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Lubricating oil disposal is considered hazardous waste and has adverse effects on the environment and human health. It is crucial to implement tight measures to regulate and minimize these impacts, or explore opportunities for oil regeneration. The paper offers an extensive review of worldwide demand for lubricating oil and its market share, with a specific emphasis on the viewpoint of Bangladesh. Furthermore, the work presents a concise overview of various re-refining methods, including acid/clay and solvent extraction, and compares them based on physical and chemical attributes such as neutralization number, viscosity, and metal contents. It is also emphasized the implementation of design modifications and the integration of current and newly developed technologies like vaxon, ecohuile, etc. to enhance productivity and durability in terms of economic and environmental aspects, to increase the quality of products with a comparison in chemical composition from FTIR and GC-MS analysis of the samples that are obtained via recycling procedures. The feasibility of using spent motor oil as a fuel with similar properties to diesel is also evaluated based on the findings from tests conducted on engine performance and emission attributes. Using nanoparticles to enhance the characteristics of lubricating oil is very promising, particularly in reconditioning old motor oil, which is currently underexplored. The primary goal of the review is to assist the re-refining industries in improving their diverse range of potential uses.

Peptic ulcer is a sore on the stomach lining that results from the erosion of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa due to various influencing factors. Of these, Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) stand out as the most prominent causes. This condition poses a significant global health concern due to its widespread impact on individuals worldwide. While various treatment strategies have been employed, including proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, these have notable side effects and limitations. Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatments to address this global health issue. Rutin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This review explores the potential anti-ulcer effect of rutin in experimental models and how rutin can be a better alternative for treating peptic ulcers. We used published literature from different online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This work highlights the abundance of rutin in various natural sources and its potential as a promising option for peptic ulcer treatment. Notably, the anti-inflammatory properties of rutin, which involve inhibiting inflammatory mediators and the COX-2 enzyme, are emphasized. While acknowledging the potential of rutin, it is important to underscore the necessity for further research to fully delineate its therapeutic potential and clinical applicability in managing peptic ulcers and ultimately improving patient outcomes. This review on the anti-ulcer potential of rutin opened a new door for further study in the field of alternative medicine in peptic ulcer management.

Fossil diesel is a significant global fuel; however, environmental concerns and resource scarcity necessitate alternative fuels. Third-generation microalgae biodiesel (MB), despite its carbon neutrality, leads to higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and poor engine performance. Renewable diesel (RD), also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), could reduce these issues. A quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model is employed in this study to look into how different fuel blends of diesel, C. cohnii MB, and algae-derived RD affect the performance, combustion, and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine. The study uses a 2000 rpm engine arrangement with different engine loads, and validates the computational analysis with an experimental test engine arrangement. The study aims to explore the potential of sustainable biofuels in CI engines. D70MB30 (70 vol% diesel, and 30 vol% MB) fuel blend leads to a higher ignition delay period (IDP) while lowering peak cylinder pressure (PCP) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to D100; however, when RD is added to diesel-MB fuel blends, it reduces IDP and increases PCP and PHRR. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for the D70MB30 blend rises by 5.28–8.9 %, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduces by 0.98–4.27 %. However, RD in MB blends reduces BSFC by 1.57–3.41 % and marginally enhances BTE, resulting in greater fuel economy and efficiency. D70MB30 fuel blend results in higher specific carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while lowering particulate matter (PM) and smoke emissions compared to neat diesel due to its high intrinsic oxygen content. In contrast, RD with the MB blend reduces specific CO2 and NOx emissions; however, it increases PM and smoke emissions due to the NOx-PM trade-off. The optimum results occur with a full load and D70MB15RD15 (70 vol% diesel, 15 vol% MB, and 15 vol% RD) fuel blend. Compared to the D70MB30 blend, D70MB15RD15 reduces BSFC, specific CO2, and NOx by 2.15 %, ∼1%, and 8.37 %, respectively, while increasing PM emissions at 100 % load.

Abstract To better understand the salt tolerance of the wild rice, Oryza coarctata, root tissue‐specific untargeted comparative metabolomic profiling was performed against the salt‐sensitive Oryza sativa. Under control, O. coarctata exhibited abundant levels of most metabolites, while salt caused their downregulation in contrast to metabolites in O. sativa. Under control conditions, itaconate, vanillic acid, threonic acid, eicosanoids, and a group of xanthin compounds were comparatively abundant in O. coarctata. Similarly, eight amino acids showed constitutive abundance in O. coarctata. In contrast, under control, glycerolipid abundances were lower in O. coarctata and salt stress further reduced their abundance. Most phospholipids also showed a distribution similar to the glycerolipids. Fatty acyls were however significantly induced in O. coarctata but organic acids were prominently induced in O. sativa. Changes in metabolite levels suggest that there was upregulation of the arachidonic acid metabolism in O. coarctata. In addition, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as well as cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis were also more enriched in O. coarctata, likely contributing to its anatomical traits responsible for salt tolerance. The comparative variation in the number of metabolites like gelsemine, allantoin, benzyl alcohol, specific phospholipids, and glycerolipids may play a role in maintaining the superior growth of O. coarctata in salt. Collectively, our results offer a comprehensive analysis of the metabolite profile in the roots of salt‐tolerant O. coarctata and salt‐sensitive O. sativa, which confirm potential targets for metabolic engineering to improve salt tolerance and resilience in commercial rice genotypes.

The primary goal of enhancing automatic generation control (AGC) in interconnected multi-area power systems is to ensure high-quality power generation and reliable distribution during emergencies. These systems still struggle with consistent stability and effective response under dynamic load conditions despite technological advancements. This research introduces a secondary controller designed for load frequency control (LFC) to maintain stability during unexpected load changes by optimally tuning the parameters of a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller using pelican optimization algorithm (POA). An interconnected power system for ith multi-area is modeled in this study; meanwhile, for determining the optimal PID gain settings, a four-area interconnected power system is developed consisting of thermal, reheat thermal, hydroelectric, and gas turbine units based on the ith area model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the proposed controller’s robustness under different load conditions (1%, 2%, and 10% step load perturbation) and adjusting nominal parameters (R, Tp, and Tij) within a range of ±25% and ±50%. The performance response indicates that the POA-optimized PID controller achieves superior performance in frequency stabilization and oscillation reduction, with the lowest integral time absolute error (ITAE) value showing improvements of 7.01%, 7.31%, 45.97%, and 50.57% over gray wolf optimization (GWO), Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm (MFOA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), respectively.

Biodiesel has emerged as a viable renewable fuel with the potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and partially replace petroleum-based fuels. Moreover, using biodiesel reduces pollutant emissions. However, utilizing biodiesel results in inferior engine performance along with elevated NOx emissions. There is a scope to address these concerns by employing n-butanol and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) as fuel additives. In this study, castor oil biodiesel is blended with 100 ppm Ni and Al NPs and diesel along with n-butanol forming various stable fuel blends such as D100, D90B10, D80B10Bu10, D90B10+Ni, D80B10Bu10+Ni, D90B10+Al, and D80B10Bu10+Al to investigate their effect on engine performance and emission. The use of n-butanol substantially diminishes engine performance. However, the inclusion of Ni and Al NPs with D90B10 increases torque by 2.33% and 2.04%, increases BP by 2.33% and 2.04%, decreases BFSC by 8.96% and 6.13%, and increases BTE by 8.87% and 5.43%, respectively. Moreover, the addition of Ni and Al NPs to D80B10Bu10 increases torque by 14.99% and 8.09%, increases BP by 14.99% and 8.09%, decreases BFSC by 5.06% and 7.68%, and increases BTE by 3.81% and 6.49%, respectively. The use of n-butanol with a biodiesel blend drastically lowers CO and NOx emissions. The inclusion of Ni and Al nanoadditive further reduces CO and NOx emissions. The addition of Ni and Al NPs to D90B10 decreases CO emission by 12.07% and 14.66% and decreases NOx emission by 4.27% and 9.82%, respectively. In addition, the inclusion of Ni and Al NPs with D80B10Bu10 decreases CO emission by 16.43% and 13.15% and decreases NOx emission by 3.98% and 10.75%, respectively.

The aim of this paper is to develop a new Time of Use (TOU) tariff scheme for Demand Side Management (DSM) of residential consumers in Bangladesh. In this advanced era of technology, the requirement of electrical energy is continuously increasing. However, the overall growth of electricity generation is comparatively slower due to depletion of fuel sources. In this situation, a strategic plan needs to be implemented at consumer end to mitigate the energy crisis. As such, the concept of DSM is introduced where consumers can save electricity bills by changing their consumption pattern. It subsequently reduces the generation requirement during peak hours, which offers operational flexibility and financial benefits to utility. In the literature, DSM has been used in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. However, the existing techniques do not explicitly consider the low-income consumers when TOU scheme is utilised. It may result in financial repercussion for these consumers. To overcome this challenge, a TOU scheme is proposed in this paper by ensuring financial benefits for all types of residential consumers and utility. To this end, an optimisation model is formulated by taking into account the various consumer groups such as low-income, middle-income and high-income. Two different meters (meter 1 and meter 2) are prudently allocated to these consumers. Using genetic algorithm technique, optimisation model is solved to provide electricity tariff and block sizes for various consumers under two meters. The proposed algorithm is applied to the residential inhabitants of a practical distribution system in Bangladesh. The results suggest that significant amount of annual savings can be achieved simultaneously by consumers and utility. The low-income consumers remain financially least affected while the proposed TOU tariff scheme is executed. In addition, the proposed TOU approach is compared to existing methods and found that optimisation based TOU outperforms the conventional ones.

Oceanic wave energy extraction through electrical generator is one of the most interesting topics in the field of power engineering. Almost all the existing relevant review paper focus on electrical generator with the working principle of electromagnetic induction or piezoelectric or triboelectric effect. In this paper, all the existing types (based on principle of operation) of electrical generator used for wave power harvesting are discussed. This paper not only covers recent progress in electrical power generation by electro-magnetic induction, piezoelectric generator, and electrostatic induction, but also presents critical comparative review as well where suitable use and weakness of each type of generators are discussed. Moreover, the application of advanced magnetic core, winding, and permanent magnets are discussed with extensive explanation which are not focused in the existing reviews. Various new constructional features of the electrical generators such as split translator flux switching, two-point absorber, triangular coil, dual port linear generator, piezoelectric, triboelectric nanogenerator, etc. are highlighted with principles of operation. It also includes emerging human intervened optimization method for determining optimum shape of generator and cooling system which is necessary to prevent demagnetization of the permanent magnet. Finally, the way of supply the generated electrical power form the generator to load/grid is thoroughly described in a separate section that would be obvious for successful operation. The comparison among all types of generators in terms of output voltage, current, scale of power production, power-frequency characteristics, power density, cascading, and approaches are tabulated in this paper.

In this article, a method of winding optimization of the linear generator is proposed to increase the electrical power generation from the oceanic wave. A linear generator is designed in the ANSYS/Maxwell environment to analyze the proposed winding optimization method. The electrical and magnetic properties of the generator are extensively analyzed. The cross-sectional area and the number of turns of the copper conductor are optimized to maximize the output power. Load characteristics are also considered for different conductor sizes and turn numbers to determine a suitable operating point. A cooling system is also incorporated in the optimized linear generator to extract the thermal energy produced during the operation, which eventually enhances the electrical power generation. It is found that the optimized linear generator finally generates around 42% more electrical power compared to that of the conventional one. Therefore, the volumetric power density of the linear generator is noticeably increased with the proposed optimization method that also results in the minimization of material cost of the generator. A downscale prototype of the linear generator is constructed in the laboratory. It is expected that the proposed winding optimization method can be used in designing other linear generators.

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease primarily affecting preterm neonates. Neonates with NEC suffer from a degree of neurodevelopmental delay that is not explained by prematurity alone. There is a need to understand the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental delay in NEC. In this study, we assessed the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur to brain cell populations in specific brain regions in a neonatal mouse model of NEC. Moreover, we investigated the role of intestinal inflammation as part of the mechanism responsible for the changes observed in the brain of pups with NEC. Methods Brains of mice were assessed for gross morphology and cerebral cortex thickness (using histology). Markers for mature neurons, oligodendrocytes, neural progenitor cells, microglia, and astrocytes were used to quantify their cell populations in different regions of the brain. Levels of cell apoptosis in the brain were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (in the ileum and brain) were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. A Pearson test was used to correlate the levels of cytokines (ELISA) in the brain and ileum and to correlate activated microglia and astrocyte populations to the severity of NEC. Results NEC pups had smaller brain weights, higher brain-to-body weight ratios, and thinner cortices compared to control pups. NEC pups had increased levels of apoptosis and ER stress. In addition, NEC was associated with a reduction in the number of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and neural progenitors in specific regions of the brain. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the density of activated microglia and astrocytes were increased in the brain and positively correlated with the increase in the levels pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gut and the severity of NEC damage respectively. Conclusions NEC is associated with severe changes in brain morphology, a pro-inflammatory response in the brain that alters cell homeostasis and density of brain cell populations in specific cerebral regions. We show that the severity of neuroinflammation is associated with the severity of NEC. Our findings suggest that early intervention during NEC may reduce the chance of acute neuroinflammation and cerebral damage.

Unlike animals, plants are unable to escape unfavorable conditions, such as extremities of temperature. Among abiotic variables, the temperature is notableas it affects plants from the molecular to the organismal level. Because of global warming, understanding temperature effects on plants is salient today and should be focused not only on rising temperature but also greater variability in temperature that is now besetting the world’s natural and agricultural ecosystems. Among the temperature stresses, low-temperature stress is one of the major stresses that limits crop productivity worldwide. Over the years, although substantial progress has been made in understanding low-temperature response mechanisms in plants, the research is more focused on aerial parts of the plants rather than on the root or whole plant, and more efforts have been made in identifying and testing the major regulators of this pathway preferably in the model organism rather than in crop plants. For the low-temperature stress response mechanism, ICE-CBF regulatory pathway turned out to be the solely established pathway, and historically most of the low-temperature research is focused on this single pathway instead of exploring other alternative regulators. In this review, we tried to take an in-depth look at our current understanding of low temperature-mediated plant growth response mechanism and present the recent advancement in cell biological studies that have opened a new horizon for finding promising and potential alternative regulators of the cold stress response pathway.

Arsenic contamination is a major environmental issue, as it may lead to serious health hazard. The reduced trivalent form of inorganic arsenic, arsenite, is in general more toxic to plants compared with the fully oxidized pentavalent arsenate. The uptake of arsenite in plants has been shown to be mediated through a large subfamily of plant aquaglyceroporins, nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs). However, the efflux mechanisms, as well as the mechanism of arsenite-induced root growth inhibition, remain poorly understood. Using molecular physiology, synchrotron imaging, and root transport assay approaches, we show that the cellular transport of trivalent arsenicals in Arabidopsis thaliana is strongly modulated by PIN FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin efflux transporter. Root transport assay using radioactive arsenite, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis revealed that pin2 plants accumulate higher concentrations of arsenite in roots compared with the wild-type. At the cellular level, arsenite specifically targets intracellular sorting of PIN2 and thereby alters the cellular auxin homeostasis. Consistently, loss of PIN2 function results in arsenite hypersensitivity in roots. XFI coupled with XAS further revealed that loss of PIN2 function results in specific accumulation of arsenical species, but not the other metals such as iron, zinc, or calcium in the root tip. Collectively, these results suggest that PIN2 likely functions as an arsenite efflux transporter for the distribution of arsenical species in planta.

High temperature stress is one of the most threatening abiotic stresses for plants limiting the crop productivity world-wide. Altered developmental responses of plants to moderate-high temperature has been shown to be linked to the intracellular auxin homeostasis regulated by both auxin biosynthesis and transport. Trafficking of the auxin carrier proteins plays a major role in maintaining the cellular auxin homeostasis. The intracellular trafficking largely relies on the cytoskeletal component, actin, which provides track for vesicle movement. Different classes of actin and the isovariants function in regulating various stages of plant development. Although high temperature alters the intracellular trafficking, the role of actin in this process remains obscure. Using isovariant specific vegetative class actin mutants, here we demonstrate that ACTIN 7 (ACT7) isovariant plays an important role in regulating the moderate-high temperature response in Arabidopsis root. Loss of ACT7, but not ACT8 resulted in increased inhibition of root elongation under prolonged moderate-high temperature. Consistently, kinematic analysis revealed a drastic reduction in cell production rate and cell elongation in act7-4 mutant under high temperature. Quantification of actin dynamicity reveals that prolonged moderate-high temperature modulates bundling along with orientation and parallelness of filamentous actin in act7-4 mutant. The hypersensitive response of act7-4 mutant was found to be linked to the altered intracellular auxin distribution, resulted from the reduced abundance of PIN-FORMED PIN1 and PIN2 efflux carriers. Collectively, these results suggest that vegetative class actin isovariant, ACT7 modulates the long-term moderate-high temperature response in Arabidopsis root.

Background: Within the claudin (CLDN) family, CLDN12 mRNA expression is altered in various types of cancer, but its clinicopathological relevance has yet to be established due to the absence of specific antibodies (Abs) with broad applications. Methods: We generated a monoclonal Ab (mAb) against human/mouse CLDN12 and verified its specificity. By performing immunohistochemical staining and semiquantification, we evaluated the relationship between CLDN12 expression and clinicopathological parameters in tissues from 138 cases of cervical cancer. Results: Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the established mAb selectively recognized the CLDN12 protein. Twenty six of the 138 cases (18.8%) showed low CLDN12 expression, and the disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly decreased compared with those in the high CLDN12 expression group. We also demonstrated, via univariable and multivariable analyses, that the low CLDN12 expression represents a significant prognostic factor for the DSS of cervical cancer patients (HR 3.412, p = 0.002 and HR 2.615, p = 0.029, respectively). Conclusions: It can be concluded that a reduced CLDN12 expression predicts a poor outcome for cervical cancer. The novel anti-CLDN12 mAb could be a valuable tool to evaluate the biological relevance of the CLDN12 expression in diverse cancer types and other diseases.

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing nonstomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss, while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g., alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress and are promising genetic targets of interest.

The phytohormone auxin and microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expressions are key regulators of plant growth and development at both optimal and under low-temperature stress conditions. However, the mechanistic link between microRNA and auxin in regulating plant cold stress response remains elusive. To better understand the role of microRNA (miR) in the crosstalk between auxin and cold stress responses, we took advantage of the mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered response to auxin transport and signal. Screening of the mutants for root growth recovery after cold stress at 4 °C revealed that the auxin signaling mutant, solitary root 1 (slr1; mutation in Aux/IAA14), shows a hypersensitive response to cold stress. Genome-wide expression analysis of miRs in the wild-type and slr1 mutant roots using next-generation sequencing revealed 180 known and 71 novel cold-responsive microRNAs. Cold stress also increased the abundance of 26–31 nt small RNA population in slr1 compared with wild type. Comparative analysis of microRNA expression shows significant differential expression of 13 known and 7 novel miRs in slr1 at 4 °C compared with wild type. Target gene expression analysis of the members from one potential candidate miR, miR169, revealed the possible involvement of miR169/NF-YA module in the Aux/IAA14-mediated cold stress response. Taken together, these results indicate that SLR/IAA14, a transcriptional repressor of auxin signaling, plays a crucial role in integrating miRs in auxin and cold responses.

Casparian strip (CS) is an impregnation of endodermal cell wall, forming an apoplastic diffusion barrier which forces the symplastic and selective transport of nutrients across endodermis. This extracellular structure can be found in the roots of all higher plants and is thought to provide the protection of vascular tissues. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox regulating the formation of Casparian strips has emerged recently. However, Arabidopsis has the stereotypical root which is much simpler than most other plant species. To understand the Casparian strip formation in a more complex root system, we examined CS regulatory pathways in tomato. Our results reveal a spatiotemporally conserved expression pattern of most essential components of CS machinery in tomato. Further functional analyses verify the role of homologous CS genes in the Casparian strip formation in tomato, indicating the functional conservation of CS regulatory cascade in tomato.

The primary goal of enhancing automatic generation control (AGC) in interconnected multi-area power systems is to ensure high-quality power generation and reliable distribution during emergencies. These systems still struggle with consistent stability and effective response under dynamic load conditions despite technological advancements. This research introduces a secondary controller designed for load frequency control (LFC) to maintain stability during unexpected load changes by optimally tuning the parameters of a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller using pelican optimization algorithm (POA). An interconnected power system for ith multi-area is modeled in this study; meanwhile, for determining the optimal PID gain settings, a four-area interconnected power system is developed consisting of thermal, reheat thermal, hydroelectric, and gas turbine units based on the ith area model. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the proposed controller's robustness under different load conditions (1%, 2%, and 10% step load perturbation) and adjusting nominal parameters (R, Tp, and Tij) within a range of ±25% and ±50%. The performance response indicates that the POA-optimized PID controller achieves superior performance in frequency stabilization and oscillation reduction, with the lowest integral time absolute error (ITAE) value showing improvements of 7.01%, 7.31%, 45.97%, and 50.57% over gray wolf optimization (GWO), Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm (MFOA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]