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The present automotive vehicles have almost 75 percentage of electronics part for many applications such as air bag system, door opening system, door lock systems. The proposed system focuses on measuring various physical system’s sensor readings and predicting other subsystem function by calibration. If any hardware system gets futile in the vehicle or if any dangerous gas is released or if engine temperature becomes high by load current, the fault can be identified. The sensor readings are uninterruptedly transmitted to the dash board part via the engine part core. In dash board, comparison of the threshold is done to identify sensor failures. The trouble shooting information to the user is displayed in the dash board. This proposed work will sustain a vehicle system to be in good working condition to overcome accidents.

In this paper, the Accident Reduction Model (ARM) technique has been used to analyze different critical criteria in various industries. This ARM technique is used to determine the conclusions of the decision-making process. Valid data is obtained in the structure of the IoT with proper and consistent and useful information. The network address utility allows efficient sensor data. The necessary configuration procedure effectively monitors relevant sensor boundary values. Finally, we have ensured that the system will be able to provide dynamic performance in an IoT-based use of low-cost estimates and lower execution time.

With the increase in number of devices enabled the Internet of Things (IoT) communication with the centralized cloud computing model. With the implementation of the cloud computing model leads to increased Quality of Service (QoS). The cloud computing model provides the edge computing technologies for the real-time application to achieve reliability and security. Edge computing is considered the extension of the cloud computing technology involved in transfer of the sensitive information in the cloud edge to increase the network security. The real-time data transmission realizes the interaction with the high frequency to derive improved network security. However, with edge computing server security is considered as sensitive privacy information maintenance. The information generated from the IoT devices are separated based on stored edge servers based on the service location. Edge computing data is separated based in edge servers for the guaranteed data integrity for the data loss and storage. Blockchain technologies are subjected to different security problem for the data integrity through integrated blockchain technologies. This paper developed a Voted Blockchain Elliptical Curve Cryptography (VBECC) model for the millimetre wave application. The examination of the blockchain model is evaluated based on the edge computing architecture. The VBECC model develop an architectural model based Blockchain technology with the voting scheme for the millimetre application. The estimated voting scheme computes the edge computing technologies for the estimation of features through ECC model. The VBECC model computes the security model for the data transmission in the edge computing-based millimetre application. The experimental analysis stated that VBECC model uses the data security model ~8% increased performance than the conventional technique.

Low-voltage design is a challenge for Gilbert cell-based mixers due to stacking transconductance and switching stage. This work addresses this issue by proposing a design of a low-voltage down-conversion mixer for band #1 of multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) system in 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The mixer is tuned at band #1 at RF frequency of 3.432 GHz and IF frequency of 264 MHz. The proposed mixer uses folded cascode connection of LO and RF in order to increase headroom and to reduce the DC supply voltage for low-voltage operation. Common gate configuration is used at RF transconductance stage to enhance the input bandwidth of the mixer. RF and LO ports are matched to 50 Ω using differential T and LC matching, respectively. The resistive source denegation technique is used to linearize transconductance with respect to the bias point. The common source stage is used at the IF port as a buffer cum matching circuit it. The simulation results of the mixer show the maximum conversion gain of 9.76 dB, 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of -16.25 dBm, the third-order input intercept point (IIP3) of -4.70 dBm, an SSB noise figure of 9.036 dB, and S11of -19.490 dB at the supply voltage of 1.2 V. Excluding off chip components, proposed mixer records an active area of 926.35 μm2.

In our everyday life records, human activity identification utilizing MotionNode sensors is becoming more and more prominent. A difficult issue in ubiquitous computing and HCI is providing reliable data on human actions and behaviors. In this study, we put forward a practical methodology for incorporating statistical data into Sequential Minimization Optimization-based random forests. In order to extract useful features, we first prepared a 1-Dimensional Hadamard transform wavelet and a 1-Dimensional Local Binary Pattern-dependent extraction technique. Over two benchmark datasets, the University of Southern California-Human Activities Dataset, and the IM-Sporting Behaviors datasets, we employed sequential minimum optimization together with Random Forest to classify activities. Experimental findings demonstrate that our suggested model may successfully be utilized to identify strong human actions for matters related to efficiency and accuracy, and may challenge with existing cutting-edge approaches.

Energy storage is the process of storing previously generated energy for future usage in order to meet energy demands. The need for high-power density energy storage materials is growing across the board. The high ionic transport, superior electronic conductivity, rapid ion diffusion, high current tolerance, etc. are few among the numerous factors that can be considered the versatilities of nanomaterials. This makes the nanomaterials suitable for energy storage applications. According to the allied market research, the global nanotechnology in energy industry was estimated at $139.7 million in 2020 and is anticipated to hit $384.8 million by 2030, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.7% from 2021 to 2030. The extraordinary and improved properties of carbon-based nanomaterials and their tunable surface chemistry authorize them to be used in design of competent high-energy and high-power energy storage devices. Recent research and future progress focus on effective usage of low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage systems. In particular, versatile carbon nanomaterials with multifunctional capabilities have attracted incredible attention in different types of batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and other energy storage devices. Engineering the carbon-based nanomaterials with efficient energy storage and remarkable conversion ability embraces the promise of creating a new path for their future development. This article reviews the role of few carbon-based nanomaterials in efficiently increasing the competence and dependability of energy storage applications.

A wideband down conversion ring mixer is proposed for multi band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) system in 180 nm CMOS technology. The mixer is essentially used in a heterodyne wireless receiver to enhance the selectivity of the system. Being a nonlinear system, the mixer dominates the overall performance of the system. The design of down conversion mixer is the most challenging part of a receive chain. Wideband impedance matching always remains a challenge in any radio frequency integrated circuit design. This paper presents the design of a ring mixer with high linearity, wideband impedance matching using differential resistive impedance matching and without using any DC bias. The proposed mixer is tuned for a frequency of 3.432 GHz of band 1 of the MB-OFDM system. Mixer core is based on the FET ring mixer topology. The mixer is implemented in 180 nm CMOS technology. The mixer achieves the minimum conversion loss of 10.49 dB, 1 dB compression point (P1) of 12.40 dBm, third order input intercept point (IIP3) of 12.01 dBm, a minimum SSB noise figure of 8.99 dB, and S 11 of less than -10 dB over the frequency range of 0 to 13.61 GHz . The layout of the mixer records an active area of 183.75 μm 2 .

Artificial intelligence is intelligence revealed by software, as opposed to natural intelligence. It is the science and technology of intelligent machinery. It is also a technology that functions like people on the computer. The IoT Internet of Things is a web-based object network that can communicate and share data. AI and IoT are combined to achieve a more effective IoT process, namely AIoT, combined with the Internet and artificial intelligence. Recently, an efficient health care system was introduced with artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT research. In this paper, the usability of artificial intelligence is discussed, and the implementation of AI and IoT analytics are systematically examined as a way of enhancing the health system in the IoT model. Different AI-based and device algorithms are also explored. Edge Computing is a modern computer technology in which data are processed from the edge. Simulation result shows the accuracy, precision and specificity of decision tree approach than SVM and Naive Bayes. It offers lower bandwidth costs, more robust privacy and data security than cloud computing. Notably, advanced computing is easily used by artificial intelligence technologies.

A cable reel drum (CRD) from a hot-rolled slab lifting crane failed due to the breakage of the cable reel flat springs inside the spring cassette. The CRD is used for the movement of the tong cable, along with upward and downward movement of the crane hook. Stereoscopic observation revealed beach marks, and scanning electron microscopy showed striations confirming fatigue mode of failure. The springs should have been made of spring steel (Cr–Mo–V) as per IS 3431:1982 instead of a C–Mn steel. To find the reason of fatigue failure, the theoretical fatigue life of the flat spiral spring has been calculated. The calculation of number of fatigue cycles included bending moment, maximum stress on the spring, ultimate tensile strength and alternating stress. With all the required data, the calculated fatigue life turned to be ~9000 cycles, but the springs served 15,000 cycles, which clearly indicated beyond fatigue life usage. Different UTS values have been plotted with respect to number of fatigue cycles and clearly showed that the increase in UTS increases fatigue life. Higher UTS can be obtained by modifying the spring steel chemistry and by ensuring a proper tempered martensite microstructure. Field failures can be easily avoidable by changing the crane spring maintenance schedule from 2 years to 1.2 years, considering 600 cycles per month. For a better life, spring steel in a hardened and tempered condition, with a hardness of minimum 480 HV, should be used.

Trust is an essential parameter among sensor nodes to provide secured and successful communication. Many trust management schemes have been proposed earlier for large scale Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) however not cooperates well in terms of low dependability, memory overheads, large communication etc, therefore a system called Data Traffic Trust Scheme (DTTS) for clustered WSN is proposed here. Here the trust nodes are identified through the data traffic sampling rate. The trust rate is identified through the number of sent and receive data packets and the malicious packets are diagnosed through the un-matching packet rate. The simulation results are evaluated to show the efficiency for the proposed scheme.

This work deals with the compression energy absorption aspects of an open-cell nickel foam–natural rubber hybrid material. A comprehensive numerical analysis and elaborate experiments were the main tools used in this investigation. Open-cell nickel foam was analyzed as tetrakaidecahedron geometry. Inputs to the geometric dimensions were obtained by subjecting the nickel foam samples to x-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) technique. A Mooney–Rivlin 2 parameter-based material model was implemented for the rubber part. Analysis was carried out using finite element-based commercial software ANSYS® with explicit dynamics as the chosen analysis scheme. During analysis, symmetry boundary conditions were applied considering each unit cell to be a mirror image of the adjacent cells. Static compression experiments were conducted on fabricated samples for validation of analysis with regard to energy absorption behavior. Scanning electron microscopy examination was carried out on hybrid samples both pre- and post-compression test for better understanding of compression mechanism. The compression energy absorption value of hybrid sample is significantly better than open-cell nickel foam and natural rubber values. The study clearly demonstrates interfacial bonds failure coupled with progressive deformation of foam cell ligaments as the main reasons for enhanced energy absorption during compression loading and presents the results quantitatively as a novel feature. In the end, the paper thoroughly compares the analysis and results in a critical way.

A FET Quad ring RF down conversion mixer is designed using Predictive Technology Model (PTM) High Performance 45 nm Metal Gate High-K Strained-Si CMOS model for RF applications. Mixer is designed for 450 MHz band with RF frequency of 464 MHz, IF frequency of 5 MHz and LO frequency of 469 MHz. High-k metal gate transistors are used due to their enhanced performance and low gate leakage current. A Low pass RC type filter is used at the mixer output to reject high frequency spurious frequency components. The mixer is well tuned for required performance parameters with special reference to 450 MHz narrow band IOT applications. The mixer shows the minimum conversion loss of −11.07 dB, 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 3.10 dBm, SSB noise figure of 8.364 dB and high isolation of 171 dB both for LO to RF, LO to IF ports and 40 dB isolation value for RF to IF port.

Field of wireless communication is advancing at a very rapid rate. Some the prominent applications are wireless personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, satellite communication, cellular based communication, and many more. All of these applications demand implementation of high performance active and passive circuits operating at high frequency. Each type of wireless systems demands different performance requirements for the constituent circuits and systems. As an example, in cellular communication there are different requirements for base station and mobile stations systems. Base stations demands high power transceivers and small size not matters whereas as mobile station transceivers should be portable, small sized and should have low power profile. Even in a single transceiver system in which transmitter and receiver are integrated on single chip, there are different requirements for transmitter and receiver sections. In transmitter section noise, interference rejection and band selectivity are more relaxed compared to receiver section, but linearity and power efficiency are issues of concern in transmitter section. Further at high frequencies, parasitic capacitance and lead inductance make the design of circuits and systems very complex and challenging. Features as small size, low cost and high performance make the monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (MMIC) a very suitable option for designing circuits and systems at high frequencies. One of the specific challenges in designing an MMIC for a specified system is selection of right device and right material as per the need of circuit and system requirements. This article attempts to review some of the prominent materials used for realizing MMIC along with their characteristics advantages, disadvantages with associated active device technologies and potential application areas.

This article focuses on implementing wireless sensors for monitoring exact distance between two individuals and to check whether everybody have sanitized their hands for stopping the spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID). The idea behind this method is executed by implementing an objective function which focuses on maximizing distance, energy of nodes and minimizing the cost of implementation. Also, the proposed model is integrated with a variance detector which is denoted as Controlled Incongruity Algorithm (CIA). This variance detector is will sense the value and it will report to an online monitoring system named Things speak and for visualizing the sensed values it will be simulated using MATLAB. Even loss which is produced by sensors is found to be low when CIA is implemented. To validate the efficiency of proposed method it has been compared with prevailing methods and results prove that the better performance is obtained and the proposed method is improved by 76.8% than other outcomes observed from existing literatures.

The process of incorporating robotic technology and autonomous vehicles are increasing in all applications where for all real-time application developments time and energy can be saved for every single movement transfer as compared to human classifications. Thus, considering the advantage of autonomous process without any presence of an individual, the supply chain management can be designed using robotic technology. The robotic technology provides an informal route where all goods can be transported to different places within a short span of time, and any false identification in transfer of goods can also be easily identified. To drive the autonomous vehicle towards correct location, a precise protocol is chosen, which is termed common industrial protocol (CIP) where proper solutions can be achieved for all control applications using time synchronization model. Further, the data monitoring process is trailed using an online contrivance which is termed as internet router (IR) where short distance can be identified using corresponding addressing scheme.

This paper provides a proposal for restoring the normal PV power profile of the grid while maintaining the same volume of power. The PPM ratio in the injecting energy profile is decreased with an Energy Management (EM) algorithm. This allows more efficient integration into the grid of the hybrid PV storage systems, which helps to eliminate or to minimize the need for grid stability reductions. It is also compatible with negotiations, allowing the planned power profile to be forwarded before one day to the manager of the grid. Therefore, greater participation in the market has been achieved by the photovoltaic producers. Within one year, we have simulated with five system parameters with different kinds and PMR was reduced by up to 64 percent and the rate of power ramps decreased by up to 480 percent. These results demonstrate the success of the proposed approach.

Objective: To propose an improved double balanced down conversion mixer for band 1 of WiMedia system at RF frequency of 3.432 GHz and IF frequency of 264 MHz. Method/Analysis: The proposed mixer is based on the Gilbert cell architecture. It uses switch bias technique to improve the noise figure and resistive current injection technique to improve the conversion gain and linearity. A resonating inductor is used to cancel out the effects of parasitic capacitances. Moreover, T type impedance matching, LC impedance matching and output buffer are used at RF trans conductance stage, LO switching stage and load stage respectively for matching purpose. Mixer is simulated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology using keysight Advanced Design System (ADS) software. Findings: Simulation results show that mixer achieves maximum conversion gain of 8.057 dB, third order Input Intercept Point (IIP3) of -10.88 dBm, Double Sideband (DSB) noise figure of 3.515 dB and S11 of -22.926 dB at 1.8 V dc supply voltage. Novelty/Improvement: A high gain, low noise figure double balanced down conversion mixer with low value of input reflection coefficient and suitable linearity is proposed for band 1 of Wimedia system. Keywords: Current Injection Technique, Double Balanced, Down Conversion Mixer, L and T Type Matching Networks, Switch Bias Technique, Wimedia System

X-Ray micro Computed Tomography (µCT) technique has been applied to reconstruct 3D volume data which was subsequently used to generate 3D geometrical model of Duocel® Aluminum based closed cell foam. The tiff image set obtained from µCT was processed using open source software Avizo® and PTC Creo® to generate the Computer-aided-design (CAD) model. The model has been shown to mesh in a commercial software ANSYS® which is a precursor to engineering analysis. With the aid of software the porosity of the foam model has been ascertained at 68.5% which lies in the range of values specified by the foam supplier. This work demonstrates that µCT is an effective technique to reconstruct the complex geometrical and topological features of closed cell structures which are otherwise difficult to capture.

The proposed technique introduces a multi-porter hybrid PWM technology based on the adaptive sliding mode due to the deficit in modulation techniques, which have been used for Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) Multi-level inverters in the Carrier Phase Shift and Carrier In-Phase Disposition phases. This research is mainly focused on release of low harmonic distortion sinusoidal voltages (THD). When CHB Multi-level Inverter uses the Hybrid-Multicarrier PWM technology, as with Carrier Phase Shift PWM, then the power stability is obtained naturally links the cascading H Bridge cells. At the similar time, the harmonic vary of the output voltage and the invertors' harmonic output line voltage is the same as that of the IPD-PWM technology. The system performance is calculated by means of the MATLAB/SIMULINK/Sim Power Systems setting. The results show that, the controller proposed has satisfied its objectives and the selected control strategy remains more effective and robust. This paper gives an example of the seven-level CHB inverter and verifies the correctness of the relevant assumptions through simulation and experimental results.

Task scheduling and load balancing are major issues in cloud environments. Utilization of resource is affected directly by this. In research field of cloud, aspect of load balancing has to be considered. On front as well as back end, it has a serious impact. For balancing load, improved cuckoo search + artificial bee colony (ICSABC) algorithm is proposed in this work. It is bio-inspired load balancing scheduling algorithm. On VMs, load balance level is improved by enabling process of scheduling efficiently. In cloud computing, most important work is task scheduling. Users are paying based on resource usage time. Among resources of system, load must be distributed evenly. It increases the utilization of resource and execution time is reduced. Best task-to-virtual machine mapping is computed by proposed algorithm. Speed of VM processing and submitted workload’s length has an effect on it. Best average VM load is achieved by proposed ICSABC as shown by results of experimentation. It also results in high accuracy and low complexity time, when compared with existing methods.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is type of a wireless network without any infrastructure in which each node has the capability to seek out the best route. In the proposed system, improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO)-based AODV protocol is proposed. It is used to optimize the AODV parameters for providing better energy consumption nodes along with multiple best routing paths. The proposed method contains three phases such as network model, AODV routing protocol, and generation of objective function in IGWO-based AODV. In the network model, nodes are connected to send and receive the packets. In the second phase, the AODV protocol is focused to calculate the energy utilization through distance among nodes. In the third phase, the IGWO is used to optimize the parameters such as energy, hop count, throughput, and delay using the fitness function values. The optimized search criteria of GWO help to decrease amount of time for the search process. Thus, the simulation results conclude that the proposed IGWO-AODV algorithm is better than the existing methods in terms of lower energy utilization, excellent throughput, relatively lesser end-to-end delay, and better network lifespan.

A Low voltage and low noise figure double-balanced down-conversion mixer is proposed and implemented using ADS software in a 0.18µm CMOS process technology, at 1V DC supply voltage. The proposed mixer use DTMOS (Dynamic Threshold Voltage MOSFET) configuration at RF and LO stages for low voltage operation. LC ladder circuit is used for matching at RF port. Current injection technique is used to enhance the conversion gain. The proposed mixer is designed for a RF frequency of 3.432 GHz with an IF frequency of 264 MHz. Simulation of mixer shows maximum conversion gain of 9.212 dB, P1dB of −17.2 dBm, IIP3 of −4.828 dBm, S 11 of −29.404 dB and a SSB noise figure of 6.720 dB.

A high-gain low-power CMOS low-noise amplifier is simulated using TSMC 0.18-µm CMOS technology. The cascade topology is used to get the high-gain and low-noise figure value. The source degeneration technique is used for the wideband matching. The circuit is simulated for 3.1–10.6 GHz in ultawideband. The simulated results show the maximum gain of 21.574 dB at 6.378 GHz and positive gain maintained during the entire frequency range. The highest noise figure value is 4.311 dB at 7.662 GHz, and the lowest value is 2.477 dB at 3.1 GHz. The matching circuit at input and output terminals shows the input return loss of 22.262 dB at 10.38 GHz, while the output return loss of 30.936 dB at 4.1 GHz. The circuit is simultaed at 1.2 V which draws the power consumption of 17.734 mW. The designed circuit shows the optimum value of gain, noise figure, matching and power consumption.

This paper presents an important component of the radio frequency transceiver called as mixer. It is a critical component and plays an important role as it has the ability for frequency conversion in RF systems. This paper focuses on double balanced ring topology of passive mixers. Ring mixer is one of the best example of passive mixers because of double balanced in nature. Double balanced is one of the most widely used topology as it suppresses both LO and RF at the output the of mixer. Various techniques have been used to improve the performance of standard topology of the ring mixer such as noise figure, linearity, conversion gain and port isolation, so these techniques have been re-viewed and compared with the previous studies. This paper also have brief discussion about a useful passive circuitry say balun and its designing with mixer as this is generally used to convert single ended signal to differential signal.

In this paper, a comparative study of different types of mixer topologies is presented. Gilbert cell is widely used as core of the mixer because it provides high conversion gain, good port-to-port isolation and low even-order distortion. It is found that the linearity of mixer is very good for Multi-Tanh technique by incorporating multiple differential trans-conductance stage but it reaches to very low conversion gain whereas, use of current bleeding technique increase linearity and conversion gain of the mixer by adding current source to increase the bias current at the expense of power consumption. A very low value of noise figure can be achieved with the switched biasing technique by replacing current source with parallel connected nMOS transistors but due to use of the transistor in place of tail current source, linearity is degraded and more power is consumed. Folded Cascode Technique is used to reduce DC supply voltage by folding the LO switching stage with pMOS transistors in switching stage but it degrades the noise figure. Bulk-driven technique can be employed to lower down the power consumption by providing the switching action via the gate of LO (RF) and amplification by the bulk of LO (RF) transistors, however it reduces the linearity. High linearity is obtained by using CCPD (Cross coupled post distortion) technique by cancelling of third order derivatives but it decreases the conversion gain and consume more power due to increase in the number of auxiliary transistors. MGTR enables to achieve high linearity by incorporating auxiliary transistor but it decreases the overall conversion gain and increases noise figure of the mixer. So it is observed that there is a trade-off among the performance metrics, i.e., conversion gain, noise figure linearity, and power consumption of the mixer.

This work presents high linearity and high gain CMOS down conversion Gilbert cell mixer for ultra wide band application, designed in 0.18𝜇𝑚 technology. Inductive source degeneration is used at the RF trans-conductance stage of Gilbert cell mixer to improve the linearity of the mixer. Differential LC matching is used at RF and LO stage and current bleeding is used to increases the conversion gain and linearity of the mixer. Output buffer is used at the load to achieve 50 ohm impedance match. The proposed mixer shows low reflection coefficient less than –10 dB for entire band 1, band 2, and band 3 ranges from 3.168 GHz to 4.752 GHz frequency. The proposed mixer works at DC supply of 1.5 volt for low power consumption. Simulation results shows that the mixer achieves the conversion gain of 11.03 dB, 1 dB compression point of -14.65 dB, IIP3 is 0.257 dBm, input return loss is –24.292 dB and measured matched RF (input) port impedance of 48.79 ohm.

This paper presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) using two stage cascading topology to obtain high gain. Inductive degeneration and peaking inductor techniques are used to obtain wideband matching and flatness of gain. The proposed UWB LNA is implemented by using 180nm based CMOS TSMC technology using Advanced Design System (ADS) software.LNA achieves maximum gain of 15.5dB, minimum noise figure of 2.88dB, -6dBm of IIP3 and wideband input matching in the UWB frequency range of 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz. The proposed LNA provides group delay of 60ps and isolation of less than 25dB under the 1.8V DC power supply.

This work presents low-power- and high-gain CMOS down-conversion Gilbert cell mixer for ultrawide band application, designed in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Inductive source degeneration is used at the RF trans-conductance stage of Gilbert cell mixer to increase its linearity. Differential LC matching is used at RF and LO stage to increase the conversion gain of mixer. Output buffer is used at the load to achieve 50 ohm impedance match to improve the return-loss of the mixer. The proposed mixer shows low reflection coefficient up to −19 dB for entire band ranges from 3.168 to 3.696 GHz frequency. The proposed mixer works at DC supply of 1.5 V with low power consumption. Simulation results show that the mixer achieves the conversion gain of 10.60 dB, 1 dB compression point of −10.596, IIP3 is +0.056 dBm and matched RF (input) port impedance of 50.7 ohm.