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سعت الدراسة للتعرف على العامل السياسي المؤثر على أداء الصحفي المتخصص في الصحف الالكترونية العراقية، وتنطلق أهمية الدراسة من أهمية القائم بالاتصال في الصحف التي فرضت نفسها على الواقع نتيجة انتشارها الواسع واستخداماتها المتعددة واتساع قاعدة الحريات، والتنوع الحاصل في تعدد وجهات النظر، وبما تنشره وتسلط الضوء عليه من القضايا تهم المجتمع، وارتباط أهمية هذه الصحف بقائميها الذين يواجهون جملة من العوامل التي تؤثر على قيمة هذه الوسائل وأدائها التي تنصب بالنهاية عليها سلبًا او إيجابًا، وعلى ضوء ذلك تم تحديد العامل السياسي؛ لأنه المحرك الأساس لبقية العوامل المؤثرة عليه، واستخدم الباحث المنهج المسحي للإجابة عن تساؤلات الدراسة وأهدافها عن طريق أسلوب الحصر الشامل على الصحفيين المتخصصين الذين يعملون في الصحف العراقية الالكترونية والتي بلغ عددها (128) صحفي للمدة من 2022/9/28 إلى 2022/11/28، وتم مراعاة المتغيرات الشخصية للمبحوثين من "النوع والسن والتحصيل العلمي"، وتوصل البحث إلى نتائج عّدة منها: كشفت نتائج البحث أن 75% من الذكور مقابل 25% من الاناث ممن يعملون في المجال الصحفي المتخصص، والتحاق الصحفيين برغباتهم الشخصية التي هي أقوى الفئات، فضلًا عن أن هناك تأثيرات للعامل السياسي على الكفاءة الاتصالية للصحفي المتخصص.

Introduction Multimorbidity is a rising health issue globally and it is likely to become challenging in developing countries like Nigeria as they experience economic, demographic, and epidemiological transition. Yet, evidence of prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity, and their determinants, are scarce. This study aims to systematically review studies of the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of multimorbidity in Nigeria. Methods Studies were identified by searching 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Africa Index Medicus/Global Index Medicus). Multimorbidity as well as other versions of it was used to search. The prevalence and determinants were also searched. According to preestablished inclusion criteria, and using different search strategies, 6 articles were included. The quality and risk of bias were assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool for prevalence studies. Two researchers assessed the eligibility of studies for inclusion. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO Ref no. CRD42021273222. The overall prevalence, pattern, and determinants were analyzed. Results We identified 6 eligible publications describing studies that included a total of 3332 (men 47.5%, women 52.5%) patients from 4 states plus the federal capital territory Abuja. The multimorbidity prevalence ranges from 27% to 74% among elderly Nigerians. Cardiovascular together with metabolic and/or musculoskeletal conditions were the frequent patterns of multimorbidity. A positive association was observed between age and multimorbidity in most studies. Other factors associated with multimorbidity were female gender, low education status, poor monthly income/unemployment, hospitalization, medical visits, and emergency services. Conclusion There has been a growing need for more applied health services research to understand better and manage multimorbidity in developed countries. The scarcity of studies in our review reveals that multimorbidity is not a priority area of research in Nigeria, and this will continue to hinder policy development in that area.

Objective: To quantify the predictors for the ancillary treatments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) for renal and upper ureteral stones. Materials and methods: From January 2014 to January 2017, patients undergoing SWL using an electromagnetic lithotripter machine (Compact Delta; Dornier MedTech GmbH, Wessling, Germany) for renal and upper ureteral stones ≤ 20 mm were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent CT urography prior to SWL. The cohort was subdivided into three groups according to stone attenuation values in Hounsfield Units (HU). Group I; HU < 500 (n = 20), group II; HU 500-1000 (n = 51) and group III; HU ≥ 1000 (n = 180). The parameters included for multivariate analysis were stone size, location, multiplicity, stone attenuation value, number of shocks and stone clearance rate by 3 months. The ancillary treatments were ureteroscopy (URS), ureteral stenting and hospital readmission for pain or fever. Results: A total of 251 patients were included in the study. The overall SWL success rate was 92.4%. Mean stone size was 10.9 ± 2.1, 11.6 ± 3 and 11.4 ± 3.6 mm and mean stone attenuation values were 364 ± 125, 811 ± 154 and 1285 ± 171 HU for groups I, II and III respectively. The stone clearance rates by 3 months were 96%, 92% and 88.4% for groups I, II and III respectively. On subgroup analysis, group III required ancillary treatments in 70% of patients whereas group I, II, did not require any ancillary treatments. On multivariate analysis, stone multiplicity, stone location (lower calyceal stones) and HU were independent significant predictors for the need for ancillary treatments after SWL (p values < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with stone attenuation value (HU) > 1000, multiple stones and/or lower calyceal stones have higher risk to necessitate ancillary treatments after SWL. These patients would likely benefit from upfront endoscopic lithotripsy for treating symptomatic renal or upper ureteral stones.

This research Seeks To study the German Nazi Propaganda activity in Iraq as a British sphere of infiuence, in which Germany seeks to gain the Iraqi public opininon to support its policy, aiming to confuse the British Policy in the region and achieves German interests.The time for this research extends from 1933 when the Nazis took power in Germany until 1941 and the movement of May ied by Rasheed Aali Al-Qaylani which failed letting the second British occupation start after that.The research aims at uncovering the trends of Nazi Propaganda in Iraq and how it was able to find a link between it and the Iraqi society, so as to gain standing up with the Nazi Movement disgruntling on the British policy, which is in control of things in Iraq after its occupation in 1941.The current research’s function is based on the use of historical approach depending on the description and analysis of historical data available.One of the most important findings of research is that the Nazi propaganda in Iraq outweighed the British Propaganda by its infiuence because it came in line with the national issues that were at the heart of the Iraqi people’s interest as well as the sympathy of Germany and its support for the demands of Iraqi people for dependence and Arab unity

Introduction: Almajirai are male children in Northern Nigeria and Southern Niger who study Islam in the almajiranci system. Almajiranci has been associated with non-participation in formal education, abuse, poverty, and underdevelopment. However, the peer-reviewed literature around health among almajirai remains limited. We conduct a scoping review around almajiri health to synthesize evidence for health problems, draw links between findings, identify research gaps, indicate areas for intervention, and assess participatory approaches in this literature., Methods: We searched the academic literature for articles concerning almajiri heath using a framework integrating the biopsychosocial and socio-ecological models of health. We included articles in English and French published between 2000 and 2022. For each study we collected information regarding authorship, study year and location(s), study design and aims, sample characteristics, findings, and almajiri participation in research design, execution, interpretation and dissemination., Results: Of 1,944 studies, 17 were found relevant for data extraction. These included 14 cross-sectional studies, 2 descriptive articles, and one case-control study. All were conducted in Nigeria, though one included Nigerien almajirai. No study engaged almajirai in participatory roles. Domains evaluated included infectious disease (10 studies), oral health (2 studies), workplace injury, nutrition, health status, health determinants, and mental health (1 study each). Almajirai included ranged from 3 to 28 years old. Included studies found high rates of malaria, intestinal parasitosis, urinary tract infection, N. meningitidis, and occupational injury among almajirai. Studies comparing almajirai to controls found significantly higher rates of cholera, urinary schistosomiasis, and psychiatric disorders, lower levels of rabies awareness and poorer oral hygiene among almajirai (p<0.05). One study, concerning nutrition, described an intervention to improve almajiri health, though did not provide health outcomes for that intervention., Conclusion: We find that the literature around almajiri health has concerned a broad range of domains, though the number of studies within each domain remains limited. We further note limitations in the geographic scope of this literature, interventions to improve almajiri health, and the consideration of demographic features, like age, that may influence almajiri health. We stress the need for further study in these areas, and for participatory approaches, which may be more likely to effectively improve almajiri health., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Muhammad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common human enzyme defect that affects more than 500 million people worldwide. Individuals affected with G6PD deficiency may occasionally suffer mild-to-severe chronic hemolytic anemia. Chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA) is a potential result of the Class I G6PD variants. This comparative computational study attempted to correct the defect in variants structure by docking the AG1 molecule to selected Class I G6PD variants [G6PD Nashville (Arg393His), G6PD Alhambra (Val394Leu), and G6PD Durham (Lys238Arg)] at the dimer interface and structural NADP + binding site. It was followed by an analysis of the enzyme conformations before and after binding to the AG1 molecule using the molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) approach, while the severity of CNSHA was determined via root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area analysis (SASA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results revealed that G6PD Nashville (Arg393His) and G6PD Durham (Lys238Arg) had lost the direct contact with structural NADP + and salt bridges at Glu419 - Arg427 and Glu206 - Lys407 were disrupted in all selected variants. Furthermore, the AG1 molecule re-stabilized the enzyme structure by restoring the missing interactions. Bioinformatics approaches were also used to conduct a detailed structural analysis of the G6PD enzyme at a molecular level to understand the implications of these variants toward enzyme function. Our findings suggest that despite the lack of treatment for G6PDD to date, AG1 remains a novel molecule that promotes activation in a variety of G6PD variants., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Inherited bleeding disorders can lead to lifelong bleeding; they are mainly caused by quantitative or qualitative defect of coagulation factors, von Willebrand factor (VWF) or platelets. No published data are available about the different types of inherited bleeding disorders in Iraq., Objectives: To describe types, severity and presentation of inherited bleeding disorders in pediatric patients in the major referral center in Iraq., Patients and Methods: This is a cohort prospective descriptive study conducted at the National Center of Hematology, a referral center for bleeding disorders in Baghdad-Iraq, from January 2015 to December 2019. One hundred ninety-one patients, aged 1 day to 14 years, with suspected inherited bleeding disorder are included in this study. Each patient was interviewed, accompanied by a chaperone, mostly parent(s), with revision of personal and familial bleeding history, conducting a brief medical examination, and withdrawing blood for complete blood count, peripheral blood film, bleeding time, PT and APTT. Further investigations including mixing studies, lupus anticoagulant, clotting factor activity, VWF:antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF: Ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RiCof) and platelet function tests using light transmission aggregometry were performed only if indicated., Results: The mean ± 1SD of age of patients is 5.3 ± 3 years, with a male:female ratio of 1.3:1. Family history of a similar bleeding disorder is recorded in 44.9% patients ( P  < 0.05). Consanguineous marriage was observed in 70.8% of the families ( P  < 0.001). The most prevalent inherited bleeding disorder is von Willebrand disease (VWD) (43.9%), of which type 3 is the most common (86.9%). Thrombasthenia is the second most prevalent (39.8%) inherited bleeding disorder; of these, the majority have Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (82.9%). Hemophilia A is found in 9.4% of patients., Conclusion: Type 3 VWD, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and hemophilia A are the most common inherited bleeding disorders in the central part of Iraq, collectively they constitute  >86% of patients. Consanguineous marriage should be discouraged in our society to decrease hereditary bleeding disorders. Also, there is a need to increase awareness and knowledge of bleeding disorders to improve early identification, mitigate the risk of further bleeding and prevent complications., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2020.)

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a bleeding disorder that results from decreased von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity <0.30 iu/mL. Therefore, the diagnosis of type 3 VWD in patients with bleeding requires finding a VWF:Ag and/or VWF:platelet ristocetin cofactor (RiCof) <0.03 iu/mL, no further testing is usually necessary. This is a cohort study that included 64 patients with type 3 VWD who were presented and diagnosed at the National Center of Hematology (NCH) from October 2014 to October 2016. In this study the sensitivity of VWF:Ag is only 78%, the sensitivity of VWF:RiCof is 92% of diagnosed cases. From our results it can be concluded that patients with type 3 VWD are usually presented with moderate/severe mucocutaneous bleeding that is associated with prolonged bleeding time test of >10 min and a family history of similar type of bleeding. This fact was frequently utilized to provisionally diagnose several members of the same family, forming a cohort of patients that is larger than the number of objectively-diagnosed patients included in this study, when they cannot afford to be all tested with VWF:Ag/VWF:RiCof., (Copyright © 2018 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)