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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a significant cause of infertility due to ovulation dysfunction in women of childbearing age. Although the pathogenesis of PCOS is still not clear, many studies have shown that many factors within the ovary promote infection. With this syndrome, the disruption of the natural monthly ovulation process causes an imbalance in the body's hormones, and the high level of insulin in the body and the blood sugar imbalance leads to the occurrence of hyperandrogenism, which is the main factor for the occurrence of pathogens, in addition to genetic factors, if any. This study aims to identify this disease and its most important causes, symptoms, and modern treatments to prevent and get rid of it. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is diagnosed based on the presence of anovulation associated with biochemical or clinical hyperandrogenism, and the new diagnostic criteria at the Rotterdam Conference 2003 are the basis for the diagnosis now. Obesity, infertility, irregular menstruation, recurrent miscarriage, and hirsutism are essential factors that must be treated to have a healthy pregnancy.

We statistically analyzed 31 published studies comprising 113 water samples collected from 17 countries for SARS-CoV-2 positivity. The pooled estimated prevalence of viral RNA in the tested samples was 64.1% [95% CI:51.6%, 74.9%] with considerable heterogeneity (I2: 90.1%, P

Background: Normal saline is commonly used in the perioperative kidney transplant period; its high chloride content can cause hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis giving a possible advantage to balanced electrolyte solutions due to their lower chloride content. The evidence regarding the best practices in fluid management during kidney transplantation and its effect on the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) is still limited. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-eight patients were included and followed up for seven days after surgery. Administered crystalloid type and volume were compared among patients with and without DGF, along with additional patient and surgical variables. To investigate whether intraoperative fluid type/amount influence DGF, patients were categorized into three groups: those who received mainly (>50%) lactated Ringer's solution, normal saline, or plasmaLyte. A logistic regression analysis was used to define variables independently correlated with DGF, and odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported. Results: The incidence of DGF was 8.7%. Cold ischemia time independently increased the odds of DGF (OR = 1.006 (95% CI: 1.002–1.011) while fluid type (saline versus PlasmaLyte OR = 5.28, 95% CI: 0.76–36.88) or amount (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00–1.01) did not significantly modify the odds of DGF. Central venous pressure, systolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure were higher in the non-DGF group, but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Significant intraoperative acidosis developed in patients who received normal saline compared to those in PlasmaLyte and lactated Ringer's groups; however, acid–base balance and electrolytes did not vary significantly between the DGF and non-DGF groups. Conclusion: DGF was primarily influenced by surgical factors such as cold ischemia time, whereas intraoperative fluid type or amount did not affect DGF incidence.

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection because of their suppressed immunity. The available data show that COVID-19 vaccines are less effective in SOT recipients. We aimed to assess the cellular and humoral immunogenicity with an increasing the number of doses of COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients and to identify factors affecting vaccine response in this population. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to identify ongoing and completed studies of humoral and cellular immunity following COVID-19 vaccines in SOT recipients. The search retrieved 278 results with 45 duplicates, and 43 records did not match the inclusion criteria. After title and abstract screening, we retained 189 records, and 135 records were excluded. The reasons for exclusion involved studies with immunocompromised patients (non-transplant recipients), dialysis patients, and individuals who had already recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. After full-text reading, 55 observational studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. The proportion of responders appeared higher after the third, fourth, and fifth doses. The risk factors for non-response included older age and the use of mycophenolate mofetil, corticosteroids, and other immunosuppressants. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates the immunogenicity following different doses of COVID-19 vaccines among SOT patients. Due to the low immunogenicity of vaccines, additional strategies to improve vaccine response may be necessary.

Pleomorphic sarcoma of the larynx is a rare variant of laryngeal cancer. We present the case of a 59-year-old male patient who has been smoking for 40 years. He presented with signs and symptoms of an obstructive glottic mass. The diagnostic workup pointed to a malignant pathology; the histopathology report confirmed the diagnosis of glottic undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (malignant fibrous histiocytoma).

The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.

Muslim renal transplant recipients often ask their physicians if performing certain lifestyles or religious obligations may be harmful to their health. Permissibility as advised by an expert Muslim physician is considered as being religiously accepted. A cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted enquiring what nephrologists would advise their transplant recipients to do, about some lifestyles and religious duties. Fifty-eight nephrologists responded to the survey. Of these, 77% routinely follow-up post-transplant patients; 34% were from Saudi Arabia, 18% from the USA, and 20% from Pakistan. Fifty-four percent of the respondents would let patients with stable graft function fast during Ramadan, while 20% would not recommend fasting at any time following transplantation. This response did not change much if the patient was diabetic although in these patients, not recommending fasting at any time increased to 32%. For kidney donors, fasting would be allowed by 58% of the respondents once the kidney function stabilizes. About 50% would let their patients perform Omrah or obligatory Hajj any time after 12 months following transplantation, and only about 3% would not recommend that at any time after transplantation. For nonobligatory Hajj, 37% and 22%, respectively, would allow. Sixty-one percent would delay the pregnancy in nullipara with stable renal function, and none of the nephrologists would deny the opportunity to pregnancy at any time. In multiparous transplant recipients, the respective frequencies would be 45% and 20%. To our knowledge, this the first study exploring the consensus among Muslim nephrologists regarding the advice they would give on performance of potentially risky lifestyles and religious rituals by Muslim posttransplant patients.

Background: Disc herniation is a condition where tearing occurs in the outer annular layer of the intervertebral pad leading the inner gel-like material to bulge ouwards the spinal cord, due to the high load of the vertebrae. This will produce back pain and symptoms in different sites according to the level of the herniation in the vertebral column. Aim: To compare the level of awareness regarding disc herniation among the general population and medical students in Jeddah. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through an electronic questionnaire to assess the level of awareness regarding disc prolapse among the general population and medical students in Jeddah. The questionnaire was in the Arabic language, it was taken and validated by the previous study which took place in Taif. Results: Our studied sample involved 1026 individuals aged between 11 and 99 years, with a mean age of 34.03 ± 13.28 years old. More than half of the respondents were female (55.4%), most of them were Saudi nationals (90.1%), and most of them have received a higher education (67.7%). Results showed that 54.1% of the general population and 77.7% of medical students reported good knowledge regarding this condition. Conclusion: This study revealed that the level of awareness regarding disc prolapse among the general population and medical students was poor in some respects such as: knowledge about the preventive measures, symptoms of the disease, the most common site in the spine affected by the disease, and the gold standard imaging method to diagnose this disease.

Corona virus disease 2019 is a global pandemic, which affects around 2million individuals with a high death rate that exceeds 90,000 death cases across the globe. The Saudi Heart Association and the national cardiopulmonary resuscitation committee developed a taskforce to discuss the magnitude of clinical situation and CPR management on COVID-19 patients in a prehospital and in-hospital settings. Meanwhile, the taskforce aims to develop a nation-wide clinical guidance to be used by health care workers and untrained laypersons to resuscitate COVID-19 suspected and diagnosed patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in irreversible decline in renal function, which ultimately progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Transplantation is the treatment of choice for ESRD, and this is possible only if donor kidneys are available. Several doubts can appear in the minds of donors and among general public regarding the quality of life (QOL) after donation which can affect the willingness to donate. Therefore, we aimed to assess the QOL in living kidney donors in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using the kidney disease QOL instrument short form (KDQOL-SF). This was a cross-sectional survey of living kidney donors between 18 and 65 years of age who donated their kidneys between 2008 and 2014 and was conducted in the hepatobiliary and transplantation department of our hospital. The study measured 17 domains in KDQOL-SF. Each domain score is up to 100; the higher the score in each domain, the better the QOL. Data will be entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0. The descriptive statistics will be presented as frequency and percentage for the categorical variables (e.g., gender and income) and the mean ± SD for numerical variables (e.g., QOL score). The study included 60 donors who donated during the study period between 2008 and 2014. Males were 49 (82%) with the age (mean ± standard deviation) as 32 ± 6.5 years. The donors reported an “overall-mean-score” of 86.7 ± 14.6. Four domains had lower scores between 60 and 80: “sleep” (61.8 ± 13.8), “emotional-well-being” (71.6 ± 11.1), “quality-of-social-interaction,” and “energy/fatigue.” The other 13 domains had scores >80. The two highest domains: “role-physical” (97.9 ± 13.3) and “effect-of-kidney-disease” (97.4 ± 8). Comparing males and females scores, work status was higher in males with P = 0.03. Our findings suggest that donors have a good QOL which may result in more donations. It is important to improve the standard of care for donors to enable them to live their life to the fullest.

We describe the case of a young man with therapy-naive chronic myeloid leukemia who did not initially have any peripheral blood or bone marrow excess blasts but presented with extramedullary myeloid blast crises involving the central nervous system and multiple lymph nodes. Conventional cytogenetic tests were positive for t(9;22)(q34:q11) as well as for trisomy 8, 14 and 21 and del(16q). The patient’s peripheral blood and bone marrow were positive for the BCR-ABL oncogene when analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. He achieved good clinical, radiological, cytogenetic and molecular response to acute myeloid leukemia induction chemotherapy combined with 16 doses of triple intrathecal chemotherapy and oral dasatinib (second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor) treatment. Due to his poor general condition, he was treated with 24 Gy of whole-brain radiation therapy, as allogeneic stem cell transplantation was not feasible. Although extramedullary CNS blast crises are usually associated with a very poor outcome, our patient remains in complete cytogenetic and molecular remission, on single-agent dasatinib, 4 years after the diagnosis with no current evidence of active extramedullary disease. This suggests that dasatinib has a role in controlling not only chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia, but also its CNS blast crisis.

The aims of the present study are to evaluate the levels of CA19-9 in sera and tissues' homogenate of breast and thyroid benign patients in order to assess its use as an early diagnostic parameter in differentiation between malignant and benign cases. The study was conducted on 8 patients with breast benign tumor and 8 patients with thyroid benign tumor, by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results of CA19-9 levels in sera were (15 ±1.58 and 10.67 ±2.08)U/ml respectively compared with serum CA19-9 levels of control group which was 7.74 ±4.92 U/ml, the results were found to be highly significantly in breast tumor patients and non significantly in thyroid tumor patients than control group. The results of CA19-9 levels in tissues' homogenate were (356.2 ±173.75 and 20 ±14.4)U/ml respectively. The results were found to be highly significant in tissues' homogenate of breast tumor patients and non significant in thyroid tumor patients of higher compare with the it's serum levels of the same patients groups. Key words: Carbohydrate antigen CA19-9, Benign Cases and CA19-9, Breast tumor and CA19-9, Thyroid tumor and CA19-9.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is associated with the imbalance of trace elements which are involved in many functions especially enzyme activities. Changes in the levels of serum elements probably can create some complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism of oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of (T2DM). The aim of this study contained the following sections: firstly, to determine some biochemical parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) like lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondly, to determine serum and urine levels of zinc as trace element and serum level of iron, then to compare those parameters with that for age matched healthy individuals. The study performed on 45 Iraqi men, who attended Baghdad Teaching Hospital. They were grouped into to 2 groups based on fasting serum glucose (FSG), and (HbA1c) value first group was included 20 healthful persons with A1c 6.4% as T2DM. Outcomes of this study demonstrated a clear increase in T2DM in fasting serum glucose, ( HbA1c), MDA values, urine concentration of zinc , and serum level of iron compare to control.T2DM shows a significant reduction in both TAC and serum level of zinc ,if compared with control group . Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Trace elements, Lipid peroxidation.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is associated with the imbalance of trace elements which are involved in many functions especially enzyme activities. Changes in the levels of serum elements probably can create some complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism of oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of (T2DM). The aim of this study contained the following sections: firstly, to determine some biochemical parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) like lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondly, to determine serum and urine levels of zinc as trace element and serum level of iron, then to compare those parameters with that for age matched healthy individuals. The study performed on 45 Iraqi men, who attended Baghdad Teaching Hospital. They were grouped into to 2 groups based on fasting serum glucose (FSG), and (HbA1c) value first group was included 20 healthful persons with A1c 6.4% as T2DM. Outcomes of this study demonstrated a clear increase in T2DM in fasting serum glucose, ( HbA1c), MDA values, urine concentration of zinc , and serum level of iron compare to control.T2DM shows a significant reduction in both TAC and serum level of zinc ,if compared with control group .

The article discloses the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating results of the well-known African baobab of Dalkut, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. The investigation shows that the baobab has a cluster structure and is composed of 3 perfectly fused stems. Three wood samples were collected from primary branches and one sample was collected from the exterior of a stem. Eight tiny segments were extracted from the samples and dated by radiocarbon. The oldest dated sample segment, which originates from a primary branch of the southern stem, had a radiocarbon date of 590 ± 18 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated age of 685 ± 15 years. This result indicates that the southern stem of the baobab of Dalkut is 800 ± 30 years old. According to other radiocarbon dating results, the two northern stems are younger and emerged from the southern stem around 550 years ago. The tree of Dalkut is a solitary baobab. The nearest baobab is over 150 km away, to the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of new technology is to produce inventive optical nanogratings, optical nanofilters, solar cell nanoabsorbers, antireflective surface coatings, and nanoelectronics by generating consistent patterns of various sizes and shapes of nanostructure on the smooth and solid surfaces. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) is a cost-effective and easy-to-implement technology that can be used to produce a diverse range of highly ordered nanoparticle-array structures. In this work, physical vapour deposition is used to grow large periodic arrays of silver nanoparticles and nanorings on patterned glass and silicon substrates. To achieve this, a single layer of selfassembled polystyrene nanospheres is firstly applied to the substrate to serve as a mask, and silver is then deposited through the mask. The spacing between the nanospheres can be adjusted by changing the diameter of the polystyrene nanospheres, which affects how the silver is deposited as nanodots or nanorings. The optical transmittance spectra of glass arrays can show significant variation depending on the specific nanostructure that is created. Regarding localized surface-plasmon resonance, nanorings display a red shift and a widening in the plasmon band. Possible uses for the resonance effect of the nanostructure are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium benzoate is a widely used food preservatives and its determination receives much interest. This article describes the development and validation of a method using a UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer at 225 nm to determine the mass fraction of sodium benzoate in water for the purpose of characterization of a reference material. The study was carried out in accordance with the ICH and EURACHEM guides using a primary reference material of sodium benzoate of purity 99.98±0.22%. The studied performance characteristics were the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and bias. The results obtained were statistically analyzed and the method showed very good linearity in the selected calibration range. The LOD and the LOQ were found 0.19 and 0.57 mg/kg respectively. This method demonstrated very good accuracy ranging from 99.54 to 100.08% and precision, 0.39% RSD, signifying its high reliability in producing precise and accurate results. The validation results also revealed that the method is fit-for-the purpose of determination of sodium benzoate in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]