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Abstract The detection of hate speech (HS) in online platforms has become extremely important for maintaining a safe and inclusive environment. While significant progress has been made in English-language HS detection, methods for detecting HS in other languages, such as Bengali, have not been explored much like English. In this survey, we outlined the key challenges specific to HS detection in Bengali, including the scarcity of labeled datasets, linguistic nuances, and contextual variations. We also examined different approaches and methodologies employed by researchers to address these challenges, including classical machine learning techniques, ensemble approaches, and more recent deep learning advancements. Furthermore, we explored the performance metrics used for evaluation, including the accuracy, precision, recall, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score, providing insights into the effectiveness of the proposed models. Additionally, we identified the limitations and future directions of research in Bengali HS detection, highlighting the need for larger annotated datasets, cross-lingual transfer learning techniques, and the incorporation of contextual information to improve the detection accuracy. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art HS detection methods used in Bengali text and serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in understanding the advancements, challenges, and opportunities in addressing HS in the Bengali language, ultimately assisting in the creation of reliable and effective online platform detection systems.

Reconstructing critical-sized craniofacial bone defects is a global healthcare challenge. Current methods, like autologous bone transplantation, face limitations. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative to autologous bone, with traditional approaches focusing on stimulating osteogenesis via the intramembranous ossification (IMO) pathway. However, IMO falls short in addressing larger defects, particularly in clinical scenarios where there is insufficient vascularisation. This review explores redirecting bone regeneration through endochondral ossification (ECO), a process observed in long bone healing stimulated by hypoxic conditions. Despite its promise, gaps exist in applying ECO to bone tissue engineering experiments, requiring the elucidation of key aspects such as cell sources, biomaterials and priming protocols. This review discusses various scaffold biomaterials and cellular sources for chondrogenesis and hypertrophic chondrocyte priming, mirroring the ECO pathway. The review highlights challenges in current endochondral priming and proposes alternative approaches. Emphasis is on segmental mandibular defect repair, offering insights for future research and clinical application. This concise review aims to advance bone tissue engineering by addressing critical gaps in ECO strategies.

Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) is one of the annual plants in Bangladesh that has potential as a fiber source. It is a crop generally cultivated for its nutritive value to soil. This paper describes the effect of harvesting age of dhaincha on chemical, morphological, pulp, and papermaking properties and its bleachability. Dhaincha is a short length fiber that can be used as a substitute to hardwood. Fiber length was found to increase slightly with increasing age of the plant. The alpha-cellulose content in dhaincha increased and pentosan decreased with increasing age. Dhaincha pulp was prepared from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 month old plants under identical cooking conditions. Pulp yield (43-45 %) and kappa number (26-30) did not follow direct correlation with plant age. But physical properties of unbleached pulp increased linearly with the increase of age. Bleachability of dhaincha pulp was quite poor. The bleachability of pulp was improved when the age of dhaincha was increased.

Abstract Background Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric problems among Canadian youth and typically have an onset in childhood or adolescence. They are characterized by high rates of relapse and chronicity, often resulting in substantial impairment across the lifespan. Genetic factors play an important role in the vulnerability toward anxiety disorders. However, genetic contribution to anxiety in youth is not well understood and can change across developmental stages. Large-scale genetic studies of youth are needed with detailed assessments of symptoms of anxiety disorders and their major comorbidities to inform early intervention or preventative strategies and suggest novel targets for therapeutics and personalization of care. Methods The Genetic Architecture of Youth Anxiety (GAYA) study is a Pan-Canadian effort of clinical and genetic experts with specific recruitment sites in Calgary, Halifax, Hamilton, Toronto, and Vancouver. Youth aged 10–19 (n = 13,000) will be recruited from both clinical and community settings and will provide saliva samples, complete online questionnaires on demographics, symptoms of mental health concerns, and behavioural inhibition, and complete neurocognitive tasks. A subset of youth will be offered access to a self-managed Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy resource. Analyses will focus on the identification of novel genetic risk loci for anxiety disorders in youth and assess how much of the genetic risk for anxiety disorders is unique or shared across the life span. Discussion Results will substantially inform early intervention or preventative strategies and suggest novel targets for therapeutics and personalization of care. Given that the GAYA study will be the biggest genomic study of anxiety disorders in youth in Canada, this project will further foster collaborations nationally and across the world.

One of the most popular tourist destinations is St. Martin's Island, which features a unique state of the socio-ecological environment of Bangladesh. However, tourists, other outsiders, and the island's growing human population significantly influence the overall standard of the socio-ecological environment, which is narrowly described in existing literature. The research aims to assess the state of the socio-ecological environment, particularly the quality of water, soil,flora and fauna, housing, economic activities, cropping pattern, and key degradation of the island. A questionnaire survey was used to assess housing patterns and ownership, drinking water sources, pollutants, vegetation, cropping patterns, and environmental issues. Furthermore, water samples from coastal regions and tube wells were obtained from 138 sampling points examined in the renowned laboratory of leading Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR). Measurements were made of five physiochemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), arsenic, and chlorine. The profile-based soil and sand samples were assessed based on Organic matter, Total Soluble Salt, pH, and CaCO3. The study found the saltwater along the coast of the island had a range of electrical conductivity from 371 to 7830, TDS from 194 to 8692 ppm, Cl concentration from 0.50 to 2.49 mg/l, arsenic content from 0.00 to 0.49, and pH from 5.50 to 8.09. The findings indicate that semi-brick accounted for 40% of the settlement while brick made up 19.7%, and 37.9% of the settlement was used for residential purposes, and 34.8% of it was made up for commercial purposes (e.g., hotels, resorts, restaurants etc.). Most hotels and residential areas used tube well water, and the study found that pollution from nearby and distant communities was the major cause of the environmental deterioration on island.

Abstract Background and Aims Pharmacists have been recognized as one of the most qualified healthcare professionals in the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics, yet its widespread implementation in clinical pharmacy practice has remained limited. The review aims to systematically investigate knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward pharmacogenomics among pharmacists and pharmacy students to inform the future delivery of pharmacogenomics education programs. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched up to May 17, 2022. Studies were selected if they included data on pharmacists' or pharmacy students' knowledge, perception, or attitude about pharmacogenomics and were published in a peer‐reviewed, English‐language journal with full‐text availability. Any published study not deemed original research was excluded. All included studies were critically appraised using the Center for Evidence‐Based Management's critical appraisal tools. The data were descriptively analyzed and presented based on pharmacists' and pharmacy students' knowledge/awareness, perception/attitudes toward pharmacogenomic (PGx), confidence in using or interpreting PGx testing results, and their desire to get further PGx education or their most preferred method of further education. Results A combined total of 12,430 pharmacists and pharmacy students from 26 countries are represented in the 52 included studies. Despite overwhelmingly positive attitudes and perceptions toward pharmacogenomics among pharmacists and pharmacy students, an overall lack of adequate knowledge and confidence was found. The review also found a strong desire for further pharmacogenomics education among pharmacists and pharmacy students. Conclusion Pharmacists and pharmacy students have positive perceptions and attitudes toward pharmacogenomics, which is hindered by a lack of knowledge and confidence. However, inadequate control for confounders, limited representativeness of the studied population or region, and small sample sizes diminish the generalizability of the review results. Knowledge and confidence could be improved through enhanced delivery of pharmacogenomic courses within the pharmacy curriculum and continuing education programs.

The study focuses on the chemistry of groundwater and if it is suitable for drinking and for use in agriculture using water quality indices, GIS mapping, and multivariate analyses in Sharsa Upazila, Jashore district, Bangladesh. In this study, the concentration of NH4+, K+, Ca2+, EC, Turbidity overstep BDWS drinking standards in 69 %, 14 %, 100 %, 40 % (WHO), 73 % of samples respectively. The value of Water Quality Indices (WQI) results inferred that the maximum specimen was held good quality for drinking uses, and the values distributed central eastern part to the south-eastern part were good quality water in the selected studied area. The study area's PH, EC, SAR, Na (%), TH, and NO3− values were mapped using GIS tools to show their spatial distribution. The cluster and correlation matrix analyses are used to validate for Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The five PCA results exhibited that the presence of EC, turbidity, K+, SO42− and NO3− was significant and was caused by both geogenic (rock weathering and cation exchange) and anthropogenic (agrochemicals, animal feedback) factor. According to the hydro-geochemical data, the maximum number of samples is of the Ca–Mg–HCO3–Cl type and is dominated by rocks. The irrigation water indices like MH, KR, SAR, and %Na indicate show high-quality groundwater for irrigation purposes. Most of the samples were satisfactory and compiled with WHO and Bangladeshi criteria for standard drinking water guideline values.

Bangladesh has been severely affected by the extreme heatwave that is affecting most of Asia. Extreme climate events, particularly heatwave impacts on the food system, pose risks to human health in Bangladesh, explicitly in the north-west part of the country. The association between the heatwave, food security and health are narrowly described in the existing literature, resulting in a research lacuna related diverse component of food system that are particularly vulnerable to the heatwave. The current study therefore aims to develop a framework for understanding the nexus between heatwave, food security, and human health, which will ultimately help to improve livelihood resilience in Bangladesh. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the link between heat waves, food security including human health (HFH) to explore the vulnerabilities in the food system in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Additionally, the current study conducted a case study on the tribal community (e.g., Santals) of Rajshahi to understand heatwave, food security and health nexus. There is evidence that critical activities in the food system are prone to risk to heat waves. It is complex how heatwaves propagate along the food system and impact elucidative dimensions of food security to impact human health impacts. Different types of disruption related to heatwave can indirectly affect human health by compromising food security, a critical factor of health. The case study of the current investigation reveals that human health can also be affected by the physical impact of the heat wave on the food system, particularly with regard to diet-related impacts and food-borne diseases within the tribal community. In the study, we propose to offer a novel analytical framework to examine and respond to the relationship between heat waves, food security and human health. The investigation provide a benchmark to policymakers, academia, and relevant stakeholders to examine and understand current and future heatwave risks and to develop adaptation strategies to build livelihood resilience in Bangladesh explicitly for tribal community.

The field of pharmacogenomics is at the forefront of a healthcare revolution, promising to usher in a new era of precision medicine [...]

Abstract This study presents an efficient framework of deriving lemma from an inflected Bangla word considering its parts-of-speech as context. Bangla is a morphologically rich Indo-Aryan language where around 70% words are inflected, and some words have around 90 different inflected forms making it one of the most challenging languages for lemmatization. The unavailability of a sufficiently large appropriate dataset in Bangla makes the task even more strenuous. A reliable robust Bangla lemmatizer will create new possibilities for other dependent fields like automatic language translation and grammatical correction to flourish in Bangla. In this paper, we have described a new larger Bangla dataset for lemmatization and an encoder-decoder-based sequence_to_sequence framework for it. After tuning the hyper-parameters, the proposed framework yielded 95.75% character accuracy and 91.81% exact match on the testing split of the prepared dataset which is significantly higher than existing other approaches in Bangla for lemmatization. Article Highlights This article: Discusses lemmatization task in Bangla and demonstrates difference with stemming Presents an artificial neural network based efficient model for lemmatization that yields comparatively better performance than existing ones Describes a new large dataset for lemmatization in Bangla language

Autologous bone replacement remains the preferred treatment for segmental defects of the mandible; however, it cannot replicate complex facial geometry and causes donor site morbidity. Bone tissue engineering has the potential to overcome these limitations. Various commercially available calcium phosphate-based bone substitutes (Novabone®, BioOss®, and Zengro®) are commonly used in dentistry for small bone defects around teeth and implants. However, their role in ectopic bone formation, which can later be applied as vascularized graft in a bone defect, is yet to be explored. Here, we compare the above-mentioned bone substitutes with autologous bone with the aim of selecting one for future studies of segmental mandibular repair. Six female sheep, aged 7–8 years, were implanted with 40 mm long four-chambered polyether ether ketone (PEEK) bioreactors prepared using additive manufacturing followed by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve hydrophilicity and bioactivity. Each bioreactor was wrapped with vascularized scapular periosteum and the chambers were filled with autologous bone graft, Novabone®, BioOss®, and Zengro®, respectively. The bioreactors were implanted within a subscapular muscle pocket for either 8 weeks (two sheep), 10 weeks (two sheep), or 12 weeks (two sheep), after which they were removed and assessed by microCT and routine histology. Moderate bone formation was observed in autologous bone grafts, while low bone formation was observed in the BioOss® and Zengro® chambers. No bone formation was observed in the Novabone® chambers. Although the BioOss® and Zengro® chambers contained relatively small amounts of bone, endochondral ossification and retained hydroxyapatite suggest their potential in new bone formation in an ectopic site if a consistent supply of progenitor cells and/or growth factors can be ensured over a longer duration.

The periosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue covering bone. It is an essential component for bone development and fracture healing. There has been considerable research exploring the application of the periosteum in bone regeneration since the 19th century. An increasing number of studies are focusing on periosteal progenitor cells found within the periosteum and the use of hydrogels as scaffold materials for periosteum engineering and guided bone development. Here, we provide an overview of the research investigating the use of the periosteum for bone repair, with consideration given to the anatomy and function of the periosteum, the importance of the cambium layer, the culture of periosteal progenitor cells, periosteum-induced ossification, periosteal perfusion, periosteum engineering, scaffold vascularization, and hydrogel-based synthetic periostea.

A label-free-based fiber optic biosensor based on etched tilted Bragg fiber grating (TFBG) is proposed and practically demonstrated. Conventional phase mask technic has been utilized to inscribe tilted fiber Bragg grating with a tilt angle of 10°, while the etching has been accomplished with hydrofluoric acid. A composite of polyethylenimine (PEI)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) has been thermally deposited on the etched TFBG, followed by immobilization of probe DNA (pDNA) on this deposited layer. The hybridization of pDNA with the complementary DNA (cDNA) has been monitored using wavelength-dependent interrogation. The reproducibility of the probes has been demonstrated by fabricating three identical probes and their response has been investigated for cDNA concentration ranging from 0 μM to 3 μM. The maximum sensitivity has been found to be 320 pm/μM, with the detection limit being 0.65 μM. Furthermore, the response of the probes towards non-cDNA has also been investigated in order to establish its specificity.

Periosteum is a highly vascularized membrane lining the surface of bones. It plays essential roles in bone repair following injury and reconstruction following invasive surgeries. To broaden the use of periosteum, including for augmenting in vitro bone engineering and/or in vivo bone repair, we have developed an ex vivo perfusion bioreactor system to maintain the cellular viability and metabolism of surgically resected periosteal flaps. Each specimen was placed in a 3D printed bioreactor connected to a peristaltic pump designed for the optimal flow rates of tissue perfusate. Nutrients and oxygen were perfused via the periosteal arteries to mimic physiological conditions. Biochemical assays and histological staining indicate component cell viability after perfusion for almost 4 weeks. Our work provides the proof-of-concept of ex vivo periosteum perfusion for long-term tissue preservation, paving the way for innovative bone engineering approaches that use autotransplanted periosteum to enhance in vivo bone repair.

Abstract Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing has emerged as a tool for predicting a person's ability to process and react to drugs. Despite the growing evidence‐base, enthusiasm, and successful efforts to implement PGx testing in psychiatry, a consensus on how best to implement PGx testing into practice has not been established and numerous hurdles to widespread adoption remain to be overcome. In this article, we summarize the most used approaches and commonly encountered hurdles when implementing PGx testing into routine psychiatric care. We also highlight effective strategies that have been used to overcome hurdles. These strategies include the development of user‐friendly clinical workflows for test ordering, use, and communication of results, establishment of test standardization and reimbursement policies, and development of tailored curriculums for educating health‐care providers and the public. Although knowledge and awareness of these approaches and strategies to overcome hurdles alone may not be sufficient for successful implementation, they are necessary to ensure the effective spread, scale, and sustainability of PGx testing in psychiatry and other areas of medicine.

Heatwave is now becoming an alarming climate-induced shock in Bangladesh. Several investigations mainly focus on the impacts of heatwave and mitigation strategies on megacity and urban heat islands. However, understanding adaptation strategies for livable habitat to the heatwave in a medium-sized city like Rajshahi, located north-western region of Bangladesh, are not well articulated. Therefore, how city dwellers can be adapted to the heatwave in a medium-sized city is crucial to academia, GO's, and NGO's policymakers. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the household adaptation strategies for livable habitat to the heatwave in Rajshahi city corporation (RCC) areas where the overall livelihood of the city dwellers has been severely affected due to heatwave. The findings are based on empirical data collected through field observation, household surveys, and key informant interviews (KII) with a semi-structured questionnaire in RCC. A pre-tested questionnaire was developed to collect primary data from 300 respondents in Rajshahi. Sample sizes were chosen by using the purposive sampling technique. The study found three types of adaptation strategies: 1) structural: designed cooling facilities, uses of air conditioner and cooler; 2) non-structural: drinking plenty of water, staying indoors, taking a bath, sitting beside water bodies; and (3) community innovations based: sitting under big tree and riverside, keeping water reservoir in the room, opening multiple windows, roof and courtyard gardening, wall painting by white color. The community innovation-based adaptation strategies have shown high effectiveness among all types of adaptation strategies for making livable habitats for the heatwave at the household level. Therefore, it can be a significant component of adopting a policy to address the adverse impacts of the heatwave in the medium-sized city of Bangladesh besides structural and non-structural adaptation strategies.

BackgroundBangladesh has failed to meet the United Nations goal for reducing maternal mortality in the last decade. The high prevalence of unskilled birth attendant (UBA) delivery (47%) has resulted in negative consequences for the health of mothers and newborn babies in the country. Spatial variations in UBA delivery and its predictors are yet to be explored in Bangladesh, which could be very helpful in formulating cost-effective policies for reducing that. This study examines the spatial variations in UBA delivery and its predictors in Bangladesh.MethodsThis study analyzed the characteristics of 672 clusters extracted from the 2017/18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, and healthcare facility data from the 2017 Bangladesh Health Facility Survey. These data were analyzed using descriptive and spatial analyses (hot spot analysis, Ordinary Least Squares Regression, and Geographically Weighted Regression) techniques.ResultsStatistically significant hot spots of UBA delivery were concentrated in parts of the Mymensingh, Sylhet, Barishal, and Rangpur regions, while Khulna was the safest region. Predictive strengths of the statistically significant predictors of spatial variation in UBA delivery were observed to vary considerably across the regions. Poorest household wealth status and less than four antenatal care contacts emerged as strong predictors of UBA delivery in all the aforementioned hot spot-stricken regions, except Barisal. Additionally, primiparity and all secondary education or higher were strong predictors of lower UBA delivery rates in Mymensingh and Sylhet, while poorer household wealth status was also a strong predictor of UBA delivery in Sylhet. Multiparity was an additional strong predictor of UBA delivery in Rangpur. In Barisal, only poorer household wealth status exerted a strong positive influence on UBA delivery.ConclusionsThe remarkable spatial variations in UBA delivery and its predictors' strengths indicate that geographically-targeted interventions could be a cost-effective method for reducing the UBA delivery prevalence in Bangladesh, thereby improve maternal and child health.

Free flap surgery is currently the only successful method used by surgeons to reconstruct critical-sized defects of the jaw, and is commonly used in patients who have had bony lesions excised due to oral cancer, trauma, infection or necrosis. However, donor site morbidity remains a significant flaw of this strategy. Various biomaterials have been under investigation in search of a suitable alternative for segmental mandibular defect reconstruction. Hydrogels are group of biomaterials that have shown their potential in various tissue engineering applications, including bone regeneration, both through in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical animal trials. This review discusses different types of hydrogels, their fabrication techniques, 3D printing, their potential for bone regeneration, outcomes, and the limitations of various hydrogels in preclinical models for bone tissue engineering. This review also proposes a modified technique utilizing the potential of hydrogels combined with scaffolds and cells for efficient reconstruction of mandibular segmental defects.