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Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems. Age at onset has become recognized as having a mediating effect on the clinical manifestation of SLE, late-onset presentations in individuals 50 years of age and older may represent a unique subtype of SLE. Case Presentation: A 75-year-old Saudi female patient known case of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and morbid obesity. She was presented to the emergency department with a history of shortness of breath and dysuria for 1 week. The patient was admitted to the regular ward and in the following day the patient was developed tachycardia and hypotension and increased serum creatinine 2.59 mg/dl. Then she was shifted to intensive care unit (ICU). In ICU, she was seen by cardiology and electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation and T-wave inversion in Lead ll, lll, AVF, and the transthoracic echocardiogram done showed ejection fraction 68% with large effusion around lateral and posterior wall 22 mm and mild effusion around right ventricle. Becks triad was excluded. There was no obvious cause for pericardial effusion at that time, autoimmune disease was suspected, and we consulted the rheumatology department. She was seen by rheumatologist and blood test of autoimmune antibody showed antinuclear antibody positive, anti-dsDNA positive, at that time confirmed diagnosis of SLE. Clinical Discussion: Serositis is defined as pleural and pericardial effusions, up to 50% of SLE patients pericardial effusion may be seen, it is often minor and asymptomatic and it is more uncommon as an initial symptom. Conclusion: We report a rare case of late onset of SLE presenting with large pericardiac effusion, which should be considered one of the rare first signs of SLE in older patient.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of endometrial scratch on the pregnancy rate among women with previous failed intrauterine insemination (IUI). A systematic search was done in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ISI web of science from inception to November 2021. We selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared endometrial scratch in the intervention group versus placebo or no intervention in the control group among infertile women with previous failure of IUI regarding different pregnancy outcomes. Revman software was utilized for performing our meta-analysis. Our main outcomes were biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates. Five RCTs met our inclusion criteria with a total number of 989 patients. We found endometrial scratch significantly improved the biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates in comparison with the control group among women with previous IUI failure (p 0.001). Moreover, the live birth rate was significantly increased among the endometrial scratch group (RR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.20, 3.34], p = 0.008). In conclusion, endometrial scratch is effective in improving pregnancy outcomes among women with previous IUI failure. More trials are required to confirm our findings.

This investigation is aimed at analysing linear instability of an initial stable jet through the air-sealed electro-centrifugal spinning process which is significant in creating nanofibers. Utilising the perturbation theory to diminish the governing equations, into a 1-D mode with the option of solving acquired non-linear differential equations. Hence, the trajectory of a power-law fluid jet during electro-centrifugal spinning power has been determined. Dispersion relation has been gotten from the linear theory to study the conduct of a power-law fluid curved jet with an electric field.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a common newborn condition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on infants with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. In neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, ursodeoxycholic acid had additive effects with phototherapy. Ursodeoxycholic acid could be considered as a novel adjuvant therapy for neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia in order to decrease the mean total serum bilirubin and shorten the duration of phototherapy. Hyperbilirubinemia is a common newborn condition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on infants with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. In neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, ursodeoxycholic acid had additive effects with phototherapy. Ursodeoxycholic acid could be considered as a novel adjuvant therapy for neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia in order to decrease the mean total serum bilirubin and shorten the duration of phototherapy.UDCA is considered an effective complementary therapeutic ad-  which renders this drug an excellent choice in neonatal indirect hy-  UDCA is considered an effective complementary therapeutic ad-  which renders this drug an excellent choice in neonatal indirect hy-  UDCA is considered an effective complementary therapeutic ad-  which renders this drug an excellent choice in neonatal indirect hy-  UDCA is considered an effective complementary therapeutic ad-  which renders this drug an excellent choice in neonatal indirect hy-  UDCA is considered an effective complementary therapeutic ad-  which renders this drug an excellent choice in neonatal indirect hy-  Hyperbilirubinemia is a common new-born condition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on infants with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. We have conducted a narrative review through electronic databases; PUBMED, EMBASE, for all relevant studies that were published up to 2022. In neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, ursodeoxycholic acid had additive effects with phototherapy. Ursodeoxycholic acid could be considered as a novel adjuvant therapy for neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia in order to decrease the mean total serum bilirubin and shorten the duration of phototherapy.

Objective:A growing number of research on fibroid disease among women and methods of treatment. The goal of this systematic review was to spot light on fibroid disease prognosis and to determine the methods of treatment used in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods:Authors began with recognizing the important examination proof that spots light on fibroid disease prognosis and to determine the methods of treatment used in KSA. We led electronic writing look in the accompanying data sets: Ovid Medline (2010-present), Ovid Medline Daily Update, Ovid Medline in process and other non-filed references, Ovid Embase (2010-present), The Cochrane Library (latest issue) and Web of Science. Just examinations in English language were incorporated. The precise selection was acted in close collaboration with a clinical examination curator. Results:A total of 19 studies were identified in the search, all of them were assessed for eligibility, and 6 articles were included in this review.HIFU is now utilized therapeutically in the treatment of leiomyomas in gynecologic oncology. Since the 1990s, when clinical studies of HIFU treatment for leiomyomas first started, HIFUNIT 9000 and prototype single focus ultrasound devices have been used to treat the vast majority of leiomyoma patients. Excellent-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive, gold-standard therapy for all sizes of leiomyomas, with high effectiveness, minimal surgical morbidity, and no systemic adverse effects. Conclusion:Fibroids of the uterus that were causing symptoms responded well to HIFU therapy. The literature on embolization of the uterine artery is sparse (UAE). HIFU is a great choiceto treat fibroids in your uterus.

Introduction: There has been an increase in the adoption of eHealth technologies and applications by health consumers globally because of the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the last two years. The sudden change in the users’ attitudes toward eHealth adoption needs to be critically evaluated and understood, as it can be the stepping stone toward rapid digitalization of healthcare operations in Saudi Arabia as a part of Vision 2030. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of the patients with chronic diseases toward eHealth applications in post-COVID times. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was adopted using the online questionnaire as a data collection instrument. All the health consumers using eHealth services aged above 18 years and living in Saudi Arabia were included in the survey. The survey was conducted for 3 weeks, resulting in a final sample of 234 participants. Results: Overall, 73.8% of the participants stated that they adopted eHealth only out of necessity, while 37.3% stated that they adopted it because no other services were available. Only 10.3% stated that they adopted eHealth out of interest. In relation to the future use of eHealth, 51.5% of the participants stated that they would definitely not use eHealth applications, and 33.6% stated that they would probably them once the pandemic ends. Only 4.4% of the participants stated that they would very much probably, and 10.5% stated they would probably not use eHealth applications once the pandemic ends. a significant difference in opinions in relation to the future adoption of eHealth applications was observed among the male and female participants, and also between the age groups of younger (age

Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by pain at the distribution of one or more of the trigeminal nerve branches and is usually treated with anti-epileptic medication. When first line treatment fails, patients receive other treatment modalities including radiofrequency thermoablation (RFT) of the Gasserian ganglion and peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve. The aim of this study is to compare RFT of the Gasserian ganglion and peripheral branches of trigeminal nerve in terms of efficacy and rate of complications.This was a systematic review and meta-analysis that searched Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase using Medical Subject Headings and the references of the enrolled studies with no restriction on date. We included only RCTs that compared the RFT of the Gasserian ganglion and peripheral branches of trigeminal nerve with one of the following outcomes: pain scales, immediate effective rate, recurrence rate, and complications.Five articles were eligible for our review and showed that there was no difference between RFT of the peripheral nerves and the Gasserian ganglion in terms of pain scores. There was a non-significant trend for RFT of the peripheral nerve to have higher immediate effect rates and higher recurrence rates. RFT of the Gasserian ganglion group was associated with masticatory weakness, while the other group was associated with facial swelling and numbness of V2.RFT of the peripheral branches is a safe and effective method to treat idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia but leads to a higher recurrence rate when compared with RFT of the Gasserian ganglion.

Since relational databases support many software applications, industry professionals recommend testing both database queries and the underlying database schema that contains complex integrity constraints. These constraints, which include primary and foreign keys, NOT NULL, and arbitrary CHECK constraints, are important because they protect the consistency and coherency of data in the relational database. Since testing integrity constraints is potentially an arduous task, human testers can use new tools to automatically generate test suites that effectively find schema faults. However, these tool-generated test suites often contain many lengthy tests that may both increase the time overhead of regression testing and limit the ability of human testers to understand them. Aiming to reduce the size of automatically generated test suites for database schemas, this paper introduces STICCER, a technique that finds overlaps between test cases, merging database interactions from similar tests and removing others. By systematically discarding and merging redundant tests, STICCER creates a reduced test suite that is guaranteed to have the same coverage as the original one. Using thirty-four relational database schemas, we experimentally compared STICCER to two greedy test suite reduction techniques and a random method. The results show that, compared to the greedy and random methods, STICCER is the most effective at reducing the number of test cases and database interactions while maintaining test effectiveness as measured by the mutation score.

The squeeziness of a sequence of program statements captures the loss of information (loss of entropy) caused by its execution. This information loss leads to problems such as failed error propagation. Intuitively, longer more complex statement sequences (more formally, longer paths of dependencies) bring greater squeeze. Using the cost of search-based test data generation as a measure of lost information, we investigate this intuition. Unexpectedly, we find virtually no correlation between dependence path length and information loss. Thus our study represents an (unexpected) negative result.Moreover, looking through the literature, this finding is in agreement with recent work of Masri and Podgurski. As such, our work replicates a negative result. More precisely, it provides a conceptual, generalization and extension replication. The replication falls into the category of a conceptual replication in that different methods are used to address a common problem, and into the category of generalization and extension in that we sample a different population of subjects and more rigorously consider the resulting data. Specifically, while Masri and Podgurski only informally observed the lack of a connection, we rigorously assess it using a range of statistical models.

BACKGROUND The increased frequency of epidemics such as Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus, and Zika virus has created stress on health care management and operations as well as on relevant stakeholders. In addition, the recent COVID-19 outbreak has been creating challenges for various countries and their respective health care organizations in managing and controlling the pandemic. One of the most important observations during the recent outbreak is the lack of effective eHealth frameworks for managing and controlling pandemics. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to review the current National eHealth Strategy of Saudi Arabia and to propose an integrated eHealth framework that can be effective for managing health care operations and services during pandemics. METHODS A questionnaire-based survey was administered to 316 health care professionals to review the current national eHealth framework of Saudi Arabia and identify the objectives, factors, and components that are key for managing and controlling pandemics. Purposive sampling was used to collect responses from diverse experts, including physicians, technical experts, nurses, administrative experts, and pharmacists. The survey was administered at five hospitals in Saudi Arabia by forwarding the survey link using a web-based portal. A sample population of 350 was achieved, which was filtered to exclude incomplete and ineligible samples, giving a sample of 316 participants. RESULTS Of the 316 participants, 187 (59.2%) found the current eHealth framework to be ineffective, and more than 50% of the total participants stated that the framework lacked some essential components and objectives. Additional components and objectives focusing on using eHealth for managing information, creating awareness, increasing accessibility and reachability, promoting self-management and self-collaboration, promoting electronic services, and extensive stakeholder engagement were considered to be the most important factors by more than 80% of the total participants. CONCLUSIONS Managing pandemics requires an effective and efficient eHealth framework that can be used to manage various health care services by integrating different eHealth components and collaborating with all stakeholders.

Although negotiation via email takes place every day between students and their supervisors/lecturers, the processes underlying these negotiations have been largely neglected in research to date. Further, there is a need to investigate the linguistic email communication problems that Saudis encounter when they study abroad. This study aims to identify the dominant features of email communication of twenty Saudi and Australian post-graduate students with their lecturers. The research sought to understand the following: to what extent negotiation moves differ from one group to another; if there is a significant difference between the two raters when rating native speakers (NS) versus non-native speakers (NNS); whether there is a significant relationship between students scores and total number of words used in negotiation moves; the most important moves that might have affected the raters decisions when giving the highest scores versus the lowest scores; and whether there is difference between total scores of NS and NNS. Whereas the qualitative analysis employed (im)politeness as the theoretical framework, the quantitative analysis focused on the moves used by students in terms of context, proposal, justification, options, and requests. It was found that NS and NNS had similar likelihoods of gaining higher grades when using more details. When both NS and NNS failed to employ a focus-on-context move, they were likely to fail in their negotiations. International students need to be encouraged to give more detailed explanations to improve their negotiation techniques. Pedagogical implications include greater insights into the appropriate use of email negotiation strategies between students and their lecturers.

Thematic progression plays a vital role in organizing the information in a text and in enabling it to be understood and communicated effectively. Studies of multimodal business discourse have been confined to workplace contexts, and across the fields of management accounting, marketing, and finance. Based on Halliday’s (2014) analytical tools of systemic functional linguistic (SFL) and Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) analysis of images, an Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) was conducted to explore THEME and INFORMATION structure in five international students’ texts in a key topic in accounting, namely financial statements. The participants are first-year Master of Commerce Accounting Saudi students enrolled in the Accounting Concepts and Methods module at an Australian university. The findings of the SF-MDA revealed the frequency of Theme reiteration and the linear Theme pattern in financial statements. The first pattern is employed in accounting tables to list the corresponding numerical values. The SF-MDA findings of the balance sheet corresponded with Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) approach to the analysis of grammar of visual design in terms of compositional zones.

Introduction: Limited information is available on the prevalence of anemia in adults and elderly. Contradictory results are available regarding the association between drinking Laban and anemia in children and adults. No study has explored this association in the adults/elderly population. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and association between anemia and food items among adults aged >50 years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Material & Methods: 266 Saudi adults aged >50 years were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study in Riyadh. Anthropometric measurements were taken and blood samples were collected. Blood hemoglobin was measured with a Coulter Cellular Analysis System using the light scattering method. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the food items significantly associated with anemia. Results: The mean (±SD) hemoglobin was 13.8 (±1.6) mg/dL. Anemia was prevalent among 19.9% (n = 53) of the participants. Infrequent intake of red meat [adjusted Odds Ratio [ORa] 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 9.7] and Laban (fermented yogurt drink) [ORa 2.7, 95% CI 1.1, 6.7] were significantly associated with anemia, whereas obesity (BMI >30) was protective [aOR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.9] from anemia. Conclusion: Anemia is prevalent among Saudi males and females aged >50 years. The association between drinking Laban and anemia support the emerging evidence on the role of probiotics in preventing anemia among adults and elderly. It is recommended that people aged >50 years should get regularly screened for anemia.

The multimodal experiential meanings of accounting play a vital role in maximizing the learning experiences of accounting students. This paper aims to explore the literacy and numeracy practices of six Saudi postgraduate students enrolled in the Master of Commerce accounting foundation module Accounting Concepts and Methods. Responding to repeated calls regarding the lack of research on the literacy and numeracy practices that construe disciplinary subjects, we employed a multidimensional approach proposed by Alyousef to describe the epistemologies of the module and the actual practices the participants engaged with to complete their assignment, in addition to conducting a Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) of the experiential meanings in accounting texts. The SF-MDA enabled us to capture the patterns of such complicated interrelationships between numbers and texts. The findings of the analysis of the multimodal accounting financial statements demonstrated that systemic functional ...

Background: Hajj is a unique mass gathering event that is associated with a high risk of transmission of infectious diseases particularly meningococcal meningitis. The aim of this research was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Egyptian pilgrims towards meningococcal meningitis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out via distributing a questionnaire to 442 Egyptian pilgrims attending the Hajj in 2017. The questionnaire included demographic data and questions about the meningococcal vaccines. Results: Among 442 participants, 72% were males, 94% were married, and 40% had a college level education. About 88% and 82% were aware of the necessity to receive the meningococcal vaccine when required and when just recommended, respectively. However, only 48% and 55% had heard of the disease and vaccine, respectively. Awareness of the disease details (epidemiology, symptoms, vaccination timing, schedule, and management) was present among less than one third of the participants. Educational level had a significant impact on knowledge of all the details (p Conclusions: Despite the good attitudes of the Egyptian pilgrims towards receiving the meningococcal vaccine before the Hajj, knowledge and awareness about the disease and its vaccine remain defective. Education is a strong determinant of awareness. Therefore, health authorities are highly recommended to Keywords: Attitudes, Egyptian pilgrims, Hajj, Knowledge, meningococcal vaccination, vaccine.

An organization's databases are often one of its most valuable assets. Data engineers commonly use a relational database because its schema ensures the validity and consistency of the stored data through the specification and enforcement of integrity constraints. To ensure their correct specification, industry advice recommends the testing of the integrity constraints in a relational schema. Since manual schema testing is labor-intensive and error-prone, this paper presents DOMINO, a new automated technique that generates test data according to a coverage criterion for integrity constraint testing. In contrast to more generalized search-based approaches, which represent the current state of the art for this task, DOMINO uses tailored, domain-specific operators to efficiently generate test data for relational database schemas. In an empirical study incorporating 34 relational database schemas hosted by three different database management systems, the results show that DOMINO can not only generate test suites faster than the state-of-the-art search-based method but that its test suites can also detect more schema faults.

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm, and it can be divided into extrinsic-implying a definite external cause and intrinsic - when no causative agent can be identified. The extrinsic type starts in childhood. Facility- based descriptive case series study including qualitative research approaches study will be conducted in Maternity and Children's Hospital to identify the common risk factor that lead to bronchial asthma among children's. Sampling by selective sampling techniques will be using for the selection of 50 Saudi asthmatic files for children's less than 12 year old. The data will be collected by structured interview questionnaire (multiple choice questions), the check lists. Data processing and analysis will be done by entering the data into SPSS for Windows. After analysis of data exposed that the genetic has a relationship with the bronchial Asthma disease as it affect 70% of asthmatic children and just 30% are not affected, the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are commonly seen in asthmatic children as it affect 66%,while not found in 34%, the nocturnal asthma are absent in 20%, occur 1 to 2 times per week in 46%and 4 or more times per week in 34%, The environmental affect 76% and not affect 24% of asthmatic children in maternity and children's hospital, the exercise exacerbated asthma in 70% and not exacerbated in 30%, the affect of paracetmol and beta blocker on asthmatic children's in maternity and children hospital with 80% are affected, while 20% not affected.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and correlates of anaemia in male and female adolescents in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.DesignA cross-sectional community-based study.SettingFive primary health-care centres in Riyadh.SubjectsWe invited 203 male and 292 female adolescents aged 13–18 years for interview, anthropometric measurements and complete blood count. Blood Hb was measured with a Coulter Cellular Analysis System using the light scattering method.ResultsUsing the WHO cut-off of Hbn34) of males and 34·2 % (n100) of females were suffering from anaemia. Mean Hb in males and females was 13·5 (sd1·4) and 12·3 (sd1·2) g/dl, respectively. Values for mean cell volume, mean cell Hb, mean corpuscular Hb concentration and red cell distribution width in male and female adolescents were 77·8 (sd6·2)v.76·4 (sd10·3) μm3, 26·1 (sd2·7)v.25·5 (sd2·6) pg, 32·7 (sd2·4)v.32·2 (sd2·6) g/dl and 13·9 (sd1·4)v.13·6 (sd1·3) %, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a positive family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia (OR=4·7; 95 % CI 1·7, 12·2), infrequent intake (OR=3·7; 95 % CI 1·3, 10·0) and never intake of fresh juices (OR=3·5; 95 % CI 1·4, 9·5) and being 13–14 years of age (OR=3·1; 95 % CI 1·2, 9·3) were significantly associated with anaemia in male adolescents; whereas in females, family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia (OR=3·4; 95 % CI 1·5, 7·6), being overweight (OR=3·0; 95 % CI 1·4, 6·1), no intake of fresh juices (OR=2·6; 95 % CI 1·4, 5·1), living in an apartment (OR=2·0; 95 % CI 1·1, 3·8) and living in a small house (OR=2·5; 95 % CI 1·2, 5·3) were significantly associated with anaemia.ConclusionsAnaemia is more prevalent among Saudi female adolescents as compared with males. Important factors like positive family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia, overweight, lack of fresh juice intake and low socio-economic status are significantly associated with anaemia in adolescents.

BACKGROUND The use of tobacco is one of the major reasons for various chronic diseases and death across different nations. In addition, tobacco usage is also one of the major causes of financial burden among many people in developing and under developed countries, which in turn creates financial burden on the respective countries for public health management. Recent studies in Saudi Arabia reflected an enormous growth in the number of smokers, an increase in the spending on public health and adopting e-health technologies for disease management, including smoking cessation programmes. However, these programs used very little or no technology constraints for achieving smoking cessation in the country. Adults are those among the population who are quickly getting addicted to smoking, and consequently adults are those who are aware and updated with use of latest mobile technologies in their daily life, whether it is a smart phone or different technological devices like automatic BP monitoring machine or Blood glucose monitor. It is evident from the recent studies that mobile technologies in the field of medicine and health management can achieve effective results while minimizing the costs and improving the health by better disease management and education. As the young population is the inclined towards using new technologies, the mobile technology could be a promising medium to reach the targeted population who are smokers in achieving smoking cessation. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this trial is to determine the effectiveness of an evidence – informed mobile phone application, SMOKE MIND, developed tailored according to the needs of the people and for achieving smoking cessation in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A parallel randomized controlled trial (RCT) with two parallel arms, intervention group and control group is conducted for a period of 4 weeks, with 13 smokers/participants in each group. The participants in control group receive only standard care, while the participants in the intervention group receive standard care plus the system (SMOKE MIND) intervention, which would allow them to have high medium of communication with medical staff and also to obtain educational and motivational materials through the system, which is an hybrid model integrating m-health technologies and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The primary outcome of the study would be determining the effectiveness of the mobile application, SMOKE MIND in achieving smoking cessation, which would be determined at the end of 4 weeks study. At the end of the study, the smokers in the intervention group are requested to fill the usability questionnaire of the mobile application they used, and also questionnaire related to the self-efficacy for smoking cessation. The secondary outcome would determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the usability features of the mobile application based on the results from the usability questionnaire, and also the self-efficacy aspect for smoking cessation. The major outcome of the study would be assessed on long term basis, by identifying the number of participants in achieving smoking cessation at the periods of 6 months, 1 year, and 18 months after the trial. RESULTS The mobile health application, SMOKE MIND appears to be effective in achieving smoking cessation in short-term period. The participants in intervention group achieved lower CO levels compared to those in control group. The number of participants who quit smoking is higher in intervention group than that of control group. CONCLUSIONS the effectiveness of evidence – informed mobile application, SMOKE MIND for smoking cessation appears to be positive in short-term. Further trials with large sample population might be helpful in wide analysis of the m-health technologies integrated with CBT. However, long term results CLINICALTRIAL this study was in Saudi Arabia, the study has ethical approval from Kingston University, London; and Tobacco Control Program, Al-Madinah In Saudi Arabia, the study has no Registration no, however they issued ethical approval instead as the policy over their.

Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for anemia in child bearing age women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Design. Cross-sectional survey was conducted using two-stage cluster sampling. 25 clusters (primary health care centers (PHCC)) were identified from all over Riyadh, and 45–50 households were randomly selected from each cluster. Eligible women were invited to PHCC for questionnaire filling, anthropometric measurements, and complete blood count. Blood hemoglobin was measured with Coulter Cellular Analysis System using light scatter method. Setting. PHCC. Subjects. 969 (68%) women out of 1429 women were included in the analysis. Results. Mean hemoglobin was 12.35 ( ) g/dL, 95% CI 12.24–12.46 with interquartile range of 1.9. Anemia (Hb Conclusion. Women should be educated about proper diet and reproductive issues in order to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Saudi Arabia.

Background Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a public health issue in Saudi Arabia. This study measured the prevalence and factors associated with low BMD in Saudi women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling technique was conducted in Riyadh, 2009. Thirty clusters, each comprising of 300 houses were randomly chosen and from each cluster 38–40 households were selected to identify 1150 women of >40 years. Women were invited to primary health care center for filling of self-administered questionnaire (n = 1069) comprising of sociodemographic, health, diet and physical activity variables. 1008 women underwent screening for low BMD using the quantitative ultrasound technique. 535 (53%) women with positive screening test were referred to King Khalid Hospital for Dual X-ray Energy absorptiometry (DXA). Results 362 women underwent DXA and 212 (39.6%) were screened low BMD either at lumbar spine or femur neck. Mean age of women was 55.26(±8.84) years. Multivariate logistic analysis found; being aged 61 to 70 years (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.32-1.48), no literacy (OR 2.97, 95% CI:1.44 - 6.12) or primary education (OR 4.12, 95% CI:2.05-8.29), history of fractures (OR 2.20, 95% CI:1.03- 4.69) and not drinking laban(diluted yogurt) (OR 2.81, 95% CI:1.47- 5.37) significantly associated with low BMD. Conclusions Women with low level of education, who do not drink laban and had history of fractures were at high risk of low BMD.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated an extensive testing for active SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, securing affordable diagnostic tests is a struggle for low-resource settings. We report herein the development and validation of an in-house multiplex real-time RT-PCR diagnostic test for the detection of active COVID-19 infection (ScriptTaq COVID PCR). Furthermore, we describe two methods for RNA extraction using either an in-house silica column or silica-coated magnetic beads to replace commercial RNA extraction kits. Different buffer formulations for silica column and silica-coated magnetic beads were tested and used for RNA isolation. Taq polymerase enzyme and thermostable reverse transcriptase enzyme were purified from bacterial clones. Primers/probes sequences published by the WHO and CDC were used for the qualitative detection of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) genes, respectively. ScriptTaq COVID PCR assay was able to detect up to 100 copies per reaction of the viral RdRP and N genes. The test demonstrated an overall agreement of 95.4%, a positive percent agreement (PPA) of 90.2%, and a negative percent agreement (NPA) of 100.0% when compared with two commercially available kits. ScriptTaq COVID PCR diagnostic test is a specific, sensitive, and low-cost alternative for low-resource settings.