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الملخص: أهداف البحث: يرتبط داء السكري بإجهاد تأكسدي يؤدي إلى التهاب واعتلال الكلية السكري. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى ملاحظة التأثير المحتمل لمضادات الأكسدة، الميلاتونين وفيتامين د وفيتامين هـ لحماية الكلى لفئران التجارب المصابة بالسكري. طرق البحث: شملت الدراسة ١٠٨ فأرا قسموا إلى ١٢ مجموعة. المجموعة ١ مجموعة ضابطة من فئران طبيعية لم تتلق أي دواء. المجموعات من ٢ إلى ٤ هي لفئران طبيعية عولجت كالتالي: المجموعة ٢ بميلاتونين، والمجموعة ٣ بفيتامين هـ، والمجموعة ٤ بفيتامين د. المجموعات من ٥ إلى ١٢ هي لفئران مصابة معمليا بالسكري ثم عولجت كما يلي: المجموعة ٥ لم تتلق أي دواء، والمجموعة ٦ بالأنسولين، والمجموعة ٧ بالميلاتونين، والمجموعة ٨ بالميلاتونين والأنسولين، والمجموعة ٩ بفيتامين هـ، والمجموعة ١٠ بفيتامين هـ مع الأنسولين، والمجموعة ١١ بفيتامين د، أما المجموعة ١٢ فعولجت بفيتامين د مع الأنسولين. استمر العلاج لشهرين ثم جمعت عينات الكلى للفحص النسيجي، وعينات مصل الدم للفحص الكيميائي لقياس مستويات: سكر الدم، الإجهاد التأكسدي، وظائف الكلى، الهوموسستاين وعامل التنخر الورمي-الفا. النتائج: أظهرت النتائج زيادة ذات دلالة إحصائية للقدرة الكلية لمضادات الأكسدة في مجموعات ٢، ٧، ٨، ١٠ و١١. زاد عامل التنخر الورمي-الفا في المجموعة ٢ ولكنه نقص في باقي المجموعات. أظهرت النتائج زيادة ذات دلالة إحصائية للكرياتينين في المجموعات ٥، ٦، ٧، ٨، ٩، ١١، ١٢. الفحص النسيجي للكلى أظهر زيادة في سمك الغشاء المبطن للأوعية الشعرية مع تصلب منتشر في الأغشية المبطنة وتصلب عقدي في الكبيبات الكلوية. العلاج بالميلاتونين أظهر تحسن ملموس في حماية الكلى بينما لم يُحدث العلاج بفيتامين د وفيتامين هـ نفس الأثر. الاستنتاجات: أظهر الميلاتونين سواء مع الأنسولين أو بدونه نشاطا مفيدا مضادا للأكسدة كيميائيا مع حماية لأنسجة الكلى، بينما فشل فيتامين د وفيتامين هـ في إظهار هذه التأثيرات. Abstract: Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress that leads to inflammation and diabetic nephropathy. This study aimed to determine the possible renoprotective effects of the antioxidants melatonin, vitamin D and vitamin E in diabetic rats. Methods: We divided 108 albino rats into 12 groups. G1 group was fed a normal diet and did not receive any medication. G2 to G4 consisted of non-diabetic rats that were treated as follows: G2 with melatonin; G3 with vitamin E; G4 with vitamin D. Groups G5 to G12 consisted of diabetic rats that were treated as follows: G5 received no medication; G6 treated with insulin; G7 treated with melatonin; G8 treated with melatonin and insulin; G9 treated with vitamin E; G10 treated with vitamin E and insulin; G11 treated with vitamin D and G12 treated with vitamin D and insulin. Two months after treatment commenced, histological and biochemical examinations of glucose profile, oxidative stress status, renal function, homocysteine and TNF-α were performed. Results: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased significantly in groups G2, 7, 8, 10 and 11. TNF-α significantly increased in G2, but decreased in all other groups. Creatinine increased significantly in groups G5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12. In the kidneys of the diabetic rats, thickened capillary basement membrane, diffuse mesangial sclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis was observed. Rats treated with melatonin showed marked improvement in these symptoms. However, in those treated with vitamin D and E, thickened capillary basement membrane and mesangial sclerosis was still present. Conclusions: Melatonin, administered either with or without insulin had a significant biochemical antioxidant effect and histological renoprotective effect. Conversely, vitamin D and E did not appear to have any effects on the parameters measured.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of the anti-angiotensinic drug, ramipril and irbesartan on the vascular protection of kidneys of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (DR). Methods: 110 male albino rats were divided into 7 main groups. Group-1 (10 normal control rats; NC). Group-2 (10 rats) was injected intra-peritoneally with STZ (Diabetic Rats; DR). Group-3 (10 DR) is controlled by insulin. Groups 4 to 7 (20 DR), each is subdivided into two subgroups that received either low or high dose of ramipril or irbesartan with or without insulin. Two months post treatment, rat-tail blood was collected to measure: Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, total serum proteins, albumin and lipid profiles. Urine was collected to measure albuminuria. Kidneys were isolated for histopathological study. Results: Biochemically, both ramipril and irbesartan (without insulin) lowered albumin concentration in urine samples especially at high doses. Histopathologically, there is no beneficial response of both drugs without insulin. Combination of insulin together with either drug has beneficial effects biochemically and histopathologically at high doses. Low dose irbesartan only has renoprotective effect in DR treated with insulin. The other biochemical parameters showed negligible response to both drugs. Conclusion: Low dose irbesartan and high doses of both drugs have renoprotective effect in DR treated with insulin.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic disease, with multiple complications including hepatopathy associated with imbalance of the oxidative status. The purpose of this study is to observe possible protective effects of vitamin-D and melatonin on glucose profile, antioxidant-oxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological protection of the liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods Eighty three male albino rats were divided into nine groups as follows: G1 (n = 10) Normal control rats; G2 (n = 8) were normal rats treated with melatonin only; G3 (n = 10) were normal rats treated with vitamin D only; G4 (n = 9) were diabetic rats, which received no medications; G5 (n = 8) were diabetic rat treated with insulin only; G6 (n = 10) were diabetic rats treated with melatonin only; G7 (n = 9) were diabetic rats treated with melatonin and insulin; G8 (n = 9) were diabetic rats treated with vitamin D only; G9 (n = 10) were diabetic rats treated with vitamin D and insulin. Two months post treatment, blood was collected to measure: Fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine (FA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdahyde (MDA). livers were isolated for histopathological study. Results As compared to normal rats, our results demonstrate that glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c levels is increased in diabetic groups and declined to lesser levels in treated groups. TAC level of diabetic rats is not significantly changed. Vitamin D administration significantly increased TAC while it is not changed with melatonin either in treated or non-treated groups. The liver of diabetic rats shows only mild focal microvesicular fatty degeneration. The liver of diabetic rats treated with insulin shows degeneration of cell edema in the stroma. The liver of diabetic rats treated with melatonin with or without insulin, exhibited marked improvement. The liver of diabetic rats treated with vitamin D with or without insulin, shows degeneration of cells and edema in the stroma. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the beneficial antioxidant effect of vitamin D administration to normal and diabetic rats as compared to melatonin. Nevertheless, melatonin still shows more therapeutic effect on liver cell injury induced by induction of diabetes.