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The present study was conducted to detect Candida tropicalis as a cause of camel mastitis (CM) using routine diagnostic tests including Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) and API (analytical profile index) test strips, which were confirmed through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene of C. tropicalis using conventional polymerase chain reaction (c-PCR) technique and to investigate of the virulence genes of C. tropicalis including secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAPT4) and agglutinin-like sequence (ALST1) genes using c-PCR. Between January 2023 and May 2023, seventy mastitis milk samples were obtained from camels in Wasit province, Iraq. Results indicated that C. tropicalis was identified in 15/70 (21.4%) and 10/15 (66.6%) of mastitis milk samples based on milk cultured in SDA and API 20C AUX, respectively. The positive samples for C. tropicalis were 15/15 (100%) via the c-PCR technique. The results also showed that C. tropicalis positive for virulence genes SAPT4 and ALST1 in camel mastitis samples were 12/15 (80%) and 10/15 (66.6%), respectively. This study concluded that C. tropicalis in camels is the most common cause of mycotic mastitis in Wasit province, Iraq. The presence of virulence factors ALST1 and SAPT genes of C. tropicalis in camel milk samples could be considered as transmission vehicle of these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dextrose, starch, NDF, and a carbohydrate (CHO) mix on utilization of ruminal ammonia in dairy cows. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (BW = 788 [+ or -] 31 kg; 217 [+ or -] 35 d in milk) were allocated to four treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin square design trial. Cows were fed an all alfalfa diet at 12-h intervals (DMI = 22.2 [+ or -] 0.25 kg/d). Treatments were control, white oat fiber (NDF); corn dextrose (GLU); cornstarch (STA); and a CHO mix (25% of each): apple pectin, GLU, STA, and NDF (MIX). Carbohydrates were introduced intraruminally during feeding at 20% of dietary DMI. Ruminal ammonia was labeled with 15N. Ruminal pH was the highest for NDF followed by STA and MIX and GLU (P < 0.001). Ruminal ammonia concentration and pool size were decreased by GLU and STA compared with NDF (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). Acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total VFA concentration in the rumen were decreased (P = 0.009 to 0.001), and butyrate was increased (P < 0.001) by GLU compared with the other CHO. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was decreased (P < 0.05) by NDF compared with the other CHO, and the flow of microbial N formed from ammonia was greater for STA compared with GLU and NDF (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Urinary N loss was decreased (P = 0.05) by GLU and STA, but overall (feces plus urine) N losses were not affected (P = 0.73) by treatment. Milk urea concentration was lowered by GLU and STA compared with NDF and MIX (P = 0.002). The proportion of bacterial N synthesized from ammonia in the rumen was greater with STA than with NDF and MIX and was least for GLU (P = 0.02). Irreversible ammonia loss and flux were lower (P = 0.09 and 0.02, respectively) for GLU than for STA and NDF. As a percentage of the dose given, cumulative secretion of [sup.15]N ammonia in milk protein was greater for STA than for GLU or NDF (P = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). This experiment demonstrated that provision of readily fermentable energy can decrease ammonia concentrations in the rumen through decreased ammonia production (GLU), or through enhanced uptake of ammonia for microbial protein synthesis (STA). Rapidly fermentable energy in the rumen decreased ammonia production and flux, but the overall efficiency of ammonia utilization for milk protein synthesis was only increased by enhancing ruminal microbial ammonia uptake. Key Words: Ammonia Utilization, Carbohydrate, Dairy Cows

Direct-drive spherical implosions can be used to access high-energy-density plasma conditions for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). In this paper, the effects of carbon impurity due to ICF capsule compression by a laser pulse on the process of D / 3 He thermonuclear plasma burning are studied in an ICF cycle. The effect of carbon impurity concentrations on the effective ignition parameters, the plasma heating rate caused by energy deposition of reaction products, and energy loss rates in the process of burning plasma have also been analyzed in the ICF process. The results obtained show that during the ICF spherical implosions of the D / 3 He fuel, the ignition temperature, T (ig) , and the confinement parameter, ρ R , in the hot spot are approximately equal to 58 keV and 5 g/cm 2 , respectively. These values are increased by the presence of impurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage (RIFLE) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring systems regarding the serum creatinine level in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study also aims to compare the sensitivity of these scoring systems with that of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as biomarkers.

Lactobacillus sp. are safe organisms for using as probiotic due to their different properties such as useful enzyme products. For example, phytase is an enzyme that has an important role in fish feed digestion. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Lactobacillus species with phytase activity from dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese and to evaluate the effects of different carbon sources on bacterial growth and phytase activity. For this purpose, Lactobacillus species were screened from dairy products using biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene analysis was used to confirm the lactobacilli class. Three of the isolates that showed the best bacterial growth and phytase activity were selected and their 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited in GeneBank. Then, to determine the optimum growth conditions, three carbon sources including glucose and sucrose at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 g L-1 and wheat bran at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 g L-1 were used in three replicates. Phytase activity of isolated bacteria including Lactobacillus sp. strains AM11, AM13, and AM14 were measured using zymoplate as well as extracellular enzyme assay. Lactobacillus sp. strain AM11 showed higher phytase activity and growth compared to the other isolates (P< 0.05). According to the results, Lactobacillus sp. strain AM11 isolates can be used as a feed supplement to improve minerals availability in fish nutrition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]