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Public transportation is an important facility that developing countries must incorporate. At the same time, public transport is often related to gas emissions and pollution. All parties, including Malaysia, play an active role in reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. One of the national efforts is to equip the urban transit system with sustainable development vehicles such as electric buses. In increasing public transportation usage, electric bus services should be designed to accommodate the service required by customers. This research aims to identify the service quality based on a few elements needed to develop customer satisfaction among electrical bus users in Bandar Pengerang by adopting the Customer Satisfaction Index analysis. The main elements to measure are affordability, safety, comfort, and accessibility of the customers to the electric buses. In addition, this research also provides a descriptive analysis of the service quality elements to improve customer satisfaction in public transportation operations

This study was conducted to investigate how entrepreneurship education is taught in the Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) training programme at accredited centres throughout Malaysia.As a one of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), MSC has been produced a huge number of semi and skilled workers for this country since its establishment in 1993. A total of 707 trainees who have been and are undergoing skills training in various fields have responded.A preliminary survey found that the implementation of entrepreneurship education at accredited centres is not mandatory and it is dependent on an accredited centres policy. This survey found that most public and private accredited centres provide entrepreneurship education on a scheduled basis and are embedded in the MSC programme that they offer. As for the level of entrepreneurial skills, most respondents are confident that they can startup their own business by using the skills they learned at accredited centres. However, almost all respondents stated that they still need an entrepreneurial training model to be developed in addition to the existing entrepreneurship education for the MSC programme.

Malaysia is the fifth largest producer of natural rubber in the world after Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and China as well as producing rubber products exported to more than 190 countries worldwide. However, the slowdown in growth of major importers such as China, the European Union and the United States and the perception of stock surplus as output exceeds demand led to fluctuating rubber production performance over the period 2010 to 2016. Hence, this article aims at examining the level of technical efficiency (TE) and to analyze the determinants of the inefficiencies of the rubber manufacturing industry. The analysis was conducted using the latest 145 firms’ data obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOS) and using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. The results showed that the overall TE level was high while the determinants such as the capital-labor ratio, wage rate and firm size had a negative and significant impact that could reduce industrial technical efficiencies. The policy implication is that the rubber manufacturing industry needs to focus on high technological production investment, increase employee motivation through wage increment and create more strategic cooperation with international industry.

The purpose of this study is to measure the level of technical efficiency (TE) and to analyse the factors of technical inefficiency of electrical and electronic manufacturing industry in Malaysia in 2015. The determinants studied include capital-labour ratio, education level ratio, firm size, information technology, and communication expenses, training expenditure, wage rates, and research and development expenditure. This study uses data on 531 firms based on the latest census of 2015 obtained from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach. Based on the results, the firm’s overall TE level is high at 0.836. For the determinants of TE, it was found that firm size can reduce the inefficiencies of firm, while capital-labour ratios shows a positive relationship with technical inefficiencies in firms. The policy implication is that the electrical and electronic manufacturing industry needs to focus on scale economic achievement and high technology production in line with the competency level of employee and create more international industry technical cooperation.

According to Murray (2018), employees is a person who performs services under an organisation and their respective organisation can control the action of that person in that specific organisation. An organisation, institution, government entity, agency, company, professional services firm or small business who controls and directs an employees under an implied contract and pay them salary know as an employer (M. Heathfield, 2018). An agreement occurs between an employee and employer known as employment contract. An employment contract is a written document where states the rights and responsibilities of the two parties (Doyle, 2018).

Retrenchment in layman’s term is known as ‘reduction of workforce’ whereas in lawful terms it is respected as “termination of contract’. The industrial court restricted the utilization of the term ‘retrenchment’ to cruel a release of excess work. In the HR term, ‘retrenchment’ is characterized as a movement to legitimately end any work contract with the representative by advertising a recompense bundle. Such offer to conserve may come into as common acknowledgment or constrained upon by one party which of course would be the employer (Retrenchment – Understanding, Process and Procedures - rss - NHRC, 2014).

The objective of this study was to measure of technical efficiency, transport manufacturing industry in Malaysia score using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) from 2005 to 2010. The efficiency score analysis used only two inputs, i.e., capital and labor and one output i.e., total of sales. The results shown that the average efficiency score of the Banker, Charnes, Cooper - Variable Returns to Scale (BCC-VRS) model is higher than the Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes - Constant Return to Scale (CCR-CRS) model. Based on the BCC-VRS model, the average efficiency score was at a moderate level and only four sub-industry that recorded an average efficiency score more than 0.50 percent during the period study. The implication of this result suggests that the transport manufacturing industry needs to increase investment, especially in human capital such as employee training, increase communication expenses such as ICT and carry out joint ventures as well as research and development activities to enhance industry efficiency.

This study aims to identify the level of technical efficiency and the determinants of technical inefficiency for transport manufacturing firms in Malaysia for 2010 using cross-sectional data of 130 firms acquired from the Department of Statistics (DOS). Based on the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach, the results of the study reveal that the average level of technical efficiency is moderate. The estimated result identifies the important determinants of technical inefficiency which are due to employee wage rates as well as the cost of information and communication technology. The fundamental implications of this study are that transport manufacturing firms need to boost motivation among employees and strengthen the network of the production market via wage increment and communication cost.