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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Female sex workers being high-risk group are more susceptible to infections with the Human Papillomavirus and thus, the development of the premalignant and malignant disease of the cervix. We therefore sought to determine the prevalence and spectrum of cervical cytological abnormalities among female sex workers in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Brothel based sex workers (BBSW) aged 18years and above in Jos, Nigeria between March 2018-February 2019. Papanicolaou test technique was the screening method used to detect premalignant lesions. Data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 15.1 software. Results: A total of 201 participants were recruited for the study. One hundred and ninety-four (194) had adequate smears and were included in the analysis. Of this 80.4% were negative for intraepithelial malignancy, while 19.6% were positive for intraepithelial malignancy and this included ASCUS (10.3%), LSIL (4.6%), HSIL (3.6%), AGUS (0.5%) and ASC-H (0.5%). Abnormal cervical cytology was seen more in participants that were single, between the ages of 24-34years, multiparous, with a previous history of sexually transmitted disease, and have greater than 2 clients/day, but all these were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology among BBSW, there is a need for them to have regular screening, follow-up, and treatment of premalignant lesions to prevent progression to frank cervical cancer.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second leading cancer among Thai women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer. HPV16 and HPV18 are the most prevalence types in women with cervical cancer. Objectives: To study the prevalence and types of HPV infection and its associated risk factors among women with abnormal cervical cytology screening. Methods: This cross-sectional study purposively recruited 376 women who had abnormal cervical cytology screening by liquid-based cytology at the outpatient clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital from August 2015 until March 2016. HPV genotyping was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis of the personal characteristics was done using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of HPV infection was 41.5%. Among them, a single infection was found in 78.8% of women. The most common genotypes were HPV16 (8.5%) and HPV52 (7.7%). But HPV18 was found in only 1.9%. The characteristic which was significantly associated with HPV infection was age, nulliparity, and high-graded dysplasia (P < .05). Conclusions: High prevalence rate of HPV infection was found among women with abnormal cytology. High-risk HPV prevalence and type distribution may be useful for public health authorities in assessing the cervical screening program.

Objective: To estimate the frequency of abnormal cervical cytology detected by Pap smear. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Gambat Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat, Khairpur Sindh. Period: November 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 160 women with the complaint of heavy vaginal discharge and moderate to servere lowere abdominal pain more than 6 weeks were included in this study. Per speculum examination of cervix was carried out with the help of cuscos speculum before PAP smear and finding were noted, After labeling the sample was sent to histopathology for cytological examination. Results: The average age of the patient’s was 37.68±7.46 years. Percentage of normal smears 10%, advance disease 1.3% and percentage of inflammatory smear is 63.8% while frequency of abnormal cervical cytology was observed in 25% in which CIN-1 was 12.5%, CIN-2 was 11.3% and CIN-3 was 1.3%. Conclusion: Our population have large numbers of undiagnosed cervical diseases. Therefore, Pap smear testing should be widely used throughout Pakistan to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.

Background: With limited health data on Arab Americans (AAs), we sought to describe the health-seeking behaviors, prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) serotypes, and the relationship with socioeconomic factors among a subset of AA women. Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study of women undergoing routine cancer screening at the Arab-American Center for Economic and Social Services clinic. Data collected included demographics, tobacco use, gross monthly income, prior Papanicolaou (Pap) smear history, and results of cervical cytology and high-risk HPV testing. Results: Of 430 women, 74 (17%) reported that they had never had a Pap smear. Three hundred eighty-eight (90%) women had cervical cytology interpreted as “negative for intraepithelial lesion,” the remaining 42 (10%) women had abnormal results. Thirteen (3%) women reported prior abnormal Pap smear, which was significantly associated with additional abnormal Pap smear on multivariable analyses (odds ratio 65.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 17.01–338.62; p

Li Song,1,* Yuanjing Lyu,1,* Ling Ding,1 Xiaoxue Li,1 Wen Gao,1 Ming Wang,1 Min Hao,2 Zhilian Wang,2 Jintao Wang1 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jintao WangDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 0351-413-5245Email wangjt59@163.comPurpose: High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is widely known as the major cause of cervical cancer and there are notable differences in HR-HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in different populations. Women with abnormal cervical cytology are at increased risk of cervical cancer; however, the genotype distribution of HR-HPV in women with abnormal cervical cytology remains unclear.Methods: A total of 2,300 women with abnormal cervical cytology (from 39,988 women completing a baseline survey in a cohort established during June 2014 to December 2014) were enrolled in this study. All participants gave informed consent and completed a questionnaire about characteristics related to HPV infection. HPV genotypes were identified using flow-through hybridization, and cytology was assessed by the ThinPrep cytological test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows.Results: The overall prevalence of HR-HPV in the 2,300 women with abnormal cervical cytology was 32%, with single and multiple HR-HPV infections making up 70.2% and 29.8%, respectively. The top-five HR-HPV genotypes were HPV16 (13.5%), HPV58 (5.7%), HPV52 (4.9%), HPV53 (2.5%), and HPV51 (2.3%). The prevalence of HR-HPV in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or higher was 30.8%, 36.5%, and 54.9%, respectively, showing an increasing trend with severity of cervical cytology (χ2trend=13.952, p< 0.001). The prevalence of HPV16 and HPV33 increased significantly with the degree of cytological abnormality. HR-HPV infection risk was statistically higher in women aged 35– 45 years, with low education, infrequent bathing, multiple gravidity, multiple parity, history of gynecological diseases, and premenopause.Conclusion: HR-HPV infection in women with abnormal cervical cytology was 32%, and the top-five HR-HPV genotypes were HPV16, HPV58, HPV52, HPV53, and HPV51 in Shanxi Province, China. These results shed light on demographic and behavioral characteristics related to HR-HPV infection in women with abnormal cervical cytology and provide an insight for the development of HPV vaccines.Keywords: cervical cancer, high-risk human papillomavirus, genotype distribution, abnormal cervical cytology

This is a comparison review article of the various guidelines that currently exist for cervical cancer screening. The guidelines used for comparison include the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), American College of Physicians (ACP), American Cancer Society/American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology/American Society for Clinical Pathology (ACS/ASCCP/ASCP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, Singapore guidelines, National Health Service (NHS) Guidelines

Background: This study aimed to know the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in pregnant women by liquid-based cytology (LBC). Materials and Methods : Cross sectional study done at a tertiary care hospital in between August 2017 to January 2019.Six hundred pregnant women attending the OPD at their rst visit were enrolled and after taking consent, history and clinical examination , subjected to cervical cancer screening by LBC. Result: Out of 600 samples, 10 samples (1.67%) were unsatisfactory for evaluation due to low cellularity. Among 590 samples, only 2 reported as LSIL(Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and 588 reported as NILM (Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy). Inammation of varying degree, mild, moderate and dense was reported in 58.65%, 24.92% and 16.44% respectively. Infection was reported in 3.73% and Candida. Discussion: prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology among pregnant women in region was low but screening for cancer cervix should be done for all pregnant women, adverse pregnancy outcomes like premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth and low birth weight.

The cervical cytology of our patient transformed from squamous cell carcinoma to negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, possibly due to the graft‐versus‐tumor effect following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Aim – To determine sensitivity and specificity of liquid base cytology for detection of abnormal cervical cytology Methodology- diagnostic evaluation study Sample size- 370 Result – Sensitivity – 96.9% Specificity – 91.7% Conclusion – LBC has high diagnostic accuracy in detecting abnormal cervical cytology compared to pap smear

Aims: This study aims to find out the role of colposcopy and its correlation with cervical biopsy in detection of pre malignant cervical lesion. Methodology: This is hospital based prospective observational study on 60 cases with abnormal cervical cytology reports conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PMWH, Thapathali, Kathmandu. Colposcopy guided biopsies were done and findings noted. Results: Among 60 cases enrolled in the study the most common cervical cytology finding was ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL and ASC-H present in 46.6%, 31.6%, 15% and 6.6% respectively. The colposcopy finding among these cases was normal, CIN1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 in 45%, 23.3%, 16.7% and 9% respectively. Among these cases the most common biopsy finding was normal, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and squamous cell carcinoma in 55%, 18.3%, 8.3%, 15% and 3.3% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of colposcopy with CIN 1 as disease threshold was calculated to be 80.6%, 93.1%, 81.8% and 92.6% respectively. While evaluating the validity of colposcopy with histopathology, colposcopy seems to make an accurate diagnosis in 75% of cases, overestimating in 15% and underestimating in 8% of cases. Conclusions: There is a good correlation of colposcopy with histopathological diagnosis of cervical cancer. Keywords: colposcopy, cytology, diagnosis, premalignant

The genital colonization of certain Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. has been associated with an increased the risk of acquisition and persistence of human papillomavirus. However, its association with high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes is not entirely clear, and the prevalence of such coinfections in cervical precancerous lesions has been poorly explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of high-risk human papillomavirus with Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. in 258 women recruited during their routine gynecological inspection at an outpatient clinic in Tabasco, Mexico. Among the Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. evaluated in the present study, the highest peak of prevalence was attributed to Ureaplasma parvum (32.9%), followed by Mycoplasma hominis (14%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (6.6%), and Mycoplasma genitalium (0.8%). The overall prevalence rates of papillomavirus DNA and high-risk human papillomavirus were 25.6% and 17.1%, respectively. The overall association showed that M. hominis and U. urealyticum correlated significantly with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. According to the cytological results, the distribution of coinfection with high-risk human papillomavirus and U. urealyticum did not show significant differences with respect to severity of cervical lesions. Conversely, the association of high-risk human papillomavirus with M. hominis was more frequent in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions ( P = 0.037).

BackgroundCervical cancer is one of the common cancers in developing countries, which has a high rate of mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology among Iranian women.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, cervical cytological results of 137,484 Iranian women, who were screened for cervical cancer in Tehran and 12 other provinces of Iran from 2013 to 2016, were investigated. The Pap smear was prepared by a liquid-based method and evaluated by a pathologist.ResultsThe overall prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology in the studied population was 3%. The mean age of the population was 35.77 ± 9.6. In this study, the prevalence of abnormal cytology in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 was 2.10%, 2.68%, 3.47%, and 3.60%, respectively. The rate of the abnormal Pap smear has increased over the years, and this trend has been statistically significant (P

There continues to be debate regarding the utility and indications for endocervical curettage (ECC) in colposcopy. The goal of this review is to summarize recently available evidence on the use of ECC in evaluating women with abnormal cervical cytology, and from this, allow the colposcopist to assess the merit of performing this procedure. A search of studies (2008–2021) examining the use of ECC in patients with abnormal cervical cytology was performed. Proponents of ECC argue that it should be used in each case of abnormal cervical cytology. Their reasons include not missing any instances of carcinoma, avoiding unnecessary conization as well as excluding glandular abnormalities. Opponents of ECC point to the associated false positive and false negative rate of ECC, and therefore its unreliability as a diagnostic tool at the time of colposcopy. There are several clinical situations in which ECC should be strongly considered. These include women referred with atypical glandular cells on cytology, unsatisfactory colposcopic exam (particularly in postmenopausal women), colposcopic impression of high-grade preinvasive disease, and lastly, in the follow-up of post-excisional procedures, particularly when a second excisional procedure is being considered.

Giriş: Human papillomavirüs (HPV) servikal kanserin majör sebebidir. Servikal kanser kadınlar arasında dünya genelinde ikinci en sık görülen kanser olmakla birlikte, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kansere bağlı ölümlerin önemli etkenlerinden biridir. Dünyada her yıl yaklaşık 500.000 yeni servikal kanser tanımlanmakta ve bunların yarısına yakınının ölümle sonuçlandığı tahmin edilmektedir. Servikal kanser taramasında yüksek riskli HPV DNA testi ve sitolojik tarama testinin birlikte kullanılmasıyla servikal prekanseröz lezyonların erken tanısı ve tedavisi sonucu servikal kanser büyük oranda önlenebilir bir hastalıktır. Servikal kansere karşı primer koruma sağlayan profilaktik HPV aşılarının 2006 yılından itibaren uygulanmaya başlanmasıyla servikal kanser sıklığı ve mortalitenin azalması amaçlanmıştır. HPV aşısının, yüksek risk (HR) HPV tiplerine karşı immünite gelişmesini sağlayarak prekanseröz lezyonlara karşı korunmada etkin olduğu ispatlanmış ve bu aşı birçok ülkede rutin aşı programına dahil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, anormal servikal sitolojili kadınlarda gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) testi kullanılarak HPV prevalansı ve genotiplerinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmaya, 2015-2017 yılları arasında Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Polikliniğine başvuran yaşları 30-65 yıl arasında değişen, HPV taraması yapılan, 53’ü anormal servikal sitolojili ve 262’si normal servikal sitolojili toplam 315 kadına ait servikal sürüntü örneği dahil edilmiştir. Servikal sürüntü örneklerden HPV genotiplemesi HPV Genotipleme Testi Bosphore HPV Genotyping High Risk Kit v1 (Anatolia Geneworks, Turkey) kullanılarak gerçek zamanlı PCR testiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Anormal sitolojili 53 kadında HPV infeksiyonunun prevalansı %69.8 (n= 37), kontrol grubunda ise %39.7 (n= 104) idi. Anormal sitolojili HPV pozitif 37 kadında en baskın HPV genotipi HPV 16 (%45.9) olup bunu HPV 56 (%18.9), HPV 18 (%16.2), HPV 52 (%13.5), HPV 68 (%13.5), HPV 33 (%10.8), HPV 35 (%10.8), HPV 58 (%10.8), HPV 51 (%8.1), HPV 39 (%5.4), HPV 45 (%5.4) ve HPV 66 (%5.4) izlemiştir. Kontrol grubunda HPV pozitif 104 kadın arasında en yaygın genotiplerin HPV 16 (%52.9), HPV 18 (%27.9), HPV 45 (%13.5), HPV 56 (%13.5), HPV 68 (%12.5) ve HPV 52 (%8.7) olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Servikal prekanseröz lezyonu olan kadınlarda en baskın genotip HPV 16 olup servikal kanser için risk altındaki kadınların tespitinde onkojenik HPV genotiplerinin tanısı gereklidir Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer in the world among women and is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in developing countries. Approximately 500.000 new cervical cancers are identified each year in the world, and close to half of them are estimated to have resulted in death. Cervical cancer is largely a preventable disease by early detection and treatment of cervical precancerous lesions with the combined use of high risk (HR) HPV DNA testing and cervical cytology test in cervical cancer screening. Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines, which provide primary protection against cervical cancer, have been started to be applied since 2006 with the aim of decreasing the incidence of cervical cancer and mortality. HPV vaccine has been proven to be effective in protecting against precancerous lesions by providing immunity against high risk (HR) HPV types and has been included in the routine vaccination program in many countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of HPV using real-time PCR test in women with abnormal cervical cytology. Materials and Methods: Between 2015-2017, a total of 315 women aged between 30 and 65 years were screened for HPV in the Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University. Out of the 315 female cervical swabs, a total of 53 had abnormal cervical cytology and 262 had normal cervical cytology. HPV genotyping from cervical swab samples was performed by realtime PCR using Bosphore HPV Genotyping High Risk Kit v1 (Anatolia Geneworks, Turkey). Results: The prevalence of HPV infection in 53 women with abnormal cytology was 69.8% (n= 37) and 39.7% (n= 104) in the control group. The most prevalent HPV genotype among 37 HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology was HPV 16 (45.9%), followed by HPV 56 (18.9%), HPV 18 (16.2%) HPV 52 (13.5%), HPV 68 (13.5%), HPV33 (10.8%), HPV35 (10.8%), HPV 58 (10.8%), HPV 51(8.1%), HPV 39 (5.4%), HPV 45 (5.4%), and HPV 66 (5.4%). Among HPV-positive 104 women as the control group, the most common genotypes were HPV 16 (52.9%), HPV 18 (27.9%), HPV 45 (13.5%), HPV 56 (13.5%), HPV 68 (12.5%,) and HPV 52 (8.7%). Conclusion: The most common genotype was HPV 16 in women with cervical precancerous lesions, and the diagnosis of oncogenic HPV genotypes is necessary to identify women at risk for cervical cancer.

During pregnancy, the only diagnosis that may alter management is invasive cancer. Thus, the primary aim of the cytological screening and subsequent colposcopy performed during pregnancy should be the exclusion of invasive cancer, “Practice Bulletin No. 140: management of abnormal cervical cancer screening test results and cervical cancer precursors,” (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2013) [1]. However, the impact of the delivery on the regression of the cervical lesions is still debated. This data article concerns the post-partum evaluation of colposcopic patterns, cytological and histopathology findings in women diagnosed with abnormal cervical cytology in pregnancy, included in the paper entitled “Reliability of colposcopy during pregnancy” (Ciavattini et al., 2018). Data about the rates of persistence, progression and regression of CIN after delivery are reported.

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of colposcopic punch biopsy to detect cervical epithelial neoplasia (CIN) II + in patients with abnormal cervical cytology and the major colposcopic findings in patients who underwent a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), subsequently. A total of 231 patients with abnormal cervical cytology who underwent a colposcopy guided cervical biopsy and subsequent LEEP were analysed. The mean age was 33.4 ± 8.7 years. CIN II + rate on LEEP pathology was significantly higher in patients with high-grade cytology, compared to those with a low-grade cytology (92 vs. 55%, p

To evaluate the performance of routine endocervical curettage (ECC) for diagnosing high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or worse and additional precancers not otherwise detected by ectocervical biopsies.In a secondary analysis of the Biopsy Study, a cross-sectional study conducted between 2009 and 2012 at the University of Oklahoma Health and Sciences Center that found an incremental increase in detection of cervical precancers by multiple biopsies at colposcopy, ECC was performed in most women aged 30 years or older. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or worse yield by ECC alone was evaluated in analyses stratified by cervical cytology (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US] or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [LSIL] compared with atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [ASC-H] or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSIL] or worse), colposcopic impression (less than high-grade compared with high-grade), human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 infection status, whether the examination was satisfactory, and by ECC indications per the current guidelines for cervical cancer screening. The diagnostic value of ECC for detecting additional disease was evaluated by the number of lesion-directed ectocervical biopsies.Of the 204 women aged 30 years or older, 181 (88.7%) underwent ECC. Overall ECC detected 14.4% CIN 2 or worse (95% CI 10.0-20.2%). Endocervical curettage was more likely to find disease in the endocervix among women with high-grade cytology, positive HPV-16 infection, or high-grade colposcopic impressions (respective P values.05). Among women with ASC-US or LSIL cytology, those with an unsatisfactory examination had a 13.0% CIN 2 or worse yield on ECC (95% CI 6.1-25.7); when colposcopic examination was normal or satisfactory with visible abnormal lesions, ECC detected less than 5% CIN 2 or worse in the endocervix. An ASC-H or HSIL or worse cytology was associated with a CIN 2 or worse yield of 25.8% by ECC (95% CI 16.6-37.9%). However, ECC found only 3.9% (95% CI 1.9-7.8%) additional CIN 2 or worse beyond the cumulative disease detected by up to four biopsies of visible acetowhite ectocervical lesions. Additional CIN 2 or worse yield by ECC increased when fewer lesion-directed biopsies were taken (P.05).The additional yield of CIN 2 or worse by ECC in a colposcopy with up to four ectocervical biopsies was low. Based on our findings, we recommend routine ECC be performed in women aged 45 years old or older with HPV-16 infection and in any woman aged 30 years or older with HSIL or worse or ASC-H cytology, high-grade colposcopic impression, or ASC-US or LSIL cytology and an unsatisfactory examination.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00339989.

Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have a higher burden of premalignant lesion of the cervix. This may be influenced by their sociodemographic profile. To study the sociodemographic determinants of abnormal cervical cytology among HIV-positive women attending the adult HIV clinic in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria, the Pap smears of 110 HIV-positive women attending the adult HIV clinic at the hospital were evaluated for cytological abnormalities using the Bethesda system of classification. Data on sociodemographic factors were obtained with the aid of semi structured questionnaires. Epi info statistical package was used to analyze the data. Majority of the women were married (61.8%; n=68), traders (67.3%; n=74) and who had attained at least secondary education (85.5%; n=94). All of them were Christians. The mean age and parity were 37.7±9.5 years and 2.8±2.3, respectively. The mean CD4 count was 557.1± 26 cells/ml and 89.1% (n= 98) of the women were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities among the studied women was 28.2% (n=31). The mean age (35.4 vs. 38.9 years; p

BackgroundDysplasia may progress because of a loss to follow-up after an abnormal cervical cytology. Approximately 18% of Danish women postpone the recommended follow-up, which depends on the cytology results.AimTo investigate if a reminder to the GP about missed follow-up could reduce the proportion of women who fail to act on a recommended follow-up, and to analyse the effect on sociodemographic and general practice variations.Design and settingA national electronic GP reminder system was launched in Denmark in 2012 to target missed follow-up after screening, opportunistic testing, or surveillance indication. The authors compared follow-up proportions in a national observational before–after study.MethodFrom national registries, 1.5 million cervical cytologies (from 2009 to 2013) were eligible for inclusion. Approximately 10% had a recommendation for follow-up. The proportion of cervical cytologies without follow-up was calculated at different time points. Results were stratified by follow-up recommendations and sociodemographic characteristics, and changes in practice variation for follow-up were analysed.ResultsFewer women with a recommendation for follow-up missed follow-up 6 months after a GP reminder. Follow-up improved in all investigated sociodemographic groups (age, ethnicity, education, and cohabitation status). Interaction was found for age and cohabitation status. Variation between practices in loss to follow-up was significantly reduced.ConclusionAn electronic GP reminder system showed potential to improve the quality of cervical cancer screening through reduced loss to follow-up.

AIM The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of self-collected vaginal samples compared with physician-collected cervical samples for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in Japanese women with abnormal cervical cytology. We also assessed the acceptability of self-collected HPV (sHPV) testing using a questionnaire. METHODS Women aged 20-69 years (n = 136) attending Yokohama City University Hospital because of abnormal cervical cytology between April 2014 and January 2015 were enrolled in this study. Cervical samples for conventional cytology and physician-collected HPV (pHPV) testing were obtained before colposcopic examination. After this examination, patients were asked to provide a self-sampled vaginal specimen (sHPV) at home, some time between the following day and the next week and to complete a self-sampling acceptability questionnaire. RESULTS The overall positive rates of HPV detection with pHPV and sHPV testing were 61.0% (83/136) and 40.4% (55/136), respectively (P < 0.001). sHPV testing had a lower sensitivity compared to pHPV for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2 or worse (CIN2+: 59.4% vs 100%, P < 0.001; CIN3: 66.7% vs 100%, P = 0.248). There were no statistically significant differences in the sensitivity to detect CIN3 among pHPV testing, sHPV testing, and cytology. The self-collecting device had good acceptability. CONCLUSION sHPV testing is a possible technique with which to improve poor cervical cancer screening uptake rates in Japan; however, the sensitivity to detect CIN2+ lesions must improve before it can be a substitute for conventional cytology or pHPV testing. Further large-scale acceptability studies involving non-responders are also needed before practical application.

The use of smartphones, mobile networks and associated health applications (known as apps) is now almost universal. Countries with low medical resources need assistance in their delivery of healthcare. This is particularly true where there are limited numbers of specialised physicians or nurses with respect to cancer screening. As smartphones become more universal, real-time and near-real-time expert medical consultations and telediagnosis are becoming more common. This leads us to believe that there will soon be a demand for mobile cancer screening services, which will be particularly useful for women living in rural areas or doctor-less inner city communities. The smartphone would seem to have almost limitless possibilities to address this need. As a first step in studying how cervical cancer screening using a smartphone could have widespread implementation, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the utility of a smartphone to diagnose cervical intraepithelial neoplasm or invasive cervical cancer in 20 patients having an abnormal cervical cytology. Our results indicate that continuing progress in digital imaging devices may allow the quality of cervical cancer screening to be improved.

Introduction: Cancer of the cervix is the fourth most common cancer among women in the world. It accounts for 9%-13% of all cancers in females. Cervical cancer is the most common cause of death among women in developing countries. Aim: To study the role of Pap smear in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix; and to determine the prevalence of various lesions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in pathology department of Shaheed Nirmal Mahato Medical College, Dhanbad, Jharkhand from January 2017 to December 2020 on patients meeting the mentioned inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 3591 Pap smears were studied with respect to age group, clinical signs and symptoms, and cytology ndings. Most of the patients were in age group of 31–40 (44.30%) years. The Pap smear ndings revealed 35.90% as mild dysplasia (Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion- LSIL/CIN-I) , 14.81% as moderate to severe dysplasia (High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion-HSIL/CIN-II,CIN-III), 0.29% as invasive carcinoma(suspected) besides 51% showed Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy ( Inammatory lesion as 44.70% and 6.30% as normal cytology. Mean age of the patients with diagnosis of LSIL was 30.3 years and for HSIL, it was 39.5 years. Conclusion: Premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix are not uncommon in our set up and cervical cytology by Papanicolaou (Pap) smears is an effective means of screening for cervical premalignant and malignant conditions. Nonspecic inammation and Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were most common nding among different age groups.

Endocervical curettage (ECC) is an optional practice during colposcopy, and the indication for endocervical curettage (ECC) is controversial between Europe and the USA. Here, we explored the value of ECC in a specific situation. An elderly post-loop electrosurgical excision procedure woman, who had undergone a colposcopy 4 months before, went for her follow-up and abnormal cytology was found, and both the ECC and punch biopsy showed negative results. Then, a second ECC was performed, which led to the diagnosis of a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. This case report shows that ECC is useful for diagnosing elderly women with Type 3 squamocolumnar junction.

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections throughout the world. Despite the serious complications associated with chronic Ct infections in sexually active women, a screening program is not yet available in Italy. Moreover, HPV/Ct co-infections are also known to occur frequently, increasing the risk of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Ct infections, the distribution of Ct serovars, and the incidences of Ct/HPV co-infections among women with a recent history of abnormal cervical cytology. Cervical samples were collected from 199 women referred for a gynecological visit following an abnormal Pap test results. All samples were tested for the presence of Ct and HPV DNA using real-time PCR assays, Ct typing of positive samples was performed by PCR&ndash, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) targeting the ompA gene. A high percentage of these women (12.8% and 21.7% with or without abnormal cytology on &ldquo, retesting&rdquo, respectively) were found to be Ct positive. Serovar F was the most prevalent type in Ct positive women, followed by E and K. Ct/HPV co-infections were detected in 7% (14/199) of enrolled women, with HPV-16, HPV-51, and HPV-52 being most frequently identified in co-infections. This study provides new epidemiological data on the prevalence of Ct and associated HPV infection in women with a recent history of abnormal cervical cytology in Italy, where notification of cases is not mandatory.