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Objective: This study was aimed to assess the histomorphological changes in rat mandible induced by injection botox in masseter muscle and to assess the possible remedial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on histomorphology of the rat mandibular condylar cartilage. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 16th June 2020 to 07th August 2020, with the collaboration of the Military Hospital, Rawalpindi and the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. Methods: Forty, healthy, female (non-pregnant) “Sprague Dawley rats”, 10 weeks of age with weight of 200- 250gm were selected and divided into four groups. Group A control, Groups B, C and D were experimental groups. Group B was sham injected whilst group C and D were injected by botox in left masseter muscle. Group D was treated with Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract for 1 month whereas rats from group B and C were given saline solution as a vehicle. H&E and Toluidine Blue after decalcification of the mandible were used for staining. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 23. The P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. One-way analysis of variance was applied followed by Tukey's post-Hoc test to seek distinction of quantitative variables between the groups. Result: Botox injected group C developed changes when compared with the control group A and sham group B, including the discontinuation of the condylar cartilage surface and chondrocyte hypertrophy, cluster formation and disorientation of chondron columns. The experiment did not show any improvement in experimental group D after treatment with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Conclusion: The administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract did not yield the expected improvements in the histomorphology of the mandibular condylar cartilage. How to cite this: Iram M, Kiani MRB, Qamar A, Atta MF, Shan M, Zia MS. Ameliorative Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Histomorphological Changes in Rat Mandible Induced by Intramuscular Injection of Botox in Masseter. Life and Science. 2024; 5(4): 482-490. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.766

Abstract Much has been said about the paradigms that generated and complexed the Victorian and post-Victorian tension, but surprisingly enough no sufficient attention was given to the role of the rediscovery of the Epic of Gilgamesh in this process. This paper first follows the actual origin, process, and importance of the rediscovery and reception of Gilgamesh since the second half of the nineteenth century. Second, the paper argues that Gilgamesh controversy has been central to the great multifaceted tension that defined the Victorian and post-Victorian periods. Finally, the paper attempts to answer the questions of why Gilgamesh has been deemed as a subject of great interest and importance for the modern literary and cultural scholars and general public and what aspects of themselves and their culture they recognized in the ancient Mesopotamian epic and its hero. Such discussions help increasing contemporary awareness of the more famous and more notable than all of cuneiform literatures, the Gilgamesh Epic, and lead therefore to raising awareness of the high richness of Ancient Near Eastern heritage and the crucial significance of preserving Sumer’s and Babylon’s legacy for future generations.

Objective To investigate the histological and biochemical alterations in the pancreas associated with statin-induced toxicity using a rat model. Methodology A one-year laboratory-based experimental control trial conducted at department of anatomy of a public sector medical college in Rawalpindi, in collaboration with the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to the control group and another twenty to the experimental group. For a duration of 12 weeks, the experimental group was given 60 mg/kg/day of simvastatin orally, whereas the control group was given water and a conventional diet. The following characteristics were measured: body weight, pancreatic weight, biochemical parameters (cytokines, enzymes), and histological alterations (congestion, necrosis, fibrosis). Version 23 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyze the data. Qualitative variables were expressed as percentages and frequencies. The statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Chi-square analyses contrasted the qualitative factors among the groups. Results Compared to controls, the simvastatin group showed significantly increased mean pancreatic weight (p=0.043), congestion (55% vs 0%, p

Background Cancer remains a critical global health challenge and a leading cause of mortality. Flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables have gained attention for their potential anti-cancer properties. Fisetin, abundantly present in strawberries, apples, onions, and other plant sources, has emerged as a promising candidate for cancer prevention. Epidemiological studies linking a diet rich in these foods to lower cancer risk have sparked extensive research on fisetin’s efficacy.

Objective: To observe the histomorphological changes in rat testes treated with Fluoxetine, focusing on the weight of the testis along with the epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubules and evaluating the ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera on the same gross and histological parameters. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), with the National Institute of Health, Islamabad and Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Sep 2022 to Mar 2023. Methodology: Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats divided into three groups (n=10). Group-A was the Control-Group, and the rest served as the Experimental-Group. Drugs were given in a single daily dose through oral gavage for eight weeks. Group-B was given Fluoxetine, 10 mg/kg body weight. Group-C was administered Fluoxetine in the same dose and concomitant administration of Moringa powder, 50mg/30 grams body weight. After sacrifice, testes were fixed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histological study. Results: The study found a statistically significant decrease in the weight of rat testis (p-value˂0.05) and epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubules of rats treated with Fluoxetine (p-value ˂0.05). Conclusion: Fluoxetine significantly decreased the weight of the testis and epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubules in rat testes. Moringa Oleifera administration ameliorated these effects in the short term.

Nephrolithiasis represents a common cause of non-obstetrical abdominal pain during pregnancy with 1 out of 200 pregnancies being affected. 20%–30% of patients require ureteroscopy. Many studies were done on safety of holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) during pregnancy but none on Thulium Fiber Laser (TFL). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pregnant patient with nephrolithiasis that was treated using ureteroscopy and TFL. We present a 28 years old pregnant woman that presented to our hospital with a left distal ureteric stone. Patient underwent URS and lithotripsy using TFL. The procedure was tolerated with no complications.

The intermediate-temperature embrittlement range was examined for Fe, Al, Cu, and Ni alloys. It was found that this embrittlement occurs in many alloys, although the causes are very diverse. Embrittlement can be due to fine matrix precipitation, precipitate free zones, melting of compounds at the grain boundaries, segregation of elements to the boundaries, and, additionally for steel, the presence of the soft ferrite film surrounding the harder austenite matrix. Grain boundary sliding and segregation to the boundaries seem to dominate the failure mode at the base of the trough when intergranular failure takes place. When cracking is due to the presence of hydrogen or liquid films at the boundary, then the dissociation along the boundaries is so easy, it is often independent of the strain rate and is always intergranular. In the other cases when failure occurs, if the deformation is carried out at a high strain rate, it is normally transgranular (e.g., hot rolling giving rise to edge cracking). However, when the strain rate is reduced to that of creep (e.g., bending during continuous casting of steel), failure can also take place by grain boundary sliding, and intergranular failure then becomes the favoured mode.

In this work, we synthesized thirteen compounds of 1-(2-furoyl)thiourea derivatives 1-13 by conversion of 2-furoyl chloride to 2-furoyl isothiocyanate by reacting it with potassium thiocyanate in dry acetone in a quite short reflux time then, in the same pot, different of (primary and secondary amines) were added individually to achieve thiourea derivatives. The products were characterized spectroscopically using (FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) techniques. Some of them were evaluated as antioxidant agents using DPPH radical scavenging method, and all were examined theoretically as enzyme inhibitors against Bacillus pasteurii urease (pdb id: 4ubp) and by studying molecular docking using Autodock (4.2.6) software.

The evolution of wireless and mobile communication from 0G to the upcoming 5G gives rise to data sharing through the Internet. This data transfer via open public networks are susceptible to several types of attacks. Encryption is a method that can protect information from hackers and hence confidential data can be secured through a cryptosystem. Due to the increased number of cyber attacks, encryption has become an important component of modern-day communication. In this article, a new image encryption algorithm is presented using chaos theory and dynamic substitution. The proposed scheme is based on two-dimensional Henon, Ikeda chaotic maps, and substitution box (S-box) transformation. Through Henon, a random S-Box is selected and the image pixel is substituted randomly. To analyze security and robustness of the proposed algorithm, several security tests such as information entropy, histogram investigation, correlation analysis, energy, homogeneity, and mean square error are performed. The entropy values of the test images are greater than 7.99 and the key space of the proposed algorithm is 2798. Furthermore, the correlation values of the encrypted images using the proposed scheme are close to zero when compared with other conventional schemes. The number of pixel change rate (NPCR) and unified average change intensity (UACI) for the proposed scheme are higher than 99.50% and 33, respectively. The simulation results and comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms prove the efficiency and security of the proposed scheme.

In this paper, the influence of small additions of Cr, Mo, Cu, Ni, B, Ca, Zr, and Ce on the hot ductility of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) has been reviewed. Most of these small additions have a positive effect in improving hot ductility on straightening during continuous casting operations and should be considered when problems with cracking in continuous casting are encountered. In many of these cases, the reason for these generally small but important improvements in hot ductility is not known with certainty, but the segregation of these elements to the austenite grain boundaries, strengthening the bonding, is often suggested.

Objective of study: The objective of the study is to identify the attitudes of medical students towards the clinical importance of embryology. Methodology: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a private medical college of Sialkot, Islam Medical College from September 2019 to November 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee prior to the study. Hundred First year and 100 final year medical students of Islam Medical College, participated in the survey. Thurdstone and Chave attitude analysis scoring was used to assess the attitudes. The questionnaire consisted of 20 statements. Students had to tick only those statements with which they were in full agreement. Prior to conducting the study a median score was taken out of 50 anatomy teachers, showing their opinion toward each statement. Results: The results of the study showed that the medical students do appreciate the importance of embryology in the early years and to a more extent in the clinical years. The attitude scores remained on the positive side. Female students showed better attitudes towards embryology in both years. Conclusion: To understand the importance of embryology efforts are required by the teachers teaching anatomy, and medical educationalists, to inform medical students of the relevance of embryology in attaining clinical competence. Key words: Attitude, Clinical, Embryology, Continuous...

Cu-containing steels can suffer from hot shortness unless Ni is added to protect them but whether this problem also influences the straightening operation is not clear. Previous work on hot ductility has found that only when the tensile samples from Cu-containing steels are oxidised can any deleterious influence of copper be found. However, this paper shows that oxidation is not essential. It is more complex than that and, as Cu has been suggested for TRIP steels at levels up to 2.5% Cu to increase their strength and ductility, a greater understanding is required, both of hot shortness and cracking during straightening. The present paper explores the hot ductility behaviour of steels alloyed with Cu and Ni in the straightening temperature range, 700–1000 °C, when tested in air and in an argon atmosphere. Segregation of Cu to the sulphides and grain boundaries occurred allowing the formation of fine Cu2S particles at the austenite grain boundaries favouring intergranular failure and this was more pronounced under oxidising conditions and required strain. It was concluded that a Cu addition, as well as causing hot shortness at higher temperatures will also cause cracking problems in the straightening temperature range in the more sensitive to cracking grades of steel and although the problems are different they are nevertheless interrelated and provided there is sufficient Ni, both may be avoided.

Objective: To determine the important clinical features at the initial presentation of Hepatocellular carcinoma and the treatments offered thereby. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017. Methodology: A total of 157 patients were studied. Their history, examination and relevant investigations were carried out at initial presentation to find all required details including age, gender, etiology of HCC, number and size of hepatic lesions, Child Pugh class, performance status, BCLC scoring, vascular invasion of tumor, lymph nodal involvement and metastasis; at time of diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment was offered based on all these parameters, as per latest AASLD guidelines. Data were entered in SPSS version 24 for statistical analysis. Results: Of the total 157 patients, 117 (75%) were males and 40 (25%) were females. Mean age was 60.4 ± 8.67 years. Majority of HCC cases (84%) were HCV infected. Performance status was 0 or 1 in 87% cases. Around 52% patients had huge size of lesion, >5cm, at presentation. Child Pugh score was A for 68% patients. BCLC score was B, C or D in 70% cases which implies intermediate or advanced disease where curative treatments could not be performed. TACE was the most frequent treatment offered (33% cases), followed by Sorafenib (29% cases). Conclusion: Hepatocellular carcinoma was found to be on the rise in our setup as a consequence of the huge prevalence of HCV infection. Most patients were males presenting at intermediate or advanced stage disease where curative treatments were not possible.

Objective: To study the gross morphology of skeletal muscles and plasma Creatinine phosphokinase levels of rats and find effect of long acting β2-agonists co-administration in Statin induced myopathies. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and Armed forces institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2016. Methodology: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were procured from NIH Islamabad. Their average approximate age was 70-80 days with weight range 250 ± 50 grams. The animals were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group A was the control. Each rat of group B received Simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, by oral gavage (60mg/kg/day) once daily, for 12 weeks. Animals of Group C received simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, (60mg/kg/day) once daily plus for dissolved in distilled water (3μg/kg/day) once daily for 12 weeks. 5ml sample of blood was taken in a plain tube directly from the heart for the quantitative measurement of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels before sacrificing of the animals. The animals were sacrificed after three months of the experimental period. Results: Examination of plasma levels of CPK of the control group revealed the normal values. It was significantly higher in group B as compared to the control group A. The serum creatine phosphokinase levels showed a decrease in the mean levels after treatment with Formoterol in group C Conclusion: Simvastatin induced the myopathic changes in the skeletal muscle of experimental rats which was shown by increased CPK levels. Formoterol co-administration decreased CPK levels in simvastatin induced myopathies.

Objective: To determine correlation between the Prothrombin time obtained by Prothrombin time meter with Prothrombin time estimation by clinical laboratory in neonates. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Combined Military Hospital Lahore, from Feb 2014 to Aug 2014. Methodology: One hundred cases, comprising of infants between the age from 0 to 28 days of both genders fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were included in the study after seeking written informed consent. Blood samples from all selected neonates were obtained from a peripheral vein under strict aseptic conditions. The samples were analyzed on Sysmex Coagulation Analyzer CA-500 from the Pathology Department. Simultaneously a drop of blood was obtained by heel prick and spot checked by Roche Coaguchek Prothrombin Time Meter. SPSS version 17 was used for data analysis. Percentage and frequency were calculated for the qualitative variables; while mean and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative variables. Data was analyzed by using Pearson’s correlation between the values obtained with the meter and the laboratory. Results: The mean (SD) INR values measured from PT meter was 2.176 (0.94557), while that from laboratory was 2.1467 (0.91013). A useful correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.984 (r =0.984) was found between the two values. Conclusion: PT values obtained by PT meter did not differ significantly from the PT estimation by clinical laboratory in neonates.

Objective: To study Simvastatin induced, qualitative histomorphological changes in skeletal muscle fibers of rats and find protective effect of Formoterol co-administration in Simvastatin induced myopathy. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at the department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and Armed forces institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2016. Material and Methods: Adult male Sprague-dawley rats were procured from NIH Islamabad. Their average approximate age was 70-80 days with weight as 250 ± 50 grams. The animals were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group A was the control. Each rat of group B received Simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, by oral gavage (60mg/kg/day) once daily, for 12 weeks. Animals of Group C received simvastatin dissolved in distilled water (60mg/kg/day) once daily plus formoterol dissolved in distilled water (3μg/kg/day) once daily for 12 weeks. Both were administered with the help of oral gavage. The animals were sacrificed after three months of the experimental period. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) tendon was isolated and dissected out. Tissue processing was done on the EDL muscle followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Fiber variability, inflammation, necrosis, shape of nuclei and location of nuclei were assessed per high power field in each specimen of all the groups. Results: Examination of H&E stained sections of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the control group revealed the normal structure of skeletal muscle. Fiber variability, inflammation and necrosis were significantly higher in group B as compared to the control group A. Group C showed significantly decrease in myofiber variability, inflammation and necrosis in myofibers as compared to group B. Conclusion: Simvastatin induced the histomorphological changes in the skeletal muscle of experimental rats by increasing myofiber variability, inflammation and necrosis. Formoterol co-administration minimized the simvastatin induced myopathy by significantly decreasing myofiber variability, inflammation and necrosis.

In order to be innovative in hospitality industry the role of leadership style on employees is very crucial. Leaders are in direct contact with employees and their encouragement and support can trigger the employees to be innovative in delivering the service. In hospitality industry the front-line employees need utmost attention as this industry totally depends on the service of employees especially front-line employees who set the first impression of the hotels. Leadership styles have significant impact on employees' innovation. The study aim was to examine the impact transformational leadership (TL) on innovation in hotel industry of Malaysia. This study filled the gap by examining the transformational leadership style impact on innovation in front line employees. Total 480 questionnaires were distributed among the employees of 5stars hotels which were located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. To examine the hypotheses, this study applied the SEM (AMOS). Findings revealed that transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on employees' innovation. Interesting finding came in mediation analysis, in which affective commitment mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and innovation. Findings of this study are beneficial for management of hotels to understand the role of transformational leadership style, affective commitment on employees in order to be innovative in delivering services. This study provided the in depth analysis for top management to better handle and incite the innovation in employees as the leaders are directly responsible to lead employees in innovative way to be innovative. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Innovation, Affective commitment, SEM. JEL Classifications: H12; A12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.10761

The influence of Al and Nb on the strength and impact behaviour of hot rolled steels containing 0.06 wt% of C, 1.4 wt% of Mn has been determined after hot rolling to 15 mm and 30 mm thick plate. When 0.16 wt% of Al was added to the plain C-Mn steel, the impact behaviour significantly improved even though Widmanstätten ferrite (WF) was present. This improvement was due to refinement of the grain boundary carbides and removing the N from solution as AlN. The hot rolled steels all contained WF but when Nb was added more WF formed as well as martensite/retained austenite (MA) giving poor impact behaviour. Reducing the hardenability from that shown in previous work by decreasing C from 0.1 to 0.06 wt%, Nb from 0.03 to 0.02 wt%, and cooling rate from 33 to 17 K/min had no effect in improving the impact performance of hot rolled Nb steels. To ensure optimum properties not only is it necessary to reduce the hardenability, but WF formation must be discouraged by having a high Ar3. This can only be presently achieved by refining the austenite grain size via control rolling the Nb containing steels; the benefit of adding Al can then, readily be seen. Suggestions are made as to how this might be achieved for hot rolling. Keywords: Hot rolling, High Al additions, Nb, Steel, MA, Widmanstätten ferrite, Grain boundary carbides, Impact and strength

The hot ductility of Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels is reviewed, concentrating on the likelihood of cracking occurring on continuous casting during the straightening operation. In this review, the influence of high levels of Al, Si, P, Mn and C on their hot ductility will be discussed as well as the important role B can play in improving their hot ductility. Of these elements, Al has the worst influence on ductility but a high Al addition is often needed in both TWIP and TRIP steels. AlN precipitates are formed often as thin coatings covering the austenite grain surfaces favouring intergranular failure and making them difficult to continuous cast without cracks forming. Furthermore, with TWIP steels the un-recrystallised austenite, which is the state the austenite is when straightening, suffers from excessive grain boundary sliding, so that the ductility often decreases with increasing temperature, resulting in the RA value being below that needed to avoid cracking on straightening. Fortunately, the addition of B can often be used to remedy the deleterious influence of AlN. The influence of precipitation hardeners (Nb, V and Ti based) in strengthening the room temperature yield strength of these TWIP steels and their influence on hot ductility is also discussed.

In Saudi Arabia, the country’s progress toward appropriate and inclusive education programs for children with disabilities is still evolving. A crucial aspect of this evolution has been the development of a comprehensive assessment battery that covers a broad range of cognitive factors for the diagnosis of neurodevelopment disorders and other types of intellectual atypicalities, including giftedness. The Alif–Ya Assessment Battery consists of 47 subtests based on various theories of intelligence. Alif–Ya capitalizes on advanced technologies to enable its delivery either in person or remotely. Moreover, over half of Alif–Ya’s subtests are adaptive; items are selected for the test takers based on their previous responses. In this paper, we provide an overview of the Alif–Ya Assessment Battery, describe how it was designed to make the best use of the latest and best features of technology for the appropriate and accurate assessment of children and adolescents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia via remote or in-person administration, and present initial data collected with the battery.

Objective: To observe the destructive effects of low frequency noise on periodontium with special emphasis on the alveolar bone. Study Design: Laboratory based randomized control study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Anatomy department of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in collaboration with animal house of National Institute of Health, Islamabad. The study continued for one year, from Sep 2012 to Aug 2013. Material and Methods: Thirty adult BALB mice were divided into three equal groups. The animals from group A (Control) were exposed to routine outside environment of animal house with normal daily activity going on. The animals from experimental group B were kept in an environment having complete silence with no exposure to external environment. The animals from group C (Experimental) were exposed to low frequency noise of 200 Hz continuously for a period of three months. This sound was generated by an analogue frequency generator having uninterrupted power supply (UPS). At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed and histomorphological changes were observed on the alveolar bone. The data was collected at the end of study and analyzed using SPSS version 21. The results with p-value

Objective: To identify the histological effectsof statin-induced skeletal muscle myopathy in a Rat model and to find protective effect of long acting β2-agonists. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at the department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and Armed forces institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2016. Material and Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were procured from NIH Islamabad. Their average approximate age was 70-80 days and weight range was 250 ± 50 grams. The animals were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group A was the control. Each rat of group B received Simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, by oral gavage (60mg/kg/day) once daily, for 12 weeks. Animals of group C received simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, (60mg/kg/day) once daily plus formoterol dissolved in distilled water (3μg/kg/day) once daily for 12 weeks. Both were administered with the help of oral gavage. The animals were sacrificed after three months of the experimental period. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) tendon was isolated and dissected out. Tissue processing was done on the EDL muscle followed by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining. Fiber crosssectional areas, Number of myofibers and Central Myonuclei were counted per high power field in each specimen of all three groups. Results: Examination of H&E stained sections of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the control group revealed the histological structure of skeletal muscle. Cross sectional area of myofibers and number of myofibers were significantly lower in group B as compared to the control group A. Group C showed significant increase in cross sectional area of myofibers and number of myofibers as compared to group B. No central myonuclei was seen in any section. Conclusion: Simvastatin induced the histomorphological changes in the skeletal muscle of experimental rats by reducing myofiber size and number. Formoterol co-administration minimized simvastatin induced myopathy by significantly increasing myofiber size and number.

Purpose: To present a case of vaso-vagal syncope (VVS) after mydriatic eye drops in a patient with cutaneous hemangioma and intracerebral vascular abnormalities. Case report: A 41-year old woman presented to an ophthalmology clinic complaining of near vision disturbance. On examination, there was dilatation and telangiectasis of the conjunctival vessels on the temporal side of the right eye associated with right hemicranial and neck cutaneous involuted hemangioma ipsilateral to the conjunctival lesion. The patient experienced vaso-vagal syncope for approximately 15 minutes after mydriatic eye drops, 2 months prior to presentation. A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) showed right hypoplasia of the lateral and sigmoideus venous sinus ipsilateral to the external right hemangioma with predominantly compensatory drainage at the contralateral left system. At the neck vessels, the MRA showed dominant drainage through the lateral and jugular left sinus by the hypoplasia of the contralateral right system. Conclusion: This case shows the association of telangiectasis of the conjunctiva, and cutaneous hemangiomas of the head and neck with anomalies involving the central nervous system (CNS) as described by Pascual-Castroviejo in 1978, which they called cutaneous hemangioma– vascular complex syndrome. The diagnosis was made after the patient experienced VVS after mydriatic eyedrops instillation.

The photoreduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by means of protonated and exfoliated phenyl-doped carbon nitride is reported. Although carbon nitride-based materials have been recognized as efficient photocatalysts, the photoreduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol is not allowed because of the high recombination rate of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In this paper, we show the morphology effects on the photoactivity in phenyl-doped carbon nitride. Structural (TEM, XRD, Raman) and optical characterization (absorption, photoluminescence) of the protonated and exfoliated phenyl-doped carbon nitride (hereafter pePhCN) is reported. The increased photocatalytic efficiency, with respect to the bulk material, is underlined by the calculation of the kinetic constant of the photoreduction process (2.78 × 10 -1 min -1 and 3.54 × 10 -3 min -1 ) for pePhCN and bulk PhCN, respectively. Finally, the detailed mechanism of the photoreduction process of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by modified phenyl carbon nitride is proposed.