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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) significantly impacts children's neurological development, behaviour, and overall well-being, affecting academic performance and social interactions. This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of dietary interventions (DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, Vitamin D3 supplementation, magnesium, and impact of artificial food colors and marine oils) and supplements alongside standard pharmacotherapy in managing ADHD symptoms. Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, we extensively searched various databases for studies published from 2016 to 2022. Out of an initial pool of 7873 records, 14 randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria following rigorous screening. Our findings suggest that gluten-free diets may alleviate ADHD symptoms despite negative celiac serology, highlighting the role of non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Moreover, vitamin and mineral supplements like vitamin D and magnesium showed varying degrees of effectiveness in improving behavioural and emotional symptoms. Innovative treatments, such as combining saffron with methylphenidate and using marine oil extracts, also demonstrated potential in enhancing behaviours associated with ADHD. The review underscores the importance of dietary approaches, such as the DASH diet and specific exclusions (e.g., a few foods diet and an oligoantigenic diet), in managing symptoms by addressing nutritional factors. Studies on probiotics and interventions targeting gut microbiota composition yielded mixed results, necessitating further exploration. Limitations include study diversity and short-term outcome assessments, cautioning against broad generalizations. Integrating personalized dietary assessments and interventions into ADHD treatment strategies could optimize therapeutic outcomes and potentially reduce reliance on pharmacotherapy alone. In summary, this systematic review highlights the potential benefits of dietary modifications and supplements in managing ADHD symptoms. Future research should prioritize long-term efficacy, interactions with conventional medications, and personalized dietary approaches to refine ADHD treatment strategies., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Abhishek et al.)

Obesity is associated with a broad spectrum of comorbidities, including metabolic dysregulation, cardiovascular complications, and socioeconomic impacts. Traditional lifestyle interventions often yield transient results in weight management, while bariatric surgery offers a promising alternative. This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and focused on randomized controlled trials comparing bariatric surgery (e.g., Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding (AGB), and sleeve gastrectomy (SG)) with non-surgical therapies (drug therapy and lifestyle modifications) in the management of obesity-related comorbidities, particularly hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We comprehensively searched databases like PubMed, PMC, and EBSCO using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to obesity, bariatric surgery, and non-surgical treatments. We included seven studies involving participants aged 18-64 published within the last six years. We rigorously assessed these studies for quality and extracted data to evaluate outcomes such as weight loss, diabetes remission rates, hypertension management, and renal function. The review found that bariatric surgery consistently resulted in substantial and sustained weight loss compared to non-surgical therapies. Surgical interventions significantly improved hypertension control, reduced cardiovascular risks, and enhanced glycemic control in diabetic patients. The effectiveness of bariatric surgery in promoting diabetes remission was attributed not only to weight loss but also to physiological changes in gastrointestinal anatomy, gut hormones, and energy balance regulation. Limitations identified in the literature included variations in study methodologies, follow-up durations, and patient characteristics, which limited direct comparisons and generalizations. Future research should incorporate more extended follow-up periods and standardized methods to further validate these findings' durability and broad applicability across diverse patient populations. In conclusion, bariatric surgery emerges as an effective treatment option for managing obesity-related comorbidities, particularly hypertension and T2DM. While acknowledging the inherent risks and complexities associated with surgical interventions, ongoing research and clinical innovations are crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of obesity-related diseases., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Abhishek et al.)