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Forests play an important role in maintaining environmental equilibrium in the ecosystem. Forest fires, which can occur for a variety of reasons, are the greatest threat to forests. In order to control forest fires, it is critical to assess the formation and behavioral characteristics of forest fires. Detecting fire areas and the severity is much easier with satellite images obtained with advancing technologies. The main objective of this study is to extract burn area from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images of 2017 using six vegetation indices. Remote sensing data was used to study a forest fire in the Nivale (Kolhapur) beat of Chandoli National Park of Maharashtra. The Department of Divisional Forest Officer (Wildlife)- Chandoli National Park at Karad (DDFO-CNP) provided reference data indicating that the fire had damaged 194 hectares of Scrub forest. In addition, forest fire areas were determined using an objectbased image classification technique. When the findings of the study are compared to the values obtained by DDFO- CNP, it is found that Sentinel-2's object-based analysis provided the highest accuracy with an overall accuracy of 84 % and 0.795 Kappa statistics. Landsat-8 image has 82 % overall accuracy and 0.765 Kappa value. The findings of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 spectral indices showed the Sentinel-2 had better results in all indices. Differenced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and Relative Difference Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) performed better than other indexes with a difference of only 18.27 and 30.88 hectares respectively. According to the fire severity analysis, a burn area with high intensity in Sentinel-2 was identified as moderate-high in Landsat-8. As per the research findings, sentinel-2 had a high severity area of 28.72 ha and a low severity area of 37.04 ha. It shows that satellite images of Sentinel-2 are highly suitable than Landsat-8 for estimating scrub forest fire areas. Finally, the findings of this study could be useful to forest managers to monitor burn regions quickly after the fire and in reducing severity and frequency of forest fires.

There has been recent introduction of novel lithotripters and high-power lasers for stone disintegration. With miniaturization of PCNL, there is need of effective disintegration and faster stone-clearance. This study aimed to evaluate efficiency of Trilogy™ and Thulium fibre laser (TFL) in mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL). This is prospective study comparing efficiency and outcomes of Trilogy™ and TFL in mini-PCNL between January 2019 and February 2020. Primary objective was to compare stone fragmentation rates, with secondary objectives beings stone-free rates and complications. There were 60 mini-PCNL with suction using either Trilogy™ or TFL energy source. Mean stone size and density were 27.60 ± 10.17 mm, 22.04 ± 9.69 mm (p = 0.05) and 1172.9 ± 313.5HU, 1308.9 ± 333.9HU (p = 0.10) for Trilogy™ and TFL, respectively. Using 3D doctor imaging software from CT images, mean stone volumes were 3718.9 ± 3038.7mm3 for Trilogy™ and 3425.9 ± 3096.1mm3 for TFL(p = 0.77). Using probe-activation time or lasing time, stone-fragmentation rate was 5.98 ± 4.25mm3/sec for Trilogy™ and 3.95 ± 1.00mm3/sec for TFL(p = 0.015). Treatment time (puncture to complete clearance) was 32.48 ± 15.39 min for Trilogy™ and 28.63 ± 18.56 min for TFL(p = 0.38). Haemoglobin drop was 1.19 ± 0.76gm/dl for Trilogy™ and 0.99 ± 0.74gm/dl for TFL (p = 0.30). Trilogy™ arm had 96.6% complete clearance and TFL had 76.6% in TFL at 48 h. One patient in Trilogy™ arm required auxiliary RIRS for residual stone. Both arms had complete stone clearance at 1 month follow-up. Trilogy™ arm had 3 Clavien–Dindo grade-II complications while TFL had 2 Clavien–Dindo grade-II complications (UTI requiring antibiotics). There was no blood transfusion in either of arm. Trilogy™ had significantly better stone fragmentation rate than TFL in managing renal stones. However, stone-free rates and complications were comparable for Trilogy™ and TFL.

Ayurveda has given much importance to prevent the diseases by stating various measures. Medicated smoke fumigation (Dhoopana) is one of such measures described for disinfection as well as protection from poisonous animals and insects. Herbal, herbo-mineral and animal origin formulations containing volatile oil and having antimicrobial property are used for medicated smoke fumigation. Fumigation with such drugs is safe, natural and cost effective technique. Mosquito borne diseases are major human health problem in all tropical and subtropical countries by affecting millions of people each year. Commercial repellents like Allethrin, DEET have been reported many harmful effects for humans. There is a need for further standardised studies in order to develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. A review is planned to investigate ingredients of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad through analyzing published experimental research work. Out of eight ingredients of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad, two showed mosquito repellent effect and three have mosquito larvicidal effect. This paper is foot step in the efforts to establish probable mode of action of Jatwadi Dhoom Agad as insect repellent. The effect of smoke of these drugs may be repellent for mosquitoes. All drugs have shown antimicrobial activity in vitro. This product has potential to be used as fumigation product in current COVID 19 pandemic.

Coronavirus (COVID 19) disease predominantly affects the Respiratory system and cause by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2). It enters into the host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), a part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) found in the epithelium of the nasal, lungs. Aim: Chest Radiographic findings in COVID-19 patients detected for COVID care. Applying the novel chest radiographic scoring in disease-spread patients is admitted to the COVID care center and its correlation with blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and clinical severity. Objective: 1) To apply the novel chest radiographic scoring in patients of COVID 19 infection are admitted to our Covid Care Centre and 2) To apply its correlation with blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and clinical severity. Results: 1) We found a moderate negative correlation between the chest radiographic score and SpO2. 2) Weak positive correlation between Clinical grading and CxR score. Conclusion: Chest radiographic score taking into account the nature of opacities and extent is useful in classifying the patients into mild-moderate, severe, and critical grades. Take-home Message: A chest radiograph can be used as a baseline radiological investigation in COVID 19 patients as it can help to triage them according to the severity and treat them accordingly.

Fixed prosthodontics is a zestful and progressing branch because of the numerous advantages that it has over removable prosthesis. The oral cavity for each scenario has its own complications and hence every individual case has its own approach keeping in mind the comfort, function, and aesthetics of the patient. In some cases, we come across an edentulous space on both the sides, creating a lone free-standing tooth. This clinical scenario with a pier abutment needs to be taken into consideration during restoration of the arch as the masticatory forces applied on the abutment teeth at one end of fixed partial denture (FPD) can result in the pier abutment acting as a fulcrum resulting in ultimate failure of the FPD and trauma to the periodontium. To overcome this complication, use of non-rigid connectors is advised. Many innovative clinical designs with modifications to the conventional bridges have been proposed over the years to undertake such a scenario most diligently. Selection of the right type of connector is imperative for the success while undertaking such a case. This era is of digital dentistry; hence, an innovative, time saving, and cost-effective way of fabricating non-rigid connector using Exocad software and 3D printing of split pontic FPD is presented in this case report.

Purpose With the advent of AI-federated technologies, it is feasible to perform complex tasks in industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) environment by enhancing throughput of the network and by reducing the latency of transmitted data. The communications in IIoT and Industry 4.0 requires handshaking of multiple technologies for supporting heterogeneous networks and diverse protocols. IIoT applications may gather and analyse sensor data, allowing operators to monitor and manage production systems, resulting in considerable performance gains in automated processes. All IIoT applications are responsible for generating a vast set of data based on diverse characteristics. To obtain an optimum throughput in an IIoT environment requires efficiently processing of IIoT applications over communication channels. Because computing resources in the IIoT are limited, equitable resource allocation with the least amount of delay is the need of the IIoT applications. Although some existing scheduling strategies address delay concerns, faster transmission of data and optimal throughput should also be addressed along with the handling of transmission delay. Hence, this study aims to focus on a fair mechanism to handle throughput, transmission delay and faster transmission of data. The proposed work provides a link-scheduling algorithm termed as delay-aware resource allocation that allocates computing resources to computational-sensitive tasks by reducing overall latency and by increasing the overall throughput of the network. First of all, a multi-hop delay model is developed with multistep delay prediction using AI-federated neural network long–short-term memory (LSTM), which serves as a foundation for future design. Then, link-scheduling algorithm is designed for data routing in an efficient manner. The extensive experimental results reveal that the average end-to-end delay by considering processing, propagation, queueing and transmission delays is minimized with the proposed strategy. Experiments show that advances in machine learning have led to developing a smart, collaborative link scheduling algorithm for fairness-driven resource allocation with minimal delay and optimal throughput. The prediction performance of AI-federated LSTM is compared with the existing approaches and it outperforms over other techniques by achieving 98.2% accuracy. Design/methodology/approach With an increase of IoT devices, the demand for more IoT gateways has increased, which increases the cost of network infrastructure. As a result, the proposed system uses low-cost intermediate gateways in this study. Each gateway may use a different communication technology for data transmission within an IoT network. As a result, gateways are heterogeneous, with hardware support limited to the technologies associated with the wireless sensor networks. Data communication fairness at each gateway is achieved in an IoT network by considering dynamic IoT traffic and link-scheduling problems to achieve effective resource allocation in an IoT network. The two-phased solution is provided to solve these problems for improved data communication in heterogeneous networks achieving fairness. In the first phase, traffic is predicted using the LSTM network model to predict the dynamic traffic. In the second phase, efficient link selection per technology and link scheduling are achieved based on predicted load, the distance between gateways, link capacity and time required as per different technologies supported such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Zigbee. It enhances data transmission fairness for all gateways, resulting in more data transmission achieving maximum throughput. Our proposed approach outperforms by achieving maximum network throughput, and less packet delay is demonstrated using simulation. Findings Our proposed approach outperforms by achieving maximum network throughput, and less packet delay is demonstrated using simulation. It also shows that AI- and IoT-federated devices can communicate seamlessly over IoT networks in Industry 4.0. Originality/value The concept is a part of the original research work and can be adopted by Industry 4.0 for easy and seamless connectivity of AI and IoT-federated devices.

Single-use disposable digital flexible ureterorenoscope has become an attractive option to reusable scope with many advantages. Currently available single-use digital fURS have outer shaft diameter above 9 Fr which requires large access sheath insertion and sometimes double J stent placement. Recently, 7.5 Fr single-use digital fURS is introduced in market by Pusen. Objective of this study is to compare two Pusen single-use scopes in the clinical setting: 7.5 Fr Uscope PU3033A and 9.5 Fr Uscope PU3022A. 30 patients, having renal stones

Introduction and Objective: Single-use flexible ureteroscopes have the benefit of decreasing infection transmission, avoiding sterilization need, and no maintenance cost. Primary objective was to c...

Introduction: Simulation-based training in laparoscopic urology is essential, as these surgeries require a skill set different from routine urologic procedures. We aim to describe and validate the ...

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease is known as a serious plague because of its regularity in different bits of the world. The signs of coronary artery issue handle a wide range from the mind boggling minor coronary atherosclerosis without angina or ischaemia to sudden passing. METHODS The present study was cross sectional, observational study carried out at tertiary care center. This study was conducted during the period from January 2016 to June 2017. All Type two Diabetes Mellitus 100 patients attending Department of Medicine included in the study. RESULTS Majority of study subjects were in age 51 - 60 years (46 %) having DM (Diabetes Mellitus) since 5 - 10 years (46 %). A lot of patients overweight (40 %), dyslipidaemia (22 %). It mean fasting and post prandial glucose among patients was 164 ± 15.18 mg / dL and 189.4 ± 23.29 mg / dL exclusively. The mean LDL, HDL, VLDL, complete cholesterol and greasy oils levels among patients was 118.14 ± 24.2 mg / dL, 42.60 ± 5.12 mg / dL, 35.68 ± 7.09 mg / dL, 204.96 ± 28.76 mg / dL, 166.17 ± 31.92 mg / dL independently. The regularity was 27 %. The prevalence of MI among DM patients was major in age pack 51 - 60 years (13 %). The ECG changes in calm MI among DM patients showed that a lot of calm MI patients had ST dejection and adjusted T wave inversion (77.77). CONCLUSIONS Standard checking ECG is be commonly useful and unobtrusive gadget in myocardial ischaemia area n asymptomatic diabetic patients. KEY WORDS Myocardial Ischaemia, Diabetes Mellitus.

To report safety and efficacy of mini-PCNL with suction attached to sheath combined with high-power Thulium Fibre laser (TFL). The secondary aim was to evaluate optimal laser settings for maximum stone dusting. Prospective, single arm study was conducted from June 2019–December 2019 using miniPCNL with suction and TFL in 54 patients with renal stones 3 mm) and weighed. Xray/CT scan imaging was performed in all patients within 48 h and 30 days to assess stone clearance. Optimal laser settings were evaluated for maximum dusting. Mean stone size was 18.32 ± 6.37 mm, volume was 2337.75 ± 1996.84mm3 and stone density was 1300.55 ± 435.32 HU. Total operative time was 39.85 ± 20.52 min, laser time was 10.08 ± 7.41 min and stone fragmentation rate was 5.02 ± 3.93 mm3/s. The procedure was completely tubeless in 37.04%, nephrostomy tube in 37.04% and DJ stent placed in 25.92%. Postoperatively, three patients had urinary infection (Clavien 2). Complete stone clearance at 48 h was achieved in 35 (64.8%) cases. 19 patients (35.2%) who had residual fragments at 48 h, had 100% clearance at one month on CT/Xray KUB. MiniPCNL using a nephrostomy sheath with suction along with high power Thulium Fibre Laser is safe and effective modality for lithotripsy. An initial laser setting of 0.2 J and 125–200 Hz was optimal for maximum dusting and simultaneous aspiration. Randomized comparative studies with other energy sources are being considered.

A heat exchanger is usually used for transferring heat from one working fluid to another without the physical interaction of the mediums. To enhance the overall heat transfer rate between the working fluids that are in thermal contact, copper foam is to be inserted into the tube of the heat exchanger such that there is maximum positive contact between the copper foam and inner surface of the tube. However, this task is very challenging due to its low machinability as it is brittle and highly susceptible to breakage. The cycle time for manually carrying out the assembly of the copper foam and heat exchanger is 9760 s with less accuracy, leading to poor production rates. As the growth of production is eminent for any business to meet the obligations of customers, workers, and other stakeholders, the efficiency of such operations has to be improved. Hence, in the present work, we conceptualized and designed a special purpose machine (SPM) to perform rolling, insertion, and expansion operations on the copper foam in an efficient manner which cannot be carried out using conventional methods. CAD models for various components were designed on Dassault systems CATIA V5, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of dies and punches was carried out on ANSYS followed by manufacturing and testing. This methodology has resulted in increased overall production rates and reducing human efforts.

Background: Migration of Hem-O-Lok clips in pelvicaliceal system after nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is rare. We present a rare case of clip migration 8 years after robotic NSS. Case Presentation: A 61-year-old female presented with right flank pain and fever 8 years after robotic NSS for clear cell carcinoma. She was reported to have an 11 mm right renal calculus (570 HU) on CT scan. She underwent flexible ureteroscopy that revealed three Hem-O-Lok clips with encrustations. We removed the clips after laser lithotripsy of the encrusted clips. She is now asymptomatic on follow-up. Conclusion: The possibility of intrarenal migration of Hem-O-Lok clips should be kept as differential diagnosis for patients presenting as renal calculus postminimal access NSS. They could act as nidus for stone formation, leading to recurrent urinary infection. Excessive tension on renorrhaphy sutures should be avoided to prevent migration of clips. The underrunning of any clip in the renal bed during reconstruction should be the standard of care.

Background:The profundafemoris artery (PFA) or deep femoral artery is a large branch that arises posterolaterally from femoral artery (FA) distal to the inguinal ligament. Primary source for the blood supply of the head of the femur is the mainly by the deep branch of profundafemoris artery (Medial circumflex artery). In the indication and choice of profundaplasty, vascular reconstructive procedure, the knowledge of the anatomy of PF may be particularly important for the clinicians dealing with them. Objectives:The study aimed at study of origin and branching pattern of PF, b. Correlation with surgical aspect of PF. Material & Methods:The present study was conducted in 10 formalin-fixed lower limbs from the Department of Anatomy, Shri AtalBihari Vajpayee Medical college& RI, Bangalore& Bangalore Medical college & Research Institute. Dissection of PFA and its branches were carried out & the following parameters were observed and photographed. Results:Origin of PF was posterolateral in 6cases , posterior in 3, & lateral in 1 to FA. Origin of MCFA was from PFA in 9cases& FA in 1.The mean distance of origin of MCFA was 1.8 cm (range 0.1-8.5 cm). Origin of LCFA was from PFA in 9 cases & FA in 1. The mean distance of origin of LCFA was 2.3 cm (range 0.3-7 cm) Conclusion:Knowledge of PFA is very important for surgeons to prevent iatrogenic injury as well as during profundoplasty as it is sole artery to supply majority of thigh region. Knowledge of variations in profundafemoris and its branches helps surgeons during preoperative clinical evaluation for surgical and interventional revascularization of the ileo-femoral and femoro-popliteal segments, in open canulation of femoral artery for cardiopulmonary bypasss, in radiological interventions for A-V malformations, and in salvage operations for traumatic limb ischemia.

IntroductionIt is observed that many healthcare workers got COVID-19 infection despite of completing both doses of Covishield vaccine. This study aimed to find real incidence of vaccine breakthrough infection.Material and methodsAll hospital employees, who were fully vaccinated were included in study. Details about their vaccine side effects, infection prior to vaccination, post vaccination infection, severity of infection, hospital and ICU admission were noted.ResultsNone encountered any significant side effects of vaccine. Of the 461 participants – 86 (18.65%) got infection average 38 days (range 14-70days) after vaccination. As per the NIH classification, out of 86, disease was mild in 69(80.2%), moderate in 10(11.62%), severe in 6(6.97%) and critical in 1(1.16%). Of these, 10(11.62%) required hospital admission. Of these 10, 2 were shifted to ICU. Of the 2, One recovered while one died. Thus mortality was 1/86(1.6%).ConclusionBreakthrough infection rate in health care workers was 18.65%. Moderate, severe or critical disease occurred in 19.7% participants even after two doses of vaccine. Mortality due to disease cannot be completely obviated due to vaccine. The vaccine was safe without any significant adverse events.

Literature has proved that implant-retained overdenture is one of the best prosthetic options in the rehabilitation of complete edentulism. Tissue-supported implant-retained overdentures have been an appropriate treatment modality for atrophic mandibular ridges. In this case report, the patient presented with Class I maxillomandibular relationship and Class II Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index. The patient was concerned about esthetics as well as the retention of the lower denture. Taking into consideration the above concerns, an implant-retained mandibular overdenture was the chosen treatment modality. There are numerous attachment systems that have been used to improve the retention, stability, and support of implant-retained overdenture. Every attachment system has its own set of advantages. The OT Equator is a new line of low-profile attachment which is a radically modified OT-CAP Normo. The rationale for using this attachment is that it is considered the smallest attachment system available with the least overall dimension. It is a resilient and self-aligning attachment system which can be used in limited inter-arch space situation. OT equator derives its name from the OT Dental Laboratory (Bologna, Italy) used as a brand name. Considering these advantages, this was the chosen attachment and proved beneficial in terms of both patient satisfaction and the overall success of the treatment.