results showedthat the methanolic extract of saffron petal had antibacterial effects on thetested bacteria in both tube dilution and well diffusion methods. The highesteffect was observed in S. aureus andthe least in P. aeruginosa. Conclusion:Based on the above results, it can be hoped that Saffron petals extract can be usedin the treatment of bacterial infections and can be a suitable replacement forconventional chemical drugs in the treatment of infections.

Background & Objectives :Nowadays, development of drug resistance against chemical antimicrobial drugs has attracted attention using medicinal plants in treatment of infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of two species of Centaurea plant’s essential oil on drug resistant clinical isolates of three pathogenic isolates. Materials & Methods :The studied plants were collected from Marand city in East Azerbaijan, Iran and were confirmed as Centaurea Depressa M.B. and Centaurea Cyanus L. by botanists of Iran Agriculture Organization. The essential oil of these plants (Stems and leaf) were extracted via steam distillation method by Clevenger, and their antimicrobial effects were studied by well diffusion method in the abovementioned bacteria. The components of essential oil were identified by injection to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/M). Results :The results of this study prove that the essential oils from the abovementioned plants have bactericidal effects. The most antibacterial effect is observed in Escherichia coli strains. The results of GC/MS chromatography reveal that the essential oils of Centaurea Depressa M.B. and Centaurea Cyanus L. have 28 and 32 compounds, respectively. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the grasses could be used in medicinal plants group with antibacterial properties. However, their effects in vivo must be evaluated and the most effective component of them must be identified carefully so that they can be applied commonly as an alternative synthetic drug in treating infections.

Background: In recent decades, Enterococci have been identified as an important pathogen. Resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics causes major problems in the therapeutic process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Enterococcus fascium strain in clinical samples. Methods: In this research, 219 samples of Enterococci from clinical specimens including: Blood and urine were studied in Tabriz hospitals. All strains were identified by standard and bacteriological tests, and then antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were performed. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by E-Test method. Results: Of 219 strains of Enterococcus, 86 (39.26%) strains belong to the species of E. fascium. The highest resistance to antibiotics was tetracycline (83.7%) and erythromycin (65.1%), and lowest compared to linezolid (0%) and teicoplanin (18.6%). Based on the E-Test, 29 (33.7%) sample was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: Considering the increasing number of infectious diseases caused by resistant strains of Enterococcus genus and its dissemination in the hospital environment, it is very necessary to use infection control measures to eliminate the potential sources of infection and prevent it from developing.

Introduction and aim: The use of drugs to treat diseases led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is the most common problems in medical science. This study is done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on against resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Material and methods: After collecting plants and validate its scientific name by botanists of Agricultural Organization and after drying in shade, Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii , extracted with steam distillation method by Clevenger and antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil by well diffusion on above mentioned bacteria were interpreted. Amount of Essential Oil were injected to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC / Ms), and the amount and type compounds of the Essential Oils were identified. Results: The results showed that the extracted essence Essential Oil from the Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii has bactericidal effect. In the obtained results by GC/Ms chromatography, in Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii Essential Oils, 22 and 18 compounds, were identified respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study show that can be taken Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii in herbals groups with antibacterial properties and after evaluating their effects in vivo condition and to identify the active ingredients, as an alternative to synthetic drugs that commonly used to treat infections are used.

Amac: Antibiyotik direncinin gelismesi bakteriyel enfeksiyonlarin kontrolunde onemli bir sorundur. Bu calisma, antibiyotik duyarlilik profillerini degerlendirmek ve Tebriz’de Ostad Alinasab Hastane’sinin klinik ornekleriden elde edilen E.coli izolatlarinda blaTEM geni varligini degerlendirmek amaciyla planlanmistir. Gerec ve Yontemler: E. coli (100 izolatlari) geleneksel bakteriyolojik testler ile elde edilmis ve daha sonra antibiyotic duyarlilik testleri Kirby-Bauer yontemine gore degerlendirilmistir. Dogrulayici testler ise “Combinde disk” testleri ile gerceklestirilmistir. Son olarak blaTEM geni varligi polymeraz zincir reaksiyon (PCR) teknigi kullanilarak degerlendirilmistir. Bulgular: Yuz E. coli izolatindan %23’nun blaTEM genini icerdigi belirlenmistir. Izolatlarinin %18’inde Seftazidim, % 30’unda sefotaksim direnci saptanmistir. Izolatlarin % 46’sinda EBSL sentezi belirlenmis ve bu izolatlarin % 23’de de blaTEM geninin varligi saptanmistir. Sonuc: E. coli izolatlarinda saptanan ucuncu kusak sefalosporinlere karsi yuksek direnc uygunsuz antibiyotik kullanimindan kacinilmasi gerektiginin ve tedavi oncesi dogru duyarlilik testlerinin uygulanmasi gerektiginin onemin gostermektedir.