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KO Alibayeva,1 MK Saparbekov,1 BS Baiserkin,2 AT Abishev,2 GH Tazhibaeva,2 SZ Kasymbekova2 1Department of Public Health and Social Sciences, Kazakhstan School of Public Health, Kazakhstan Medical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; 2Organization and Methodical Department, Reference Laboratory, Republican Center on Prevention and Control of AIDS, Almaty, Republic of KazakhstanCorrespondence: KO AlibayevaKazakhstan’s Medical University “Kazakhstan School of Public Health”, 19A Utepov Street, Almaty 050060, Republic of KazakhstanTel +7 701 778 6509Email karlygash-2303@mail.ruIntroduction: New initiatives presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS , such as 90-90-90, test and treat, preventive treatment, and best international practices related to the introduction of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in clinics, and field conditions, including self-testing, predetermined the introduction of NGO-based rapid HIV testing in the Republic of Kazakhstan nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This work presents the results of a comprehensive study conducted about the possible introduction of NGO-based rapid HIV testing in the country. It should be noted that 32,573 HIV infections have been diagnosed in Kazakhstan (prevalence of 117.7 per 100,000 people) from 1987 to 2018. Most of these new cases are diagnosed among “key” population groups, such as people who use injectable drugs, sex workers, men who have sex with men, those who rely mainly on NGOs, and those who prefer to deal with an organization such as an NGO, which makes it possible to introduce NGO-based rapid HIV testing in Kazakhstan.Methods: In this work, we used the following rapid HIV tests: Alere DetermineTM HIV ½ Ag/Ab Combo, Hexagon HIV 1+2, Abon HIV ½, HIV 1,2 Han Medtest, and Geenius HIV1/2 Confirmatory.Results: The study of the rapid tests, including their diagnostic patterns, conducted in Kazakhstan shows that five rapid HIV tests completely meet the WHO’s requirements (sensitivity>99%; specificity>98%). These are Alere DetermineTM HIV ½ Ag/Ab Combo, Hexagon HIV 1+2, Abon HIV ½, HIV 1,2 Han Medtest, and Geenius HIV1/2 Confirmatory. The study of legal and social problems associated with rapid HIV testing in NGOs shows that HIV-related medical examination and counseling carried out in Kazakhstan, including those by rapid methods, are governed by corresponding laws and normative legal documents.Conclusion: It has been established that there are social barriers that interfere with rapid HIV testing. In view of this, services associated with NGO-based rapid HIV testing shall be rendered with the use of a social and legal protection mechanism for those under examination.Keywords: rapid HIV testing, NGO, key population groups, HIV infection, Republic of Kazakhstan

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Eosinophilia, which may have a significant role in the inflammation process and obstruction of airways, is present in about one third patients suffering from COPD. The significance of eosinophil counts in COPD is currently debated, but they can potentially serve as biomarkers for treatment selection. Blood eosinophil counts can assist in determining the patients who can benefit from inhaled corticosteroid therapy to prevent or eliminate exacerbations. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the significance of eosinophilic inflammation COPD and the use of eosinophilic inflammation biomarkers to guide therapy decisions. To reach this goal, a search of relevant literature on the subject was conducted. Articles were searched in electronic sources: PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords "COPD and eosinophilia", "COPD exacerbations and eosinophilia", "inhaled corticosteroids, COPD and eosinophilia" were used. One hundred and twenty sources were found, of which 66 were selected. Results of the review showed high frequency of eosinophilic phenotype detection in COPD. Blood eosinophilia becomes a potential universal marker of eosinophilic COPD. Blood eosinophils level can predict response to inhaled corticosteroids treatment patients with COPD, but increases the likelihood of pneumonia. Overall, the role of eosinophilia in COPD has not been obtained to date, which suggests it needs further study.

The purpose of the article is to study the state of the problem of the development of image-related competencies of future physical education teachers in psychological and pedagogical literature. The article analyses the development of the problem of image-related competencies of future physical education teachers by examining philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical literature, the regulatory documents, and analytical materials of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan, and using the synthesis and interpretation of scientific data, and experimental research with 139 participants. The results of the ascertaining experiment showed that future physical education teachers are constantly in need of the social approval of their actions. The image of a physical education teacher is also understood as a purposefully developed image, which is stereotypical and has an emotional and psychological impact on students, colleagues, and the social environment.

The education system should be designed to help in the preparation of individuals for life in the 21st Century. The purpose of this study is to use the Lesson Study approach in studying the geography of the updated content, to improve the professional competencies of teachers based on the results of students' perception levels. The research methods used included observation, experiment, interview, statistical analysis, comparison, and synthesis. The results exhibited that the Lesson Study approach can be used in improving the professional competencies of teachers and increasing the quality of teaching. The main provisions and conclusions obtained in the scientific article can be used to improve teachers' pedagogical skills in the context of the updated education content.

Abstract The issue of rainfall-induced slope failure has attracted more attention from geotechnical engineers as a consequence of global warming. Current cumulative waste disposal has generated scientific interest in the utilization of waste materials in geotechnical design for climate change adaptation measures. Taking into consideration the effect of slope height and angle, steel slag—a waste product derived from the production of steel—was investigated as a slope cover against rainfall. To assess the stability of the slope and the infiltration of water into the soil, numerical analyses were conducted using both SEEP/W and SLOPE/W software in conjunction with rainfall conditions. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that increasing the slope's elevation and inclination will have an adverse effect on its safety factor. Steel slag can nevertheless be utilized for minimizing rainwater infiltration into the slope, as indicated by the pore-water pressure variations and graphs of the safety factor versus time. For a 20-m slope height, steel slag slopes have demonstrated a lower factor of safety difference in comparison to the initial slope without remediation. Regardless of slope angle and slope height, the safety factor reduces marginally during rainfall.

Turbines are one of the most important means of producing clean energy, as they do not cause any negative emissions affecting the environment. Recently, the need to design turbines capable of facing strong winds has appeared because the currently designed turbines must be cut off in such circumstances. This study aims to find the best design parameters and investigate the efficiency of the jet turbine at high wind speed conditions. SolidWorks and MatLab are used to design and analyze small jet wind turbines. The design parameters were chosen to obtain the best efficiency. The turbine diameter is 0.5 m, and the short blade length helps withstand the generated stresses due to strong wind, especially fatigue stress, and resists bending. Blade pitch angle beta starts from 2° from the vertical axis at the hub and changes harmonically along the length to end at an angle of 88° at the blade’s tip to allow air to pass through and not form a wall. The blade number has chosen 15 blades, corresponding to the Betz limit, to obtain the maximum power coefficient. As a result, the assigned power was obtained at a wind speed of 28 m/s. At a lower wind speed, it will work with acceptable efficiency and more efficiently at higher speeds. Therefore, this turbine is suitable to use in such cases.

The investigation of the radiation effects of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has revealed concerns about the impact of the residual radioactive dust produced in the soil. Manganese-56 is one of the major radioisotopes produced by neutrons from the bomb; hence, we previously examined the biological effects of manganese dioxide-56 (56MnO2) in Wistar rats, in which significant changes were found in the lung. In the present study, ten-week-old male C57BL mice were exposed to three doses of radioactive 56MnO2, stable MnO2 particles, or external γ-rays (2 Gy) to further examine the effects of 56MnO2 in a different species. The estimated absorbed radiation doses from 56MnO2 were 26, 96, and 250 mGy in the lung. The animals were examined at 3, 14, and 70 days post exposure. Histologically, no exposure-related changes were found in the lungs of any group. However, pulmonary mRNA expression of aquaporin 1, which is a useful marker for lung pathophysiology, was significantly elevated at 14 and 70 days, although no such changes were found in the mice exposed to external γ-rays (2 Gy). These data indicated that the inhalation exposure to 56MnO2 particles, with

The effects of residual radiation from atomic bombs have been considered to be minimal because of its low levels of external radioactivity. However, studies involving atomic bomb survivors exposed to only residual radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki have indicated possible adverse health effects. Thus, we investigated the biological effects of radioactive dust of manganese dioxide 56 (56MnO2), a major radioisotope formed in soil by neutron beams from a bomb. Previously, we investigated C57BL mice exposed to 56MnO2 and found pulmonary gene expression changes despite low radiation doses. In this study, we examined the effects in a radiation-sensitive strain of mice, BALB/c, and compared them with those in C57BL mice. The animals were exposed to 56MnO2 particles at two radioactivity levels and examined 3 and 65 days after exposure. The mRNA expression of pulmonary pathophysiology markers, including Aqp1, Aqp5, and Smad7, and radiation-sensitive genes, including Bax, Phlda3, and Faim3, was determined in the lungs. The radiation doses absorbed in the lungs ranged from 110 to 380 mGy; no significant difference was observed between the two strains. No exposure-related pathological changes were observed in the lungs of any group. However, the mRNA expression of Aqp1 was significantly elevated in C57BL mice but not in BALB/c mice 65 days after exposure, whereas no changes were observed in external γ-rays (2 Gy) in either strain. In contrast, Faim3, a radiation-dependently downregulated gene, was reduced by 56MnO2 exposure in BALB/c mice but not in C57BL mice. These data demonstrate that inhalation exposure to 56MnO2 affected the expression of pulmonary genes at doses

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the risk group for detecting early signs of thrombus formation in the veins of the lower extremities during preventive ultrasound examination in patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods: The study included three groups of patients who were in intensive care units for COVID-19, of which 50 with acute venous thrombosis, 50 with venostasis in the veins of the lower extremities, and 50 patients without vein pathology, which constituted the control group. All patients were determined the level of D-dimer, fibrinogen and underwent duplex ultrasound scanning examination of the veins of the lower extremities. Results: A close correlation was established between the presence of venous thrombosis and the levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen (2.33, 4.66, p=0.0001). According to the data obtained, in the examined patients values ​​>=2.33 µg/ml for D-dimer is a sign of thrombus formation with 87.76% sensitivity and 97% specificity. For fibrinogen values 0. ​​>=4.64 g/L are indicative of thrombus formation with 83.67% sensitivity and 83.00% specificity. The two studied parameters D-dimer (AUC area = 0.9458) and fibrinogen (AUC area = 0.9024) were a very high-quality classifier model. Conclusion: The results of this study make it possible to form risk groups for the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and to carry out timely prevention of this pathology. In patients with COVID-19 with severe respiratory failure and elevated levels of D-dimer (more than 2.33 mg/l) and fibrinogen (more than 4.64 g/l) duplex ultrasound is indicated.

We consider a particular isotropic and homogeneous cosmological model, in which the equation of state is obtained from a thermodynamic fundamental equation by using the formalism of geometrothermodynamics (GTD). The model depends effectively on three arbitrary constants, which can be fixed to reproduce the main aspects of the inflationary era and the ΛCDM paradigm. We use GTD to analyze the geometric properties of the corresponding equilibrium space and to derive the stability properties and phase transition structure of the cosmological model.

We further analyze phenomenological implications of double axion monodromy inflation proposed in Ref. (D'Amico et al. [13]), in gravitational wave physics. We show that in addition to chiral gravitational waves (GW) originating from gauge field instability, the model also predicts significant amount of non-chiral, scalar-induced gravitational waves, both peaking at around the same frequencies. We find that although chiral GW density has much larger peak, non-chiral GWs can dominate away from the peak as they decay at a slower rate. This provides an interesting GW signature to be probed by future space-based interferometers such as LISA and DECIGO.

Comprehensive spectroscopic, magnetization, and theoretical studies of a LaAlO3:Tm3+ single crystal in the ferroelastic R3‾c phase are reported. The Tm3+ ions substitute for the La3+ ions at sites with the D3 symmetry. High-resolution absorption, photoluminescence, and site-selective emission and excitation spectra were measured in the broad spectral range from 4000 to 28000 cm−1 at temperatures 4.2–5 K. The two-fold degeneracy of the ground state of Tm3+ was uncovered by magnetization measurements. Energies and symmetry properties of wave functions of crystal-field levels of the Tm3+ ions were determined and successfully reproduced by crystal-field calculations. Specific profiles with a dip at the center of spectral lines corresponding to transitions involving non-Kramers doublets give evidence for random strains in the studied multidomain sample. The value of 0.1–0.8 cm−1 of deformational splitting of non-Kramers doublets exceeds hyperfine splittings by more than an order of magnitude. The observed line shapes were successfully modeled assuming the interaction of Tm3+ ions with random deformations described by the generalized two-dimensional Lorentzian distribution with the width of (7 ± 0.5)⋅ 10−4. The simulation was performed using the electron-deformation coupling constants calculated in the framework of the exchange-charge model.

We use the material medium approach to derive the refractive index that can be associated with the gravitational field of a compact object with a quadrupole moment. We consider both a static deformation and a stationary rotation of the gravitational source as the source of the quadrupole. We show that up to the first order in the quadrupole, the refractive indices of both configurations are equivalent such that from the point of view of refraction, a mimicking effect can occur. This also holds at the level of the deflection angle. We argue that it is possible to use the refractive indices and the parameters of the trajectories of light rays that propagate in a gravitational field to determine the physical parameters of the source.

The authoritarian succession literature indicates that non-democratic regimes install rules and institutions that supposedly ensure a smooth transition from ruler to a chosen successor. However, this scholarship cannot explain why some authoritarian successions happen as planned while others end in surprising violence. This article unpacks the puzzle of the transition of power from Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991–2019) to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (2019–present) in autocratic Kazakhstan. Based on in-depth interviews with more than 15 informants and the analysis of media and secondary sources, we explore why and how the planned succession in Kazakhstan resulted in the bloodshed known as the 2022 Bloody January (Qandy Qantar). We demonstrate that two factors derailed the succession plan: the configuration of authoritarian rules and the presence of political ambitions of Tokayev. Our main argument is that the Nazarbayev succession plan led to elite disunity, escalating the political conflict into the violent 2022 Bloody January. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction and demolition waste are one of the major waste streams in the world. Aggregates must be used in significant quantities during road construction and maintenance as base and sub-base materials. Government and local businesses are promoting the use of recycled material in old pavement andconstruction material due to the high cost of virgin aggregates. Concrete, road subgrade, and railroad ballast materials can all be made from recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), a type of recycled material. The engineers must properly comprehend the material's qualities, including its unsaturated properties, in order to use RCA in these projects. The goal of this project is to investigate the unsaturated permeability and thewater characteristic curve of RCA. These unsaturated qualities were discovered through sophisticated laboratory experimentation. The study's findings showed that the RCA has the same qualities as gravel or natural aggregate.

Landslides bring destruction to buildings, and nearby located structures and mostly occur in rural areas. Such hazard commonly takes place in mountainous areas in Central Asia. Kazakhstan region has highly vulnerable areas to rainfall-induced landslides in South-Eastern parts due to presence of many mountains. The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the effect of slope geometry on slope stabilityunder heavy rainfall in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Transient seepage analyses were conducted using Seep/W while limit equilibrium slope stability analyses were performed using Slope/W. 15 sets of numerical analyses were carried out on different slope angle and slope height incorporating the soil-water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability and unsaturated shear strength of soil from Almaty. According to the obtained simulation results in GeoStudio software for seepage analysis, the pore-water pressure is increased almost for 80 kPa at the mid slope of each simulation. The change of FoS for the gentlest slope with 27 degrees slope angle is the lowest for 10 m slope height and the highest for 30 m slope height, whereas the change of FoS for slope with 45 degrees of slope angle (9%) is almost the same for all slope height.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors associated with the formation of social anxiety and to explore trends in their impact on society in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors have used comparative, descriptive, and deductive methods to achieve the research goals. The results of the study determined that anxiety phenomena have become increasingly common over time and social anxiety is one of the most dangerous due to its degree of limitation. The vast majority of people experience some form of social anxiety, which occurs when distorted reality intervenes and certain moments signalize as dangerous. As a product of individual experience and sociopolitical construct, fear becomes the element organizing the state order. The social aspects are notably relevant to the process when the common sense of public consciousness puts security in the foreground as a matter of the greatest importance and urgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]