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The incidence of right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE) is steadily increasing and it has been reported to be associated with high risk of embolic events (EE). Aim of our study was to identify the clinical characteristics of patients with RSIE complicated by PE. Indeed, the identification of patients at high risk of significant PE who will benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic strategy may improve the prognosis. From January 2015 to September 2020, 176 patients (Pts) in 6 centers were found to have definite RSIE complicated by PE. Advanced imaging for PE including computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was performed in 28 pts (16%) who represent our study group (24 male, mean age 50.6 ±18.29 years). They all underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), in 12 cases (43%) also three-dimensional (3D) TEE, and 27 patients (99%) had both TEE and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). A total of 53 vegetations (V) were detected. In 18 pts (64%) two or more vegetations were found. Native tricuspid valve was the most frequently involved valve (38 V, 71.7%), followed by catheter (5 V, 9.4%), tricuspid valve prosthesis (4 V, 7.5%), chordae and papillary muscle (2 V, 3.8%) and one vegetation (9%) in each of the following: pulmonic valve, inferior vena cava, eustachian valve, and right atrium. The most common location for vegetations was the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (19 V, 35.8 %) followed by the posterior leaflet (11 V, 20.8%). The most common vegetations morphology was raceme-like shaped (35.8%). Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most common causative pathogen (14 pts, 50%). The incidence of PE was very high in patients with vegetation length above 1.5 cm (median 17.6±6.5 mm by TEE). Our results suggest that a routine CTPA should be advised in the presence of vegetations larger than 1.5 cm and with S. aureus infection. This behavior would identify patients at high risk of PE who will benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic strategy, leading to an improvement in the prognosis. Further prospective studies are required to better confirm our hypothesis.

Thyroid hormones have a considerable influence on cardiac function and structure. There are direct and indirect effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system, which are prominent in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. In this review, we discuss how thyroid dysfunction impacts cardiovascular pathophysiology and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Mucopolysaccharidoses, a rare inherited disorder of lysosomal storage, account for less than 0.1% of all genetic diseases. The penetrance is highly variable and clinically it varies from severe fetal-neonatal forms to attenuated diseases diagnosed in adult individuals. The majority of the patients have been reported to show cardiac abnormalities since pediatric age, however, there is a minority of patients with attenuated disease diagnosed in the adolescent and adult age. The haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy are the current therapies for these disorders. Thanks to these treatments, Mucopolysaccharidoses patients live longer than in the past. Even though enzyme replacement therapy has been demonstrated to reduce left ventricular mass in patients with cardiomyopathy, the efficacy on valve abnormalities has not been clearly demonstrate yet. Furthermore, thanks to the current therapy, to better understanding and to the advent on new technologies, an increasing number of adolescent and adult patients diagnosed with MPS are followed up in the adult echocardiographic laboratory. Indeed, a systematic descriptive study describing the echocardiographic features of valvular involvement and their evolution in adolescent and adult patients lacks of medical literature and this was the aim of our investigation. Our results showed that all the valves are affected, mainly the mitral valve with a higher prevalence compared to the pediatric age. The echocardiographic features of MPS differs from other valvular disease of adolescent and adult age, and knowing them can avoid misdiagnosis. Our observations also suggest that the progression of cardiac involvement slows after the initiation of the therapy in our group of age. Further studies on larger population are required to confirm our results.