Search

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone (PSTA) in chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema (PCME) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).Consecutive 22 patients who developed chronic PCME after PPV and underwent PSTA treatment were included in this retrospective study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured pre injection and post injection at one month, three months, six months, and at last visit. The patients were divided into three groups according to the injection response status: complete, partial, and resistant.The mean follow-up period was 26.4 ± 16.2 months after PSTA. According to pre-injection values, there was a significant improvement in the values of BCVA and CMT at the first, third, and sixth months and at the last examination (P0.05). In the final examination, PCME recovered completely in 12 patients, partially in 8 patients, and resistance was observed in 2 patients.Posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone seems to be effective in chronic PCME following PPV.

Purpose To detect the early changes in retinal vasculature via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) by comparing the quantitative OCTA parameters in the group of patients who were using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or not. Methods This was a cross-sectional, comparative, and observational study. The patients who were newly or previously prescribed HCQ for an autoimmune disease were included. OCTA imaging was performed via OCT RT XR Avanti with AngioVue software (Optivue Inc, Freemont, CA). The study group had two groups: a control group (patients newly diagnosed and who were not taking any medication) and a treatment group (patients who were receiving HCQ treatment). The main outcome measure was OCTA parameters. Results A total of 102 eyes of 102 patients were included. There were 70 patients in the treatment group and 32 patients in the control group. All of the vascular density values were similar between the control and treatment groups (p > 0.05 for all). However, the superficial whole thickness, superficial parafoveal thickness, superficial perifoveal thickness, deep whole thickness, deep parafoveal thickness, and deep perifoveal thickness were thinner in the treatment group than the control group (p

KARA, TAYFUN/0000-0002-2156-3457; tarakcioglu, hatice nur/0000-0002-8611-4353; WOS: 000529689200013 PubMed: 31912403 Purpose To compare the retinal and choroidal microvasculature quantitatively via optical coherence angiography (OCTA) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were under methylphenidate (MFD) treatment or newly diagnosed as ADHD and were not taking any medication. Methods This was a cross-sectional, comparative, and observational study. The children who were between 6 and 17 years old and previously diagnosed as ADHD and were under MFD treatment or who were newly diagnosed as ADHD were included in the study. Optical coherence tomography angiography imaging was performed via OCT RT XR Avanti with AngioVue software (Optivue Inc, Freemont, CA). The main outcome measure of the study was OCTA parameters of the children with ADHD. Results A total of 186 eyes of 186 patients were included in the study. There were 80 eyes in the control group (newly diagnosed) and 106 eyes in the treatment group (under MFD treatment). The mean duration of methylphenidate use in the treatment group was 33.9 +/- 20.1 months (between 6 and 84 months). The choriocapillary flow area (p = 0.03), superficial parafoveal thickness (p = 0.01), and deep parafoveal thickness (p = 0.01) were statistically greater in the treatment group than the control group. Conclusion Most of the important OCTA parameters especially foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and FAZ perimeter were similar in the two groups. There was a significant difference between the two groups in parafoveal thickness values which might point to a slight effect of MFD on retinal circulation.

Patients with diabetic macular edema may not have optimal outcomes even with monthly ranibizumab intravitreal injections. A corticosteroid implant might be considered in such patients. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of switching from ranibizumab to an intravitreal dexamethasone implant after three or six consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab. Patients with treatment-naive diabetic macular edema who showed a poor anatomical response to three or six consecutive intravitreal ranibizumab injections and received an intravitreal dexamethasone implant were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups as early- and late-switch groups. The early-switch group consisted of the patients who initially received three consecutive monthly ranibizumab injections and the late-switch group consisted of the patients who initially received six consecutive monthly ranibizumab injections and switched to a dexamethasone implant because of a poor anatomical response. Best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness at the baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the study population were recorded. Sixty-eight eyes of 68 patients were included. The early-switch group consisted of 34 eyes and the late-switch group consisted of 34 eyes. The mean change in best corrected visual acuity was similar between the two groups at 3, 9, and 12 months; however, it was significantly better in the early-switch group than the late-switch group at 6 months. The change in central retinal thickness was similar between the two groups at 3, 9, and 12 months; however, it was significantly better in the early-switch group than the late-switch group at 6 months. Although both early switching and late switching are similar in terms of providing functional and morphological improvement, early switching appeared better for ensuring patient well-being in the early period and improving patient adherence.

Purpose: To assess the outcomes of subtotal vitrectomy in idiopathic macular hole (IMH). Methods: The patients with idiopathic IMH who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery and followed up for at least 12 months post-operatively were included. First the posterior hyaloid was detached, then cortical vitreous was removed incompletely by leaving anterior vitreous intact. Internal limiting membrane was peeled with the aid of brilliant blue. A non-expanding volume of perfluoropropane was used as a tamponade and face-down positioning for 5 days was suggested to the patients. The main outcome measure was the closure rate of IMH. Results: Forty-three eyes were included. The mean follow-up time was 15.0 ± 3.8 months after surgery. Single surgery anatomical success was 86.0%. The mean BCVA at baseline, month 1, 3, 6, 12 and at the last follow-up was 0.99 ± 0.33 LogMAR (0,5–1.80), 1.04 ± 0.33 LogMAR (0.5–1.8), 0.94 ± 0.46 LogMAR (0.3–3.0), 0.84 ± 0.33 LogMAR (0.3–1.5), 0.82 ± 0.35 (0.2–1.5), and 0.70 ± 0.34 (0.1–1.5) (p > 0.05, for all). The mean visual acuity increased by 2.9 lines at the last follow-up visit and 51.2% of the patients gained ≥ 3 lines of vision. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated limited core vitrectomy as a safe and effective surgical technique in the treatment of IMH, resulting in acceptable functional and anatomical outcomes without significant intra- and post-operative complications. Keywords: Macula, Macular hole, Perfluoropropane, Vitrectomy

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the treatment of diabetic macular edema associated with subfoveal retinal detachment. Methods: This is a retrospective, comparative study. The treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema patients who had diabetic macular edema associated with subfoveal retinal detachment and underwent intravitreal aflibercept or intravitreal ranibizumab treatment were included. The patients were treated on a pro re nata treatment regimen after a loading dose of 3-monthly injections and the follow-up time was 12 months. The primary outcome measure of this study was the presence of subfoveal retinal detachment after treatment at different time points. The secondary outcome measures were the change in best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness. Results: A total of 46 eyes of 46 patients were included. The aflibercept group consisted of 20 and the ranibizumab group consisted of 26 eyes. During the follow-up period of 12 months, subfoveal retinal detachment was completely resolved in 75% versus 57.7% of the eyes at month 3 (p = 0.2), 90% versus 76.9% at month 6 (p = 0.2), 90% versus 65.4% at month 9 (p = 0.05), and 100% versus 80.8% at month 12 (p = 0.03) in the intravitreal aflibercept versus intravitreal ranibizumab groups. The change in best corrected visual acuity was not statistically different between the groups at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Both intravitreal aflibercept and intravitreal ranibizumab were effective in regards to anatomical and functional outcomes of diabetic macular edema patients associated with subfoveal retinal detachment. Interestingly, intravitreal aflibercept seemed more effective than intravitreal ranibizumab in the resolution of subfoveal retinal detachment at month 12.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) added the infusion fluid with a control group in the event of grade C PVR in recurrent retinal detachment (RD). Methods: The records of the patients with recurrent retinal detachment with grade C PVR who underwent vitrectomy for retinal detachment surgery between April 2003 and October 2004 were reviewed retrospectively for this comparative study. The recurrent retinal detachment patients with grade C PVR who underwent vitrectomy and had a minimum post-operative follow-up period of 12 months were included. The patients were divided into two groups as study and control groups. 5-FU (200 microgram/ml) and low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) (5 IU/ml) was added into the infusion solution of the study group. Primary outcome measure of this study was the single operation anatomical success at month 12. Results: A total of 43 eyes of 43 patients were included. The control group was consisted of 26 eyes (60.5%) and the 5-FU group was consisted of 17 eyes (39.5%). At month 12, single operation anatomical success was obtained in 14 of the 26 patients (53.8%) in the control group and in 16 of the 17 patients (94.1%) in the 5-FU group (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Favorable outcomes were obtained in the patients with recurrent RD and grade C PVR in whom 5-FU and LMWH added infusion fluid which was used during vitrectomy. Keywords: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Retinal detachment, Vitrectomy, 5-Fluorouracil

To evaluate clotting dynamics by a new tool called rotational tromboelastometry (ROTEM) in retinal vein occlusion.Thirty-six patients who were diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion and 43 age and sex matched healthy controls were included in this study. Diabetes and use of anticoagulant therapy were exclusion criteria. All study participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic and systemic medical examination, including blood pressure measurement, hemoglobin-hematocrit levels, platelet count, coagulation parameters including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, and D-dimer levels. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed with ROTEM Coagulation Analyzer (Tem International, Munich, Germany).The RVO patients and controls did not differ with respect to age, sex, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet numbers, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, D-dimer levels, and glucose levels. When extrinsic thromboelastometry results were analyzed, RVO patients showed a significantly decreased clotting time (76.5 ± 15.0 vs. 95.0 ± 21 s, respectively; p = 0.01) and clot formation time (83.3 ± 22 vs. 99.7 ± 24s; p = 0.01) as compared with healthy controls. Other ROTEM parameters did now show any difference between two groups.Patients with retinal vein occlusion showed faster clotting time and shorter clotting formation time as compared with healthy controls. ROTEM detects the altered clotting dynamics and may be a useful tool to elucidate the disease pathophysiology. Further studies are needed to investigate if it can be used as a screening test for individuals who are under risk to develop RVO or as a first step test to evaluate hypercoagulable state in RVO.

AIM: To compare two different anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment regimens'-a priori pro re nata (PRN) and PRN regimen following the loading phase-anatomical and functional results in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. METHODS: Totally 544 nAMD patients followed and treated with aflibercept (n=135) and ranibizumab (n=409) at 9 different centers between 2013 and 2015 were enrolled into this retrospective multicenter study. Patients with initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) interval of 1.3-0.3 (logMAR) and a minimum follow-up of 12mo were included. Patients under two different regimens-a priori pro re nata (1+PRN) or 3 consecutive intravitreal injections followed by a PRN regimen (3+PRN)-were compared in BCVA at 3(th), 6(th) and 12(th) months, and in central macular thickness (CMT) at 6(th) and 12(th) months. The total study group, intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) and intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) groups were evaluated separately. RESULTS: The mean CMT decreased in the 1+PRN (n=101) regimen from 407 to 358 and 340 µm and in the 3+PRN (n=443) group from 398 to 318 and finally to 310 µm at months 6 and 12, respectively. Anatomically, the CMT reduction at 6(th) month (48.5 vs 76.4; P

Objectives: To evaluate the real-world outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. Materials and Methods: Multicenter, retrospective, interventional, non-comparative study. The records of nAMD patients treated with an anti-VEGF agent on a pro re nata treatment regimen basis between January 2013 and December 2015 were reviewed. The patients who completed a follow-up period of 12 months were included. Primary outcome measures of this study were the visit and injection numbers during the first year. Results: Eight hundred eighty eyes of 783 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. Mean number of visits at month 12 was 6.9±2.5 (range: 1-15). Mean number of injections at month 12 was 4.1±1.9 (range: 1-11). Mean visual acuity at baseline and months 3, 6, and 12 was 0.90±0.63 LogMAR (range: 0.0-3.0), 0.79±0.57 LogMAR (range: 0.0-3.0), 0.76±0.57 LogMAR (range: 0.0-3.0), and 0.79±0.59 LogMAR (range: 0.0-3.0), respectively. Mean central retinal thickness at baseline and months 6 and 12 was 395±153 μm (range: 91-1582), 330±115 μm (range: 99-975), and 332±114 μm (range: 106-1191), respectively. Conclusion: The numbers of visits and injections were much lower than ideal and were insufficient with the pro re nata treatment regimen.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of vitrectomy, subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection, hemorrhage displacement with liquid perfluorocarbon, gas tamponade, and face-down positioning, in hemorrhagic neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. Methods: In this retrospective case series, we reviewed the records of patients who were diagnosed as having submacular hemorrhage (SMH) secondary to neovascular AMD between January and June 2016. The main outcome measure was the difference between preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results: In 9 eyes of 9 patients, mean preoperative and postoperative BCVA at the last follow-up were 1.65 and 1.49 LogMAR, respectively (p = 0.1), after a mean follow up time of 12.4 ± 1.0 months. The SMH was successfully displaced in 5 of the 9 patients (55.5%). Four out of 9 patients (44.4%) gained ≥3 lines. The duration of SMH was 3.6 ± 2.1 days (range 1–7) in the successfully displacement group, and was 10.0 ± 1.8 days (range 8–12) in the group in which was SMH could not be displaced (p = 0.002). The mean SMH area was smaller in the successfully displacement group than the group in which was SMH could not be displaced (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Vitrectomy, subretinal tPA injection, hemorrhage displacement with liquid perfluorocarbon, gas tamponade and face-down positioning was associated with improved visual outcomes in patients with hemorrhagic neovascular AMD. The duration and area of the SMH seemed to be related to the success of displacement. Keywords: Age related macular degeneration, Tissue plasminogen activator, Vitrectomy

To compare sub-tenon steroid plus anti-VEGF injection with anti-VEGF injection solely in the treatment of resistant diabetic macular edema (DME). Patients who exhibited insufficient anatomic [over 350 μm central macular thickness (CMT)] and less than 3 lines of visual gain at least six anti-VEGF injections, were randomly divided into two groups. In group I, the anti-VEGF injection was performed 10 days after the sub-tenon steroid injection [Triamcinolone acetonide (Sinakort-A®)]. And anti-VEGF was performed when needed during the follow-up period. In group II, treatment was continued with anti-VEGF only. All patients’ visual acuity and CMT were followed up for 6 months. The baseline BCVA in group I and group II was 0.51 ± 0.667 logMAR and 0.47 ± 0.60 logMAR, respectively (p = 0.52). In group I and II, at the end of 6-month follow-up, BCVA improved to 0.38 ± 0.60 logMAR (p

Purpose: To present choroidal and macular thickness measurements in pediatric patients with keratoconus and to evaluate a possible correlation between anterior and posterior segment parameters. Methods: 50 eyes of 50 patients and 50 eyes of 50 age-matched controls were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. The participants underwent ophthalmologic examination including; refraction, visual acuity, biomicroscopy, corneal topography and optical coherence tomography. The choroidal thickness (CT) was measured at subfoveal area and at 500 microns intervals to the nasal and temporal to the fovea up to 1500 microns. Results: The mean age of the patients and controls were 12.4 ± 1.9 and 12.0 ± 2.1 years. The mean thinnest corneal pachimetry was 456 ± 57 μm, the mean central macular thickness (CMT) was 258 ± 24 μm and the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 342 ± 30 μm for the patients. There was no significant difference between the patients and controls in regards of CMT and CT at any measured points (p > 0.05 for all). There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and CMT. There was no correlation between anterior segment parameters and subfoveal choroidal thickness. Conclusions: We may conclude that keratoconus does not affect the CMT and CT of pediatric keratoconus patients, and we may propose that we do not need a correction for this group of patients when we need to evaluate the CMT and CT. Keywords: Choroidal thickness, Keratoconus, Macular thickness, Optical cohorence tomography

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in patients with subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2 juxtafoveal telangiectasia. Materials and Methods: Ten eyes of 10 patients were included in this retrospective study. All cases were treated with IVB (1.25 mg bevacizumab). Visual acuity and slit-lamp anterior and posterior segment examinations were performed at each visit. Central macular thickness (CMT) and intraretinal/subretinal fluid were evaluated via spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Loss of a line in visual acuity chart and presence of fluid on OCT were defined as criteria for repeated treatment. Results: The mean age of patients was 66.0±7.0 years (56-75). The mean follow-up time was 54.7±16.0 month (24-72). The mean BCVA was 0.62±0.35 (0.00-1.00) logMAR at baseline and 0.54±0.35 (0.00-1.00) logMAR at final exam (p=0.03). The mean CMT was 251±25.4 µm at baseline and 239±39.3 µm at final exam (p=0.01). Patients received an average of 1.7±1.0 IVB injections during follow-up. At baseline, all cases had intraretinal/subretinal fluid. There was no fluid at final examination of all cases. Conclusion: IVB treatment may be effective in the treatment of subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2 juxtafoveal telangiectasia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the severity of diabetic disease in the retina is paralleled by changes in the photoreceptor layer. Methods: This cross-sectional study included healthy volunteers (30 volunteers, 60 eyes) and patients with diabetes (48 patients, 96 eyes). Each patient underwent a single session of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in which each retina was imaged twice. On each OCT image, the thickness of the PROS layer was measured at the foveal center and at points 750 μm temporal to and nasal to the center. For statistical analyses, OCT images were assigned to one of the following groups: healthy, diabetes without retinopathy (DM), diabetic retinopathy (DR), or diabetic retinopathy with macular edema (DME). Results: The mean PROS thickness at the foveal center in the first and second-obtained OCT images was as follows: healthy, 38.5 μm and 38.6 μm; DM, 38.2 μm and 38.2 μm; DR, 35.6 μm and 36.1 μm; DME, 32.6 μm and 32.6 μm. In the first and second-obtained images, significant differences were found between the healthy group and DR and DME (p

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is seen with polypoidal lesions and branching vascular networks (BVNs) (Spaide et al. in Retina 15(2):100-110, 1995; Yannuzzi et al. in Retina 10(1):1-8, 1990). There are reports about laser photocoagulation for PCV (Yuzawa et al. in Japan J Ophthalmol 47(4):379-384, 2003; Lee et al. in Eye 23(1):145-148, 2009); however, all these reports are about final vision and frequent relapses. Therefore, this treatment merits rigorous scrutiny using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

We compared the 24-month outcomes of ranibizumab and dexamethasone implants in treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion patients. Ranibizumab was effective in improving visual outcomes, whereas the dexamethasone implant was not.The aim of this study was to compare the 2-year real-world outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab with dexamethasone implants in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.The treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion patients with macular edema who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab or dexamethasone implant were included retrospectively. Primary outcome measures were the change in best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness.Eighty-seven eyes of 87 patients were included. Mean ± SD best-corrected visual acuity in the intravitreal ranibizumab group at baseline and 24 months was 0.64 ± 0.48 and 0.49 ± 0.44 logMAR (P.05). Mean ± SD best-corrected visual acuity in the intravitreal dexamethasone implant group at baseline and 24 months was 0.98 ± 0.56 and 0.92 ± 0.61 logMAR (P.05). Mean ± SD central retinal thickness in the intravitreal ranibizumab group at baseline and 24 months was 530 ± 150 and 337 ± 103 μm (P.05). Mean ± SD central retinal thickness in the intravitreal dexamethasone implant group at baseline and 24 months was 591 ± 113 and 335 ± 99 μm (P.05). Mean ± SD number of injections at 24 months was 5.6 ± 1.8 in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 2.7 ± 1.1 in the dexamethasone implant group (P.0001). Progression in lens opacity was detected in 5.7% of the phakic patients in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 46.1% of them in the dexamethasone implant group (P.0001). None of the patients in the intravitreal ranibizumab group and 9 (22.0%) of 41 patients in the dexamethasone implant group showed an increase of more than 10 mmHg in intraocular pressure.Ranibizumab was effective in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in both visual and anatomical outcomes; however, dexamethasone implant was effective only in anatomical outcomes.

Purpose: Technological development of optic coherence tomography has enabled a detailed assessment of the optic nerve and deeper structures and in vivo measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the lamina cribrosa morphology of the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and healthy individuals. Methods: The lamina cribrosa morphology of optic nerve in 15 eyes with IIH and 17 eyes of healthy individuals were compared. Four parameters such as Bruch membrane opening (BMO), lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT), prelaminar tissue thickness (PTT), and anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) were retrospectively evaluated. Results: By enhanced depth imaging-optic coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), PTT and BMO were found to be significantly greater (574,35 ± 169,20 μm and 1787,40 ± 140,87 μm, respectively) in IIH patients than healthy individuals (187,18 ± 132,15 μm and 1632,65 ± 162,58 μm, respectively), whereas ALSCD was found to be significantly less in IIH patients (234,49 ± 49,31 μm) than healthy individuals (425,65 ± 65,23 μm). There was not a statistically significant difference regarding LCT between the IIH patients (238,59 ± 17,31 μm) and healthy individuals (244,96 ± 15,32 μm). Conclusion: Increased intracranial pressure causes morphological changes in lamina cribrosa. Assessment of lamina cribrosa with EDI-OCT is important for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with IIH. EDI-OCT is objective, reproducible, and cost-effective assistive imaging tool in IIH patients.

Summary Purpose To evaluate baseline predictive markers of early and late anatomical response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Methods The records of the nAMD patients who underwent intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept treatment, received the 3 monthly loading doses , and completed a follow-up period of 12 months were included retrospectively. The anatomical treatment response at month 3 (early) and between month 3 and 12 (late) was classified as good, intermediate or poor. Baseline demographic, fluorescein angiography , and optical coherence tomography findings were compared among the three groups. Results One hundred and ten eyes (74.3%) showed good, 18 (12.2%) showed intermediate and 20 (13.5%) showed poor anatomical response at month 3, and 114 eyes (77.0%) showed good, 27 (18.2%) showed intermediate and 7 (4.7%) showed poor anatomical response between month 3 and month 12. Of the evaluated parameters, drug type (better in aflibercept), showed a statistically significant difference in regards to anatomical outcomes at both the early and late periods (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03). The greatest linear dimension of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and presence of peaked pigment epithelial detachment (PED) were important factors for early anatomical anti-VEGF treatment response. Conclusion Larger CNV and the presence of a peaked PED appeared to be associated with a good early response, and the drug type seemed to be associated with both early and late poor anatomical response of anti-VEGF treatment in nAMD patients. Aflibercept appears to be more effective than ranibizumab in regards to the percentage of patients with better anatomical response in both the early and late treatment periods.

Background and objective: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) between phakic and pseudophakic eyes after a follow-up of two years. Materials and methods: Data were analyzed retrospectively. The newly diagnosed and treatment naïve nAMD patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into two subgroups: phakic group, and pseudophakic. All patients received 3 consecutive monthly IVR injections, and then the treatment was continued on an as-needed regimen. Patients were examined monthly, and the data at the baseline, at month 6, 12, 18, and 24 were evaluated. The changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and the number of injections were compared between the two groups. Results: The study included 92 eyes of 87 patients (58 phakic, 34 pseudophakic). Mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (LogMAR) VA at the baseline, and at month 6, 12, 18, and 24 was 0.89, 0.74, 0.75, 0.73, and 0.75, in the phakic group; and 0.79, 0.71, 0.66, 0.70, and 0.70 in the pseudophakic group, respectively. The change in mean BCVA from the baseline to month 6, 12, 18, and 24 was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.4, p = 0.9, p = 0.5, p = 0.6, respectively). Mean injection number at month 24 was 7.9 and 8.1 in the phakic and pseudophakic group, respectively (p = 0.7). Conclusion: Intravitreal ranibizumab treatment on an as-needed treatment regimen is effective in preserving vision and improving central retinal thickness in both the phakic and pseudophakic group of nAMD patients. The functional and anatomical outcomes of the treatment, and the number of injections were similar in the phakic and pseudophakic nAMD patients after a follow-up time of 24 months. Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration, Cataract, Lens, Pseudophakia, Ranibizumab, Visual acuity

Purpose To compare the choroidal thickness of children's eyes with amblyopia due to strabismus or anisometropia to the fellow eye and age-matched controls. Methods Forty patients with anisometropic amblyopia, 40 patients with strabismic amblyopia, and 40 age-matched controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Choroidal thickness was measured via the enhanced-depth imaging technique of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in all patients and controls. Choroidal thickness was measured at subfoveal area and at 500 μm intervals to the nasal and temporal to the fovea up to 2000 μm. Measurements were compared between the three groups. Results The mean ages were 7.9 ± 2.6 years (range, 4-13 years) in the anisometropic group, 9.0 ± 3.7 (range 4-15 years) years in the strabismic group, and 8.4 ± 2.6 years (range 4-15 years) in the control group. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in the anisometropic group was 362 ± 82 μm in the amblyopic eyes and 301 ± 54 μm in the fellow eyes; in the strabismic group, 413 ± 82 μm in the amblyopic eyes and 316 ± 54 μm in the fellow eyes. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 310 ± 78 μm in control eyes. The subfoveal choroids of both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopic eyes were significantly thicker than that of the fellow eyes of the corresponding groups and the control eyes (P Conclusions The subfoveal choroid of eyes with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia is significantly thicker than that of the fellow eye and the age-matched controls.

The aim of this study is to report clinical and imaging findings, and treatment outcomes of a patient with nodular posterior scleritis. A 41-year-old woman was diagnosed as nodular posterior scleritis in the light of clinical and imaging findings. At first admission best corrected visual acuity was 20/50 in her right eye. Fundus examination revealed an amelanotic subretinal mass under the superior temporal arcade associated with subretinal fluid surrounding it. B-scan ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography findings confirmed the diagnosis. As treatment, nepafenac eye drops 3 times a day, and flurbiprofen tablet 100mg twice a day were prescribed. After 4weeks of treatment, the ocular pain was relieved, BCVA improved to 20/20, and subretinal mass totally regressed. Although the diagnosis of nodular posterior scleritis may be confusing, it has to be kept in mind in patients with a subretinal/choroidal mass. Multimodal fundus imaging may be helpful in differential diagnosis. The condition is usually curable with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or systemic steroids.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 and HLA-B51 on the clinical characteristics, demographic features, localization, laterality, treatment modalities and visual prognosis in non-Behcet uveitis patients Study Design: Retrospective study.