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A detailed morphological and genetic characterization of honey bees from the Thrace and west Anatolian regions of Turkey was surveyed. A total of 1650 worker bee samples (110 colonies) were evaluated with the forty-one morphological characters and 217 honey bee samples were analyzed via DNA sequencing of the tRNA(leu)-cox2 region. In this study, three different populations, Thrace (Tekirdag, Kirklareli and Edirne provinces), Island Gokceada, and western Anatolia were formed based on morphometrics, since the Marmara Sea has taken a very strong barrier role in this formation. The morphological similarity of the Thrace population was supported by the genetic analysis. The sequencing of the tRNA(leu)-cox2 region revealed twenty-two different haplotypes, sixteen of which are novel. The C2d, macedonica-like haplotype, was the most widely found haplotype (48%) all around the Thrace region. Along with the C2d haplotype, previously published C2s, C2v, C2i, C2j, and C2h haplotypes, and the newly found haplotypes were also observed but less frequently. In this study, Thrace honey bees were found to more similar to A. m. macedonica through the mtDNA sequence analysis, whereas carnica-like honey bees were only found near the Istranca mountain ridges, Kirklareli province and macedonica-like honey bees all around the Thrace region. According to our results, some of the Thrace honey bee populations may be both A. m. carnica and A. m. macedonica but the assignment to the latter subspecies seems more likely due to its geographic range. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK [3001-TOVAG 114O883] The authors are deeply indebted to numerous people that have contributed to this study for providing honey bee reference samples; Ljubia Z. Stanisavljevi for providing A. m. carnica samples from Serbia and Leonidas Charistos for providing A. m. macedonica samples from Greece. Financial support for this research was provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK through the Project 3001-TOVAG 114O883, Project Coordinator Fulya ozdil.

Amac: Vitamin D antioksidan, antiinflamatuvar ve antiglikasyon etkinlige ve karacigeri koruyucu potansiyele sahiptir. Vitamin D eksikligi/yetersizligi (VDD/VDI) ile karaciger bozukluklarinin ciddiyeti arasinda bir iliski bulunmaktadir. VDD’nin alkole bagli olmayan yagli karaciger hastaliginin (NAFLD) progresyonunda etkili oldugu bildirilmistir. Fakat deneysel sonuclar yeterli degildir. Bu nedenle, bu calismada VDD’nin yuksek fruktozlu (HFr) icme suyu uygulanarak olusturulan NAFLD uzerine etkisi incelendi. Gerec ve Yontemler: Erkek Wistar sicanlar kontrol, HFr, VDD+Fr ve VDD olmak uzere 4 gruba ayrildi. Kontrol ve HFr gruplari Vit D3 iceren, digerleri ise Vit D3 icermeyen yemle 12 hafta beslendiler. HFr (%30; w/v) icme suyu ile son 8 hafta uygulandi. Insulin direnci (IR), serum lipitleri, hepatik trigliserit, lipit peroksit, protein karbonil, ileri glikasyon urunleri (AGEs) ve inflamasyon (TNF-α ve miyeloperoksidaz) gostergeleri tayin edildi. Bulgular: HFR ve VDD+HFr gruplarinda serumda transaminazlar artti, hipertrigliseridemi, ve insulin direnci olustu. Her iki grupta da karacigerde trigliserit duzeyleri, lipit ve protein oksidasyon urunleri, protein glikasyon ve inflamasyon gostergeleri artti, mikrovezikuler steatoz ve hepatosit balonlasmasi saptandi. IR ve inflamasyon gostergeleri VDD+HFr grubunda daha yuksek olmasina ragmen, iki grup arasinda serum transaminazlari, karaciger trigliserit, lipit ve protein oksidasyon urunleri ve glikasyon gostergeleri duzeylerinde bir farklilik bulunmadi. Ancak Nrf2 mRNA ekspresyonu ile superoksit dismutaz ve glutatyon peroksidazin mRNA ekspresyonlari ve aktivitelerinin VDD+HFr grubunda daha yuksek oldugu bulundu. Sonuc: Sonuclarimiz VDD’nin HFr ile olusturulan karaciger hasari ve glikooksidatif streste bir degisiklik olusturmadigini gostermektedir.