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Research has found out that speaking skill covered pronunciation as the fundamental significance in linguistic proficiency. Surprisingly, in most English Language test, pronunciation appears to be the subject that is often neglected. Despite the generous amount of media utilize to practice utterance of English syllable or words, the supply of pronunciation teaching textbook source is scarce. By employing research and development (R&D) of 4D design, this study aimed at describing the model, validity and reliability of the Pronunciation textbook for English Education students. This research involved 38 students and 2 (two) experts’ rater to examine the book based on BSNP (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan or National Education Standard Agency) criteria. The result pointed out, that the model of pronunciation book corresponded with the KKNI standard curriculum and based on BSNP Criteria. The questionnaires validation result from respondent showed that rxy is 0.64 with the category of valid, and the reliability test result from Cronbach Alfa showed that r11 is 1.04 in the level of ?1.00 with the category of very high reliability. The validity and reliability of the product were also verified by two experts’ rater and analyzed by using Aiken index technique. In this analysis, the V index showed the value of 0.91 with the category of very high (from the scale of 0.8-1.00) for the content eligibility, presentation, language and graphic. Accordingly, Pronunciation textbooks model developed based on communicative language teaching approach is valid and reliable.

Cengkeh Afo, a spice-based tourist attraction in North Maluku, is situated in the forest area behind Mount Gamalama. It has the potential to attract both domestic and international tourists through community-based tourism (CBT). The area is managed by the Cengkeh Afo Gamalama Spices (CAGS) community that uses the world’s oldest clove spot as an icon for the Spice Island. The community partnership program (PKM) has been integrated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a wide impact on business and tourism. The PKM was integrated to build collaboration among the community for building the CAGS management capacity. Mastering basic English, managing data on tourist visits, utilizing local wisdom related to traditional gastronomy (local cuisine), mastering technology in managing tourism promotion, and understanding the application of the CHSE health protocol in tourism services in the region are among PKM’s goals for partnerships with the CAGS community. The qualitative approach was used in this research. Data were gathered through observation, questionnaires, and interviews in a field survey. The results showed that by working together the CAGS community has met the criteria for communitybased tourism service. Collaboration with research counterparts has aided the CAGS community’s capacity-building in its service. Keywords: Cengkeh Afo, community-based tourism, capacity-building

With a perceived need to improve the interpretation quality of guiding in the 17th century Dutch-colonial Fort Oranje, six on-line workshops were conducted for professional guides and historical society members from Ternate, North Maluku. The workshops included sessions on historical context, fort features, guiding and interpretation good practice principles, tour planning and delivery. Self-assessment evaluations by participants revealed lack of confidence with their level of historical knowledge and in applying interpretive approaches that would enhance a tour of the fort more enjoyable and meaningful for tourists. Limitations of the on-line medium for training were identified by presenters relating to the need for practical on-site tutoring and integration of historical context and content with places, interpretive principles, and visitor expectations. Exposure of participants to novel ideas and approaches to guiding was constrained by language, participant experience of quality interpretation, and face-to-face mentoring. While the content of the training program can be adapted for improving interpretive guiding in geoparks, there is probably value in some restructuring to include a two-stage process that starts with training-of-trainers.

The world has been assaulted by COVID-19. Unpredictable changes in all sectors of economies and societies will manifest themselves over the coming months and years. The most robust health systems have become overwhelmed and pre-occupied in response to the virus. The impact of COVID-19 will evolve from an acute medical emergency response to a chronic ‘maintenance’ phase, with health services adapting to life with the virus as another infectious agent. However, economic and societal costs will vastly outweigh initial medical costs, given the widely predicted global depression—trivial compared with the cost of preparedness that should have been undertaken. The most vulnerable in society will be driven into deeper poverty. The consequential mental health morbidity and suicidal ideations will place an increased burden on already overstretched services, against the background of mental illness being the world's leading cause of morbidity.1 This is likely to be exacerbated by increased violence and social stress on already depressed economies with high levels of unemployment. There may be hope for a vaccine, but its efficacy, duration of immunity and the complexities of distribution in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will be major challenges. The longer-term consequences of the pandemic for Africa will be profound, given health system fragilities.2 In this editorial, we discuss the potential impact of COVID-19 on neglected tropical disease (NTD) programmes as health services seek to function in the newly changed COVID-19 environment

Kelor memiliki banyak manfaat, hampir semua bagian tumbuhan kelor dapat dimanfaatkan manusia. Bagian tumbuhan kelor yang paling sering dimanfaatkan adalah daun. Pengabdian ini dilakukan untuk menyampaikan dan mensosialisakan manfaat kelor bagi pemenuhan gizi, obat tradisional dan sebagai antibodi serta desinfektan dalam mencegah covid 19. Selain itu kelor juga dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan makanan yang enak. Pelaksanaan program pengabdian berbasis riset (PBR) melibatkan mahasiswa Universitas Teuku Umar sebagai proses pembelajaran dan mengaplikasi ilmu pengetahuan kepada masyarakat. Metode tahapan pelaksanaan program PBR implementasi IPTEKS Pemanfaatan perkarangan dengan tanaman kelor dalam memenuhi kecukupan gizi dan Imunomodulator terhadap pencegahan Covid 19, yang dilaksanakan pada KWT Wanita Berusaha dan kelompok tani Makmu Beusare sebagai mitra program PBR yang terletak di desa Pasi Aceh Baroh, Kecamatan Meureubo, Kabupaten Aceh Barat dilakukan secara sistematis. Pelaksanaan kegiatan diawali dengan melakukan Survei dan wawancara dengan mitra terkait permasalahan yang dihadapi, kemudian pelatihan dan pendampingan pembibitan dan penanaman kelor, selanjutnya mengadakan sosialisasi dan pendampingan Mitra dalam pengolahan hasil tanaman kelor. Mitra menjadi “Model” bagi petani lainya dengan menerapkan IPTEKS setelah memberikan dampak positif bagi masyarakat Aceh. Kegiatan ini berjalan sukses dengan menghasilkan beberapa kegiatan sesuai dengan kesepakatan baik dari pihak pengusul penyuluh, KWT dan poktan makmu beusare. Hasil setelah mengikuti kegiatan program PBR, warga mengetahui manfaat, khasiat berbagai produk olahan kelor serta mampu membudidayakan dan mengolah hasil tanaman kelor. Selain itu, warga jadi berkeinginan untuk menjadikan kampong mereka menjadi kampong kelor sehingga mampu meningkatkan pendapatan warga dengan berbagi manfaat dan olahan kelor, juga menjadi kampong Destinasi Wisata Kelor.

Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world and has been known to be a major public health problem in The Gambia for over 60 years. Nationwide blindness surveys, including trachoma, in 1986 and 1996 provided the foundation for a comprehensive plan to implement a trachoma elimination strategy. Impact and pre-validation surveillance surveys in 2011–13 demonstrated that active trachoma was below WHO threshold for elimination but trichiasis remained a public health problem. Trichiasis-only surveys in 2019 demonstrated that trichiasis was below WHO thresholds for elimination and in 2020 the Government of The Gambia completed and submitted its dossier for validation of elimination as a public health problem. Challenges that The Gambia faced on the pathway to elimination included effective use of data for decision making, poor trichiasis surgical outcomes, lack of access to antibiotic treatment for low prevalence districts, high attrition of ophthalmic nurses trained as trichiasis surgeons, unexpected active trachoma in madrassas, the misalignment of elimination of active trachoma and trichiasis, trichiasis in urban settings, and maintaining the quality of surgery post-elimination when trichiasis cases are rare. Elimination of trachoma does not end with the submission of an elimination dossier; The Gambia will need to sustain monitoring and support over the coming years.

Background In 2009 Ghana began to design a trachoma pre-validation surveillance plan, based on then-current WHO recommendations. The plan aimed to identify active trachoma resurgence and identify and manage trichiasis cases, through both active and passive surveillance approaches. This paper outlines and reviews the adaptations made by Ghana between 2011 and 2016. The assessment will provide a learning opportunity for a number of countries as they progress towards elimination status. Methods A mixed methods approach was taken, comprising in-depth interviews and documents review. Between January and April 2016, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted with persons involved in the operationalisation of the trachoma surveillance system from across all levels of the health system. A three-tier thematic coding framework was developed using a primarily inductive approach but also allowed for a more iterative approach, which drew on aspects of grounded theory. Results During the operationalisation of the Ghana surveillance plan there were a number of adaptations (as compared to the WHO recommendations), these included: (i) Inclusion of surveillance of active trachoma in the passive surveillance approach, as compared to trichiasis alone. Issues with case identification, challenges in implementation coverage and a non-specific reporting structure hampered effectiveness; (ii) Random selection and increase in number of sites selected for the active surveillance component. This likely lacked the spatiotemporal power to be able to identify recrudescence in a timely manner; (iii) Targeted trichiasis door-to-door case searches, led by ophthalmic nurses. An effective methodology to identify trichiasis cases but resource intensive; (iv) A buddy system between ophthalmic nurses to support technical skills in an elimination setting where it is difficult to attain diagnostic and surgical skills, due to a lack of cases. The strategy did not take into account the loss of proficiency within experienced personnel. Conclusions Ghana developed a comprehensive surveillance system that exceeded the WHO recommendations but issues with sensitivity and specificity likely led to an inefficient use of resources. Improved targeted surveillance strategies for identification of recrudescence and trichiasis case searches, need to be evaluated. Strategies must address the contextual changes that arise because of transmission decline, such as loss of surgical skills. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0585-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction To date, eleven countries have been validated as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem, including Ghana in 2018. Surveillance for recrudescence is needed both pre- and post-validation but evidence-based guidance on appropriate strategies is lacking. We explored two potential surveillance strategies in Ghana. Methodology/principal findings Amongst randomly-selected communities enrolled in pre-validation on-going surveillance between 2011 and 2015, eight were identified as having had trachomatous-inflammation follicular (TF) prevalence ≥5% in children aged 1–9 years between 2012 and 2014. These eight were re-visited in 2015 and 2016 and neighbouring communities were also added (“TF trigger” investigations). Resident children aged 1–9 years were then examined for trachoma and had a conjunctival swab to test for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and a dried blood spot (DBS) taken to test for anti-Pgp3 antibodies. These investigations identified at least one community with evidence of probable recent Ct ocular transmission. However, the approach likely lacks sufficient spatio-temporal power to be reliable. A post-validation surveillance strategy was also evaluated, this reviewed the ocular Ct infection and anti-Pgp3 seroprevalence data from the TF trigger investigations and from the pre-validation surveillance surveys in 2015 and 2016. Three communities identified as having ocular Ct infection >0% and anti-Pgp3 seroprevalence ≥15.0% were identified, and along with three linked communities, were followed-up as part of the surveillance strategy. An additional three communities with a seroprevalence ≥25.0% but no Ct infection were also followed up (“antibody and infection trigger” investigations). DBS were taken from all residents aged ≥1 year and ocular swabs from all children aged 1–9 years. There was evidence of transmission in the group of communities visited in one district (Zabzugu-Tatale). There was no or little evidence of continued transmission in other districts, suggesting previous infection identified was transient or potentially not true ocular Ct infection. Conclusions/significance There is evidence of heterogeneity in Ct transmission dynamics in northern Ghana, even 10 years after wide-scale MDA has stopped. There is added value in monitoring Ct infection and anti-Ct antibodies, using these indicators to interrogate past or present surveillance strategies. This can result in a deeper understanding of transmission dynamics and inform new post-validation surveillance strategies. Opportunities should be explored for integrating PCR and serological-based markers into surveys conducted in trachoma elimination settings., Author summary The goal for trachoma programmes is elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. This means that ongoing low-level eye-to-eye transmission of the causative bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), is acceptable. Countries need to implement a suitable surveillance system to identify any return to higher transmission levels. The best methodology for doing this is not known. We first explored the approach used by Ghana in its standard programme, which involved monitoring a limited number of randomly selected communities for evidence of active (inflammatory) trachoma visible in children’s eyes on examination by trained observers. Although this strategy led to identification of at least one community that had probably had recent Ct transmission, the approach is unlikely to consistently identify places where return to higher levels of transmission is a risk. We also explored using information on infection (detected in eye swabs) and antibodies to Ct (detected in the blood) to identify communities at risk. We found evidence of both persistent eye-to-eye Ct transmission and areas where infection was transient and has now gone away. We conclude that the use of infection and antibody data for surveillance of trachoma appears promising.

Learning conditions in the Tourism Travel Business Department of SMK Negeri 1 Ternate City require an active, innovative, creative, effective, and fun learning concept. This is based on material characteristics such as Booking Flight Fare Calculation, which requires students to understand the theory as well as be able to apply it later at the implementation of street vendors and when they work in the Tourism Industry later. The purpose of this study is to increase the activeness of students and student learning outcomes through the application of google classroom and google meet. This type of research is classroom action research (Classroom Action Research). The research was carried out in collaboration between researchers, teachers and students. The research subjects are 60 students of class XI.SMK Negeri 1 Ternate City in the 2020/2021 academic year. Data collection techniques used simple observations and questionnaires. The research procedure includes the following stages: (a) planning, (b) implementation (c) observation, and (d) reflection. Based on the research results, the implementation of Google Classroom and Google Meet has an increase in the activeness of students. Where from cycle I, 33 respondent Choose agree with the use of the application, and student learning outcomes obtained was 53.4%. In cycle II the activeness of students increased to 70 percent and student learning outcomes achieved 76.7%. There was an increase from cycle I to cycle II of 23.3%. Therefore it can be concluded that this study is successfully increased students activity in the process of teaching and learning.

The aims of this study was to determine the effect of several organic growth regulatory on several varieties of oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Pre Nursery. The research was carried out in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar University, West Aceh, from March until finished. The materials used were Organic growth regulatory in the form of 50 cc coconut water, 50 cc union extract and 50 cc bamboo shoot extract. While the varieties of oil palm seedlings are varieties that yangambi, simalungun and 239 from IOPRI Medan. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) 4 X 3 with 3 replications. Giving growth regulatory (Z) consists of 4 levels, namely: Z0 = Control, Z1 = Coconut water, Z2 = Shallot Extract, Z3 = Bamboo Extract, while Variety factor (V) consists of 3 levels: V1 = Yangambi, V2 = Simalungun, V3 = 239. Observation parameters are increase in seedling height (cm), stem diameter (mm), number of leaf midribs (midrib), wet stover weight (g), number of roots (number) and root length (cm). Keywords: Growth Regulatory, Varieties, Oil Palm, Pre Nursery

Multilingual abstracts in the five official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 267 kb)

Trachoma and Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) are neglected tropical diseases (NTD) slated for elimination as a public health problem and eradication respectively by the World Health Organization. As these programs wind down, uncovering the last cases becomes an urgent priority. In 2010, Ghana Health Services, along with The Carter Center, Sightsavers, and other partners, conducted integrated case searches for both GWD and the last stage of trachoma disease, trachomatous trichiasis (TT), as well as providing surgical treatment for TT to meet elimination (and eradication targets). House to house case searches for both diseases were conducted and two case management strategies were explored: a centralized referral to services method and a Point of Care (POC) delivery method. 835 suspected TT cases were discovered in the centralized method, of which 554 accepted surgery. 482 suspected TT cases were discovered in the POC method and all TT cases accepted surgery. The cost per TT case examined was lower in the POC searches compared to the centralized searches ($19.97 in the POC searches and $20.85 in the centralized searches). Both strategies resulted in high surgical uptake for TT surgery, with average uptakes of 72.4% and 83.9% for the centralized and POC searches respectively. We present here that house to house case searches offering services at POC are feasible and a potential tool for elimination and eradication programs nearing their end., Author summary Trachoma and Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) are neglected tropical diseases slated for elimination as a public health problem and eradication respectively by the World Health Organization. As these programs wind down, uncovering the last cases becomes an urgent priority in order to confirm that eradiation and elimination targets have been reached. Active case searches are one method of finding these last vestiges of disease. Searches that look for multiple diseases are referred to as integrated searches. We piloted here integrated house-to-house case searches for GWD and Trachoma with two case management strategies; a referral approach to a central location and a point of care approach (POC)–offering services at the household or ‘point of care’ location. POC approaches can be difficult to implement in low resource settings because they require extensive personnel, financial commitment, and logistical support. However, POC approaches remove one of the biggest barriers to treatment, time spent traveling to a health center, and thus can improve treatment acceptance. We found here that integrated active case searches with a POC case management approach can be implemented in a low resource setting; and improve acceptance and uptake of trachoma examination and trichiasis surgery respectively, without costing much more than a referral-based case management approach.

This research aimed to observe the appearance of Coix lacryma-jobi L. as affected by number of seeds and plant spacing. Randomized Blok Design comprised of 2 factors (number of seeds, J; plant spacing, T) with 3 replications was arranged, while the parameters included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaf, length and width of leaf. The experiment was conducted at experimental field of Agriculture Faculty in Teuku Umar University, Meulaboh, from March to October 2017. The results showed that the number of seeds significantly affected plant height in 49 days after planting, 63 days after planting, and also showed a significant effect on leaf length in 77 days after planting. Statitical analysis showed the interaction effect among the factors. The most significant effect was observed in plant height and leaf length in 21 days after planting.