Search

For a long time, the interactions of the solar wind with the Earth’s magnetosphere have been analyzed with the help of three-dimensional (3D) global particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation where the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is steadily northward. Yet the Earth’s magnetosphere and the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI) in a global, dayside and nightside magnetotail configuration using the 3D PIC simulations has not been well examined. In this work, we compared the simulation results for both high and low Alfven Mach numbers of MA=5 and MA=1, respectively. Our results show diverse magnetospheric dynamics by taking into account the various Alfvenic Mach conditions. The relationship between the upstream magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere behavior is investigated. In both the meridian and equatorial planes, the effects of Alfven Mach number on magnetospheric characteristics such as electron/ion densities and current densities are explored. The structure of the magnetosphere is also investigated at high and low Alfven Mach numbers. The solar-terrestrial interaction as a result of various solar activities is investigated in this work utilizing a large-scale global three-dimensional PIC simulation.

A series of four glass specimens with the molar percentage formula 20PbO–50B2O3–30CaO–xEr2O3–yNd2O3: (x, y) = (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1) mol% were synthesized by the conventional melt quenching process, namely PBC-Nd0Er0, PBC-Nd0Er1, PBC-Nd1Er0, and PBC-Nd1Er1. Structure, physical, optical properties, and gamma-radiation protection efficiency of the synthesized glasses have been investigated. XRD measurements confirmed that the synthesized glasses were in non-crystalline nature. The glasses density was increased from 4.13 to 4.30 g/cm3. The direct optical band gap (OBG) decreases from 3.57 to 3.18 eV, while the indirect (OBG) decreases from 2.90 to 2.75 eV. Refractive index (n) follows the order PBC-Nd1Er1 > PBC-Nd0Er0 > PBC-Nd1Er0 > PBC-Nd0Er1. The PBC-Nd1Er1 glass sample has the highest (Ed = 25 eV), the lowest (Eo = 2 eV), and the highest value of (no) equal to 3.67 compared with other glasses. Both of optical and electrical conductivities (σoptical and σelectrical) follow the order: PBC-Nd1Er1 > PBC-Nd0Er1 > PBC-Nd1Er0 > PBC-Nd0Er0. The maximum ability for the investigated glasses to block the radiations passing through them occurred at 0.223 meV, and the LAC lies in the range of 1.650 cm−1 for PBC-Nd0Er0 and 1.719 cm−1 for PBC-Nd1Er1. By contrast, the minimum ability took place at 1.458 meV, and at this energy, the LAC lies in the range of 0.216 and 0.224 cm−1. The HVL values show that there is a trend to attenuating potentiality reducing as the energy raises from 0.223 to 1.458 meV. It is shown that the PBC-Nd1Er1 glass sample possesses the superior optical properties and shielding capacity among each of other investigated glasses.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex synovial articulation between themandibular condyle and the glenoid fossa of temporal bone. The question of whethera relationship exists between orthodontic treatment, abnormal condyle and diskposition, and temporomandibular disorders has been investigated for many years.Despite the abundance of studies, the question continues to trouble orthodontists.This study conducted to assess the relationship between orthodontic treatments,abnormal condyle and disk position, with temporomandibular disorders, and to studythe disk- condyle relationship in term of presence or absence of anterior diskdisplacement. By mean of Magnetic Resonance Imaging a cross sectionalinvestigation for the condyles of temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and disk positionwas conducted to 50 TMJs of 25 patients between 19-30 years of age who hadundergone orthodontic treatment (by upper and lower fixed orthodontic applianceswith extraction of maxillary first premolar only for treatment of class II division 1malocclusion), and 50 TMJs of 25 patients who had not yet received orthodontictreatment from the same class and matched age group.The results of this study showed that 30% of pre-treatment group have anteriordisk displacement in comparison to 26.0% of the post treatment group. The condyleposition is more concentric in post treatment group than pre-treatment, and theposition of the disk is not affected by orthodontic treatment. This conclude thatcondyle position of the TMJ may be affected by orthodontic treatment, but the diskposition is not.

Background: Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) causes amebiasis in humans and is in charge of 100,000 deaths yearly, making it the third driving reason for death because of a protozoan parasite. Giardiasis is a main diarrheal disease with international allocation caused by Giardia lamblia. Aim of the Study: To show the current prevalence of Eh and G. lamblia infection among people living in Al-Shomally region in Babil, Middle of Iraq, as a cause of diarrhea in the community and for thorough recognition of this social problem and its important drawbacks on the general health. Methods: A total of 3176 patients with different ages attending the Al-Shomally General Hospital in Babil Province, middle of Iraq, in 2015 were involved. After collection, samples examined via macroscopic and microscopic examination for the presence of Eh and G. lamblia utilizing normal saline and lugholes iodine by direct method examination. Results: From 3176 patients with diarrheal episodes, 699 (22%) were infected by either of Eh (17.91%) or by G. lamblia (4.09%). The highest rate of infections of Eh and G. lamblia was in the age group of 15–44 years and more than 45 years, respectively. Most infection of Eh occurs in February. No significant differences between male and female (50.65% and 49.35% respectively) were observed. Conclusions: This study demonstrated high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection (Eh and G. lamblia) in the investigation region. Eh is prominent etiology of dysentery in Al-Shomally region. There is an urgent need to improve the living conditions, providing proper sewage disposal system and health education, and treat the infected persons by applying survey programs for parasites.