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India did phased measles-rubella supplementary immunisation activities (MR-SIAs; ie, mass-immunisation campaigns) targeting children aged 9 months to less than 15 years. We estimated measles-rubella seroprevalence before and after the MR-SIAs to quantify the effect on population immunity and identify remaining immunity gaps.Between March 9, 2018 and March 19, 2020 we did community-based, cross-sectional serosurveys in four districts in India before and after MR-SIAs. 30 villages or wards were selected within each district, and one census enumeration block from each was selected as the survey cluster. Households were enumerated and 13 children in the younger age group (9 months to5 years) and 13 children in the older ager group (5 to15 years) were randomly selected by use of computer-generated random numbers. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses by enzyme immunoassay.Specimens were collected from 2570 children before the MR-SIA and from 2619 children afterwards. The weighted MR-SIA coverage ranged from 73·7% to 90·5% in younger children and from 73·6% to 93·6% in older children. Before the MR-SIA, district-level measles seroprevalence was between 80·7% and 88·5% among younger children in all districts, and between 63·4% and 84·5% among older children. After the MR-SIA, measles seroprevalence among younger children increased to more than 90% (range 91·5 to 96·0) in all districts except Kanpur Nagar, in which it remained unchanged 80·4%. Among older children, measles seroprevalence increased to more than 90·0% (range 93·7% to 96·5%) in all districts except Hoshiarpur (88·7%). A significant increase in rubella seroprevalence was observed in all districts in both age groups, with the largest effect in Dibrugarh, where rubella seroprevalence increased from 10·6% to 96·5% among younger children.Measles-rubella seroprevalence increased substantially after the MR-SIAs but the serosurvey also identified remaining gaps in population immunity.The BillMelinda Gates Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research.

In this study, a video-based teaching program was used to assess the knowledge of young mothers in identifying developmental milestones. The purpose of this study was (1) to assess the effectiveness of video-based program, (2) to assess the knowledge of young mothers in identifying developmental milestones. Methods. Self-structured tool on knowledge regarding developmental milestones was used in this study. Each mother participated in the questionnaire. In the final position, the questionnaire score was obtained and the results was evaluated using inferential and descriptive statistics. Results. A mean value of 4.94 pre-test and a mean value of 11.17 post-test were obtained for all the subjects. There was a strong correlation between the pre-test and post-test measurements (df=. 6.23). There was a difference between the pre/posttest St. Deviation of 2.37 and 1.45, with t value of 22.70. The results from the analysis shows that after the administration of the VBTP which was conducted online, there was a significant increase in the knowledge regarding DM among young mothers.

The COVID-19 epidemic has had a major impact on human lives as well as the global financial system. The global spread of a novel coronavirus turned into a pandemic, and its impact on humanity is currently the talk of the town. This virus has afflicted every country on the planet, and the nationwide lockdown has had a short-term worldwide environmental impact. The exponential rise in COVID-19 transmission and mortality rates has brought the entire planet to a stop as a result of its devastating implications. The country's social and economic development were severely harmed as a result of the nationwide lockdown. However, it has some good environmental effects, particularly in terms of air quality, since particulate matter (PM), NO2, and CO concentrations in major cities throughout the world are reduced. In India, PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and NH3 concentrations were reduced by 51.84 percent, 53.11 percent, 52.68 percent, 17.97 percent, 30.35 percent, 0.78 percent, and 12.33 percent, respectively. This research examines the national lockdown's environmental and climatic effects, as well as India's air pollution levels before and after the lockdown.

Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has led to psychological distress among healthcare workers. We aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia severity among various occupational categories of frontline HCWs in COVID-19 treatment settings in Kathmandu, Nepal. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional web-based study was conducted over some time of 3 months from March to June 2021 among the frontline healthcare workers in Kathmandu, Nepal. An electronic survey link was sent via email and other social messaging sites and was requested to fill a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic information along with the Generalized Severity Disorder (GAD-7) and Insomnia Severity Index. Results: Out of 200 participants, most the respondents 87 (43.5%) had no anxiety disorder. 67 (33.5%) participants had mild levels of anxiety, 25 (12.5%) had moderate anxiety and 21 (10.5%) had severe anxiety. More than half participants (109, 54.5%) had no clinically significant insomnia. Subthreshold insomnia was seen in 63 (31.5%), clinical insomnia (Moderate) was seen in 23 (11.5%) and 5 (2.5%) of study participants had clinical insomnia (Severe). Conclusion: Due to the Covid-19 pandemic mental well-being of frontline HCWs is affected.

Health entitlements and wisdom pointed to expeditious identification and reverent control of diarrheal had been a crucial part of the CSSM. The health Evidence TM tool was used to 1) find and obtain relevant research evidence; 2) assess the methodological quality of the research evidence, and 3) synthesize the evidence. Individuals must make certain that their occupations do not create any health issues. All people value their jobs since they provide them with a source of money. Some people may not be content, yet they must work in order to make a living. When children work in dangerous industries, it is critical that they receive suitable training and have the necessary skills.

Efficacy of Virtual Education Program to evaluate the Knowledge of Young Mothers in Developmental Milestones. -A survey in Delhi/NCR. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual education program to assess knowledge of young mothers in identifying developmental milestones. Design: A Cross section study was performed on young mothers via online mode of (pre-posttest). Outcome measures: Google form. Population: Young mothers within Delhi NCR, with no more than two children, and a mean age of 20-45 years were included. Backgroud and Purpose: In this study online session have given to assess the knowledge of young mothers in identifying developmental milestones. The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the efficacy of online education program on knowledge of young mothers to identifying developmental milestones, (2) To evaluate the outcomes of pre-test and posttest. Subjects. The participants were 100 young mothers from Delhi NCR. Methods. Self-structured questionnaire on knowledge regarding developmental milestones was used in this study, the questionnaire consists of 12 multiple choice answer questions in both the pre-test and post-test, with a video demonstrating the chronological progression of each gross motor milestone ranging from first month of life to twelve months respectfully. Each mother participated in the questionnaire.

We conclude our review that the spread of the dengue outbreak was facilitated by the community's ignorance and sloth, as well as government authorities. People, religious scholars, leaders, and government organisations, on the other hand, were not organised to participate in dengue prevention and eradication, which raised the risk of infection in the community. For the implementation of preventative policies, the report advises organising local communities and activating local leadership with the active engagement of government and non-government groups.

Background: In recent years, healthcare workers have become more dependent on social media platforms such as blogs, wikis, and social media sites. However, little research has been done on physicians' perspectives and experiences with social media in hospitals. Using social media to better manage health care data is becoming increasingly common. Despite the massive expansion of studies in this field, little effort has been made to look back at previous work. The purpose of the study clearly tends to examine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of social media for managing health data. Objective: The purpose of the study is to gain a summary of the existing data on the health implications of social media services. Methodology: A literature search was undertaken in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus for all English-language studies published since 2010 that addressed social media use in any way possible for health care and media.

The Goal of The United Nations' Sustainable Development is to reduce under-five mortality to or at below 25 per 1000 live births. The large and vulnerable group with a high-risk population in India is the age group of children under the age of five years. According to UNICEF, South Asia has the highest proportion of recorded child mortality, with India accounting for a quarter of them. Being a member of a tribal community adds to this vulnerability. When compared to other social classes, tribal children had a 19% higher chance of dying during the newborn period and a 45% higher risk during the post-neonatal era. The Indian government is working hard to put child survival at the forefront of its agenda and has devised a particular plan for vulnerable populations. It uses content analysis to examine existing policies, programs, and research involving children under the age of five. The findings revealed the historical development of child policies dating back to 1974 with the creation of the first child policy. Meanwhile, several initiatives to enhance the health of children under the age of five have been made.

Introduction: The awareness and practices of the general population regarding handling of medical emergency situations is important as many lives can be saved from premature deaths if many people are equipped to handle emergency situation. The aim and objective of this study was to assess awareness about medical emergency and practices pertaining medical emergencies. Methodology; This cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 residents from 10 randomly selected villages in Hapur district, Uttar Pradesh, recruited using simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face-to-face interview from July 2020 to Feb 2021. Result: A total of 202 participants were included in the study. We estimated 174(86.1%) are males and 28(13.9%) females in this study. Education of participants 94(46.5%) completed primary school, 76(37.6%) high school, 22(10.9%) senior secondary school, 8(4%) are illiterates and 2(1%) are university graduates. Regarding family size, 194(96%) are married while 8(4%) are single.

Background: In January 2021, India launched its largest COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Vaccines were distributed at 3,006 locations across India. The health-care workers were given first preference for vaccination. Vaccines are intended to provide immunity without the risk of disease transmission. Methods: A survey was conducted among private dental practitioners and their staff to inquire about their vaccination status, symptoms experienced, post-vaccination dental practice, and out-patient care. A complete list of registered dentists was compiled. A total of 315 participants were interviewed, including both private dental practitioners and their staffs, and data collected via phone call. Results: A total of 315 participants from 120 Dental Clinics in Belgaum City were included in the current study. 84.1% of the population were immunized. The majority of them (80.38%) were vaccinated with Covishield, and (69.06%) received two doses. In addition, 90.57% of participants experienced one or more symptoms following vaccination. The main symptoms reported were Fever/Chills (50.19%), Fatigue (27.12%), Headache (22.26%). Only 0.75% had diarrhea. None of the symptoms were life-threatening or necessitated hospitalization. Conclusion: The vaccine acceptance rate was 84.1% in the study. Mild and short post-vaccination symptoms was reported in more than two-thirds of healthcare professionals.

Children in India face health issues and are afflicted by illnesses and disorders. There are a variety of factors that contribute to these issues. It is the parents' primary obligation to ensure that their children receive good nourishment and education and that the home environment is created in such a way that it promotes the health and well-being of the children in an acceptable manner. The causes of health problems, the prevalence of childhood health problems, child health interventions, and strategies to avoid health problems among children are the key topics covered in this study paper. It is critical that individuals from deprived, marginalized, and socioeconomically backward areas of society raise awareness about these initiatives. Individuals of all classifications, backgrounds, and occupations must be aware of health issues affecting children and how to address them.

Background The availability of various types of COVID-19 vaccines and diverse characteristics of the vaccines present a dilemma in vaccination choices, which may result in individuals refusing a particular COVID-19 vaccine offered, hence presenting a threat to immunisation coverage and reaching herd immunity. The study aimed to assess global COVID-19 vaccination intention, vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance and desirable vaccine characteristics influencing the choice of vaccines. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted between 4 January and 5 March 2021 in 17 countries worldwide. Proportions and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance were generated and compared across countries and regions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Results Of the 19,714 responses received, 90.4% (95% CI 81.8–95.3) reported likely or extremely likely to receive COVID-19 vaccine. A high proportion of likely or extremely likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was reported in Australia (96.4%), China (95.3%) and Norway (95.3%), while a high proportion reported being unlikely or extremely unlikely to receive the vaccine in Japan (34.6%), the U.S. (29.4%) and Iran (27.9%). Males, those with a lower educational level and those of older age expressed a higher level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Less than two-thirds (59.7%; 95% CI 58.4–61.0) reported only being willing to accept a vaccine with an effectiveness of more than 90%, and 74.5% (95% CI 73.4–75.5) said they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine with minor adverse reactions. A total of 21.0% (95% CI 20.0–22.0) reported not accepting an mRNA vaccine and 51.8% (95% CI 50.3–53.1) reported that they would only accept a COVID-19 vaccine from a specific country‐of‐origin. Countries from the Southeast Asia region reported the highest proportion of not accepting mRNA technology. The highest proportion from Europe and the Americas would only accept a vaccine produced by certain countries. The foremost important vaccine characteristic influencing vaccine choice is adverse reactions (40.6%; 95% CI 39.3–41.9) of a vaccine and effectiveness threshold (35.1%; 95% CI 33.9–36.4). Conclusions The inter-regional and individual country disparities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy highlight the importance of designing an efficient plan for the delivery of interventions dynamically tailored to the local population. Graphic Abstract

Supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) aim to interrupt measles transmission by reaching susceptible children, including children who have not received the recommended two routine doses of MCV before the SIA. However, both strategies may miss the same children if vaccine doses are highly correlated. How well SIAs reach children missed by routine immunization is a key metric in assessing the added value of SIAs.Children aged 9 months to younger than 5 years were enrolled in cross-sectional household serosurveys conducted in five districts in India following the 2017-2019 measles-rubella (MR) SIA. History of measles containing vaccine (MCV) through routine services or SIA was obtained from documents and verbal recall. Receipt of a first or second MCV dose during the SIA was categorized as "added value" of the SIA in reaching un- and under-vaccinated children.A total of 1,675 children were enrolled in these post-SIA surveys. The percentage of children receiving a 1st or 2nd dose through the SIA ranged from 12.8% in Thiruvananthapuram District to 48.6% in Dibrugarh District. Although the number of zero-dose children prior to the SIA was small in most sites, the proportion reached by the SIA ranged from 45.8% in Thiruvananthapuram District to 94.9% in Dibrugarh District. Fewer than 7% of children remained measles zero-dose after the MR SIA (range: 1.1-6.4%) compared to up to 28% before the SIA (range: 7.3-28.1%).We demonstrated the MR SIA provided considerable added value in terms of measles vaccination coverage, although there was variability across districts due to differences in routine and SIA coverage, and which children were reached by the SIA. Metrics evaluating the added value of an SIA can help to inform the design of vaccination strategies to better reach zero-dose or undervaccinated children.

Tuberculosis (TB) has long afflicted communities and nations. People have suffered for generations as a result of tuberculosis, and even today, when newer methods of diagnosing and treating the disease have made it curable, people continue to suffer and dying from it and malnutrition, overcrowding, air pollution, poor living conditions, and other factors that contribute to the TB burden. Financial decentralisation, as well as increased community participation, are required to achieve TB control in India. Furthermore, RNTCP should be effectively integrated with other related programmes i.e., the NACP to address co-infection (TB-HIV) and the National Rural Health Mission. Emerging problems such as childhood tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis should be addressed. Financial decentralisation, as well as increased community participation, are required to achieve TB control in India. Furthermore, RNTCP should be effectively integrated with other related programmes i.e., the NACP to address co-infection (TB-HIV) and the National Rural Health Mission. Emerging problems such as childhood tuberculosis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis should be addressed.