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Objectives The consumption of popular tobacco products has adverse effects on public health. Early diagnosis and treatment practices are essential based on the disease-symptom relationship in public health problems. There is a need to evaluate biochemical parameters to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of these problems with experimental studies. We aimed to investigate the biochemical and physiological effects of cigarettes, hookahs, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) that people commonly use. Methods We have used Wistar albino rats, and the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke, e-cigarette smoke, and hookah smoke for 60 min/day for seven days. We detected malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NOx), protein carbonyl oxidation (PCO), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in blood samples taken after the experiment. Results We observed that the redox balance was disturbed in all groups. E-cigarettes mainly triggered lipid peroxidation; only hookah activated the intracellular antioxidant system. Conclusions Cigarette, hookah, and e-cigarette smoking should be considered high-risk factors for individual and public health. The use of tobacco products adversely affects public health.

Hayvan kurtarma, bir hayvanı tehlikeli bir yerden güvenli bir yere, en uygun yöntemi kullanarak transfer etmek anlamına gelir. Hayvan kurtarmanın temel ilkesi, en basit, en güvenli ve en pratik teknikler kullanılarak, hayvanın ve personelin yaralanma riskini en aza indirecek şekilde müdahale etmektir. Genel bir kural olarak, prosedür ne kadar ayrıntılı olursa, kurtarıcıların ve mağdurun güvenliği için risk o kadar fazla olur. Acil kurtarma operasyonları hem personelin güvenliğini hem de kazazede hayvanın olay sonrası kurtarma için prognozunu optimize etmelidir. Büyük hayvanları daha verimli ve güvenli bir şekilde kurtarmak için teknikler ve özel ekipmanlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu tekniklerin net bir şekilde anlaşılması çok önemlidir. Bu kurtarma prosedürlerinden biri de yatan hayvanların taşınmasıdır. Bu makalede, yatan hayvanların taşınması ve acil kurtarma operasyonlarında kullanılan temel prosedürler olan kurtarma kaydırağının kullanılması açıklanmaktadır. The basis of animal rescue is to transfer an animal from a dangerous place to a safe place with the most appropriate method. The main principle is to use the simplest, safest, and most practical techniques while intervening in an incident, thus reducing the risk of injury to both the castaway animal and rescuers. As a general rule, the more detailed the procedure, the greater the risk to the rescuers’ and victim’s safety. Emergency rescue operations should optimize both rescuer safety and the victim’s prognosis for post-incident recovery. Techniques and special equipment have been developed to rescue large animals more efficiently and safely. These techniques should be known without missing points. One of these rescue procedures is the transport of recumbent animals. This article deals with that transport of movement restricted animals and using the rescue glide, which is a basic procedure used in emergency rescue.

The development of treatment protocols that can reduce side effects in chemotherapy applications is extremely important in terms of cancer treatment. In this context, it was aimed to investigate the effects of boric acid and borax on cisplatin toxicity (nephrotoxicity) in rats. In the experimental phase, eight groups were formed from rats. Boric acid and borax were given to the treatment groups with three different doses using gavage. On the fifth day of the study, cisplatin (10 mg/kg) was administered to all rats except the control group. At the end of the study, oxidative stress-related (GSH, MDA, PCO, GPx, 8-OHdG), inflammation-related (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-18, MCP-1, ICAM, TGF-beta), apoptosis-related (p53, caspase 1, 3, 8, 12, bcl-2, bcl-xL, NFkB), and ER stress-related (GRP78, ATF-6, PERK) basic parameters were analyzed in serum, erythrocyte, and kidney tissues. Kidney tissues were also examined by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Borax and boric acid at different doses decreased inflammation and oxidative stress caused by cisplatin toxicity and increased ER stress. As a result of the treatments applied to experimental animals, it was determined that boric acid and borax reduced apoptotic damage in kidney tissue, but the decrease was statistically significant only in 200 mg/kg boric acid-administered group. In the study, low anti-apoptotic effects of borate doses with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect may be due to increased ER stress at the relevant doses. Further studies on the effects of boron compounds on ER stress and apoptotic mechanisms may clarify this issue. Thus, possible side effects or if there are new usage areas of borone compounds which have many usage areas in clinics can be detected.

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause dysfunction in the bladder and many distal organs due to systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress-related injury. Objectives We investigated the preventive effects of dantrolene (DNT) and methylprednisolone (MP) on stress-induced tissue damage in rabbit bladder with SCI. Material and methods A total of 35 rabbits were included in this study and they were divided into 5 groups: group 1 - control, group 2 - SCI only, group 3 - SCI and DNT, group 4 - SCI and MP, and group 5 - SCI and DNT+MP. Twenty-four hours after SCI, the bladders of these rabbits were removed and the histopathologic changes in the bladder were examined under a light microscope. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated as antioxidant agents both in bladder tissue and in blood. Results Compared to the control group, there was an increase in edema and congestion in all groups. The least amount of edema was observed in the group receiving DNT and the least amount of congestion was observed in the group receiving combined treatment (group 5). No superiority was found between the drug-receiving groups in terms of reducing MDA level in blood and tissue after SCI. The most successful group was the group receiving combined drug therapy in terms of increasing the blood GSH level, which was significantly decreased after SCI. After SCI, blood NO level increased significantly in all groups. Nitric oxide levels in the bladder tissue significantly decreased in the groups receiving DNT and combination therapy and fell in the control group. Conclusions Dantrolene and MP may have potential benefits against oxidative damage in the bladder after SCIs because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In particular, the combined use of DNT and MP at different doses can be considered a treatment strategy.

This study investigated whether abdominal ultrasonography, a frequently used examination method in clinics and hospitals, causes stress in dogs. For the study, 10 healthy dogs were used. Following general examination, intravenous catheters were placed in the V. cephalica accecorius of the dogs and blood specimens were collected to obtain serum and plasma samples (minute 0). After a 30- min break, ultrasonography was applied following shaving of the abdominal region. Serum and plasma samples were collected from the intravenous catheters at the 5th, 15th, and 20th minutes of the ultrasonographic examination during which the urinary bladder, left kidney, spleen, stomach, liver, right kidney, transverse colon, and ascending colon were examined. The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NOx), and cortisol levels of serum and plasma samples were analyzed and differences were statistically determined with respect to time. No statistically significant time-dependent changes in the TAS and cortisol values were observed. However, there was a time-dependent change in the TOS and NOx values, but when comparing all the times, no changes were observed. The results showed that abdominal ultrasonographic examination, a routinely and frequently used method, does not induce any stress factors and therefore cannot lead to health problems.

AMAÇ: Spinal kord travmasından sonra mesanede görülen değişiklikler üzerine erken dönem dantrolen tedavisinin ekinliğinin araştırılması. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Spinal kord travmasının neden olduğu tavşan mesanesindeki oksidatif hasara karşı dantrolenin erken dönemdeki olası koruyucu etkileri araştırıldı. Toplam 38 hayvan 5 gruba ayrıldı,1. grup kontrol, 2. grup spinal travma (ST), 3. grup ST+dantrolen 0. saat, 4. grup ST+dantrolen 1. Saat ve 5. grup ta ST+dantrolen 4. saat olarak belirlendi. Travmadan 24 saat sonra histopatolojik ve biyokimyasal inceleme yapılmak üzere anestezi altında tavşanların mesaneleri operasyonla çıkartıldı. Mesane dokusu ışık mikroskobunda incelendi. Ayrıca kan ve mesane dokusunda malondialdehid (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) and nitrik oxid (NO) düzeylerine bakıldı. BULGULAR: Spinal travma sonrası erken dönemde kontrol grubuyla karılaştırıldığında travma oluşturulan grupta ödem ve konjesyonda anlamlı artış vardı. Ödem ve in?amasyonu önlemede 3 ve 4. gruplarda dantrolen daha etkiliydi. Ancak 3, 4 ve 5. gruplarda dantrolenin konjesyonu azaltamadığı görüldü. Kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında MDA ve NO düzeylerinin yükseldiği GSH seviyesinin ise azaldığı görüldü. Travma sonrası azalan GSH seviyesini normale çekmede dantrolenin her 3 tedavi grubunun etkili olmadığı görüldü. Spinal travma sonrası artan MDA seviyesi 24 saat sonunda 5. grupta en düşük seviyelere indi. SONUÇ: Erken dönemde verilen dantrolenin mesanede in?amasyon ve ödemi azaltmada etkili olduğu, travma sonrası azalan GSH seviyelerini normale yaklaştırmada ise etkin olmadığı söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak; dantrolen bozulmuş mesane morfolojisini düzeltmede yardımcı olabilir. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the e?ects of early dantrolene treatment of changes in bladder characteristics after spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the possible protective e?ects of dantrolene on SCI-induced oxidative damage in bladder tissues of rabbit. We devided 38 rabbits into five groups; the control group (1), spinal cord injury (SCI) (2.group), SCI+dantrolene 0. Hour (3.group), SCI+dantrolene 1. Hour (4.group), SCI+dantrolene 4. Hour (5.group). After a 24 hour euthanasia the urinary bladder was removed for gross, histological and biochemical evaluation. Bladder tissues were investigated by light microscopy. Furthermore blood and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) were also determined. RESULTS: Significant increase in congestion and edema was observed in the early period spinal trauma (SCI) group compared to control group. In groups 3 and 4, dantrolene was more e?ective in preventing edema and in?ammation, whereas in groups 3, 4 and 5, dantrolene did not reduce congestion. MDA levels and NO levels increased and GSH levels were decreased in SCI group compared to controls. Dantrolene was not e?ective in all three treatment groups to normalize decreased GSH levels after trauma. It was seen that dantrolene was not e?ective in all three treatment groups to normalize the decreased GSH level after trauma. Increased levels of MDA after spinal trauma were found to be the lowest in group 5 given at the 4th hour of dantrolene. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that dantrolene given in the early period is e?ective in reducing in?ammation and edema in the bladder and not e?ective in decreasing post-traumatic GSH levels to normal. As a result; dantrolene may be helpful in correcting impaired bladder morphology.