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Background: DKA is the leading cause of mortality among pediatric age and young adults with T1D, responsible for almost 50% of all fatalities in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age. Goals of DKA management include optimization of volume status, hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and potential precipitating factors. Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: ketoacidosis, management of diabetic ketoacidosis, type I diabetic patients’ emergency complication, fluid replacement in DKA, insulin therapy approach. Aim: in this review, we aim at evaluating the various ways of approaching patients who suffer from type-one diabetes during ketoacidosis and keto-acidotic coma. We will try to understand the triggers and pathophysiology behind this condition, and explore ways to prevent them. Conclusion: prompt diagnoses, aggressive treatment, and education of patient and their care providers about prevention strategies must be implemented. Also, more studies are required in the area of preventing health complications due to these types of diseases to effectively manage DKA in the future.

Background: DKA is the leading cause of mortality among pediatric age and young adults with T1D, responsible for almost 50% of all fatalities in diabetic patients younger than 24 years of age. Goals of DKA management include optimization of volume status, hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, electrolyte abnormalities, and potential precipitating factors. Methodology: we conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1987, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: ketoacidosis, management of diabetic ketoacidosis, type I diabetic patients’ emergency complication, fluid replacement in DKA, insulin therapy approach. Aim: in this review, we aim at evaluating the various ways of approaching patients who suffer from type-one diabetes during ketoacidosis and keto-acidotic coma. We will try to understand the triggers and pathophysiology behind this condition, and explore ways to prevent them. Conclusion: prompt diagnoses, aggressive treatment, and education of patient and their care providers about prevention strategies must be implemented. Also, more studies are required in the area of preventing health complications due to these types of diseases to effectively manage DKA in the future.

Whilst the security and integrity of exterior gateway protocols such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and, to a lesser extent, interior gateway protocols, including the Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), have been investigated previously, more limited attention has been paid to the problem of availability and timeliness that is crucial for service levels needed in critical infrastructure areas such as financial services and electric power (smart grid) networks. The authors describe a method for modeling adversaries for the analysis of attacks on quality of service characteristics underpinning such real-time networks as well as a model of policies employed by MPLS routers based on simplified networks and give an analysis of attack vectors based on assumed adversaries derived from the introduced method.

While the robustness of the communication network infastructure against attacks on the integrity of backbone protocols such as the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) protocols has been the subject of significant earlier work, more limited attention has been paid to the problem of availability and timeliness that is crucial for service levels needed in areas such as some financial services and particularly for the interconnection of smart grid components requiring hard real-time communication which are not necessarily over completely isolated networks. In such networks, an adversary will be successful if a targeted flow or set of flows no longer meets CoS and QoS boundaries, particularly delay and jitter, even where no outright compromise of either the flow itself or the control flow is achieved. The attacker's objective can be accomplished by interfering with the operation of the control signalling protocol, but also by influencing the policy of MPLS nodes and the mitigation mechanisms itself. In this paper we therefore describe an adversary model and analysis of attacks based on manipulation of Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) messages for the purpose of affecting the required (QoS) and Class of Service (CoS) for a targeted traffic where the adversary may intentionally modify the policy state of LSRs that the targeted traffic passes though.