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Bu çalışma, Erzurum ili İspir ilçesinde sığırcılık işletmelerinde bulunan barınakların yapısal özelliklerini ve bunlarla ilgili sorunları belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, şansa bağlı olarak seçilen 325 işletme sahibi ile yüz yüze anket yapılmıştır. İlçedeki işletmelerde mevcut sığır barınaklarının %94,7’sinin bağlı duraksız kapalı ahırlardan oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Ahırların %33’ünün 16-20 yaşında olduğu, %31,2’sinin ise 21 yıldan daha fazla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ahır duvarları inşasında yapı malzemesi olarak genellikle taş (%95,4) ve tuğladan (%66,2) yararlanıldığı, çatısında ise çoğunlukla galvaniz sac (%77,4) kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Ahır zemininin ise büyük oranda beton (%61,9) veya taş (%48,2) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yemlik (%100,0), idrar yolu (%85,3), pencere (%96,7) gibi standart barınak elemanlarının işletmelerin büyük çoğunluğunda bulunduğu ancak yemlik yolu (%6,6), otomatik suluk (%1,3) ve havalandırma deliklerinin (22,8%) az sayıda işletmede bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Barınaklardaki pencere sayıları ile işletme büyüklüğü ve yetiştiricilerin öğrenim durumları arasındaki ilişki istatiksel olarak önemli (P, This study was carried out to determine the structural characteristics of the barns and related problems in the cattle enterprises in İspir county of Erzurum province. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 325 randomly selected enterprise owners. It was determined that 94.7% of the barns in the enterprises in the county consisted of tied free-stall barns. Furthermore, 33% of the barns were between 16 and 20 years old and 31.2% of them were older than 21 years. Stone (95.4%) and brick (66.2%) were commonly used as building materials in the construction of the barn walls, and mainly galvanized sheet metal (77.4%) was used for the roof. The barn floor was also determined to be mostly concrete (61.9%) or stone (48.2%). Some of the standard barn elements were available in almost all of the enterprises in the county, such as feeder (100.0%), urinary canal (85.3%), window (96.7%), however other elements such as the feeding alley (6.6%), automatic waterer (1.3%) and ventilation holes (22.8%) were available in a small number of enterprises. The relationship between the number of windows in the barns, the level of farm size and the level of education of the breeders was found to be statistically significant (P

In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners in order to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province, and the data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program and frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises have free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). Building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors of the were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in the most of the enterprises are housed in a separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% of them did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and village's fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with manpower. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized from the manure for heating purpose and 51% of them used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.In this study, a survey was conducted with 400 enterprise owners to determine the current situation and problems related to the structural characteristics of the barns in cattle enterprises located in the central county of Ağrı province. The data obtained were transferred into Microsoft Excel program. Frequency analysis was performed in SPSS statistical program. Findings were evaluated through graphs obtained from proportional values. It was determined that 66% of the enterprises had free-stall closed barns, the barns in 48.5% of the enterprises were used for less than 10 years and the barns were generally detached (98.5%). The building material for the walls of the barns was mostly stone (72.8%), and sheet metal (72.8%) was the most preferred material for the construction of the roof, and the floors were generally made of concrete (88.8%). The feed alley (15%) and automatic waterers (2.8%) are available in a small percentage of the barns. It was determined that 88% of the cattle farms have individual calf units, and calves in most enterprises are housed in separate group sections (87.5%) in the same barn. Only 15% of the enterprises used bedding and 85% did not have bedding material. The majority of the enterprises watered the animals with buckets (51.5%) and the village’s fountain or trough (43.8%). It also found out that 62.3% of the enterprises implemented general cleaning and 99.3% cleaned the manure with human resources. Furthermore, 94.5% of the enterprises stored the manure near the barn without any cover. In addition, 72.5% of the cattle farms utilized manure for heating purposes, and 51% used it as fertilizer in their field. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the information support and investment incentives to be given to the enterprises and the training of breeders could be helpful to ensure profitable livestock production in the region.

Aims: This study was carried out in order to determine the current situation and problems in the cattle breeding practices related to shelter characteristics in İspir district of Erzurum province and to provide solutions.Methods and Results: In this research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 394 business owners selected by a random sampling method among cattle farms in İspir district of Erzurum province. Chi-square and frequency analyzes were performed in the statistical evaluation of the obtained data. It was determined that 97.2% of the surveyed enterprises did not have separate maternity wards in their barns. While the majority of the enterprises housed heifers, young cattle and dry cows together (90.4%), only 9.6% of them housed them separately. It was also determined that the percentages of enterprises providing bedding for cattle in the district were considerably low (12.4%). Grain straw (6.6%) and sawdust (3.3%) were the most popular bedding materials. The enterprises watered their animals through village fountains (90.1%), troughs (70.6%) or carrying the water by the bucket (33.5%). Of all the surveyed enterprises, 54.8% performed general cleaning once a year, while 33.0% twice and 12.2% three times. In 62.9% of the enterprises, manure was used as fertilizer in the fields, and a significant part of the enterprises preferred to utilize manure as fuel (34%). Most of the participants stated that they believed that the cattle would be uncomfortable and that their productivity would decrease at 10-15 °C, which is the optimal temperature for the cattle.Conclusions: The findings of the study demonstrated that there were some improper and deficient practices in the district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics and a large educational campaign on this subject was required for cattle breeders.Significance and Impact of the Study: There are some structural and nonstructural elements in the barn that help the cattle to perform their natural behaviours indirectly increase productivity and ease the work in the enterprises. With this study, the status of cattle enterprises in İspir district in terms of breeding practices related to barn characteristics was determined and some suggestions were made regarding current problems.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the current situation of milking management practices of the dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province and to propose some solutions in consideration of the revealed problems. Material and Method: Survey data obtained from 400 dairy cattle enterprises in the central county of Ağrı province constituted the material of the study. Results: It was determined that in 25.2% of the surveyed enterprises udder cleaning is not performed, and in 93.5% of them the milking is done by hand. The average milk yield of 85.0% of dairy cattle enterprises was between 6-10 liters per animal and only 17.5% of the produced milk was sold. A significant proportion of this milk (95.7%) was marketed as raw milk, and milk in 4.3% of the enterprises was sold after processing into different products such as cheese, yogurt and butter. It was also found out that milk produced in 1.8% of the dairy cattle farms was stored in the cooling tank after milking. 13.6% of the farm owners fed their animals after milking, while 86.3% of them fed them prior to milking. It was also revealed that the calving occurs usually in the winter season and the lactation period of the cows varies between 5-6 months in 57.5% of the enterprises.Conclusion: In order to produce high quality and clean milk in the dairy cattle farms in the central county of Ağrı province, udder cleaning has to be performed properly as well as machine milking should be made widespread. It is necessary to increase the genetic capacity of cows and improve the milking practices of the dairy farms located in the central county of Ağrı province., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan süt sığırcılığı işletmelerin de sağım yönetimi uygulamaları bakımından mevcut durumun belirlenmesi ve ortaya konulan sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri sunulması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın materyalini Ağrı ili merkez ilçede bulunan 400 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden elde edilen anket verileri oluşturmuştur. Bulgular: Araştırma konusu işletmelerin % 25.2‘sinin meme temizliği yapmadığı, % 93.5’lik kısmın sağımı elle yaptığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin % 85.0’inin ortalama süt verimlerinin 6-10 litre arasında olduğu ve üretilen sütün sadece % 17.5’inin satıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sütün önemli bir kısmı (% 95.7) çiğ süt olarak satılmakta, işletmelerin % 4.3'ünde ise süt; peynir, yoğurt ve tereyağı gibi ürünlere işlendikten sonra pazarlanmaktadır. Yetiştiricilerin % 1.8 lik kısmının sütü sağım sonrası soğutma tankında depoladıkları belirlenmiştir. Ağrı ilindeki işletmecilerin % 13.6’sı sağım sonrasında hayvanlara yem verirken, % 86.3’ü ise sağım öncesinde yem verdiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. İl genelinde ineklerin genel olarak kış mevsiminde yoğun olarak buzağıladığı ve işletmelerin % 57.5’inde ineklerin laktasyon sürelerinin 5-6 ay arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir.Sonuç: Ağrı ili merkez ve ilçelerindeki süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde kaliteli ve temiz süt üretmek için meme temizliğinin uygun şekilde yapılması, makineli sağımın yaygınlaştırılması ve elde edilen sütün soğuk zincir kurallarına göre depolanması gereklidir. İlçede bulunan süt çiftliklerinde, ineklerin genetik kapasitelerinin artırılması ve sağım uygulamalarının iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) marmalade (LM) supplementation in probiotic yogurt and the viability of Bifidobacteria ssp and its effect on the quality characteristics of yogurt were also investigated. For this purpose, four types of yogurt, including plain yogurt, yogurt with %5 LM, 10% LM, and 15% LM, were prepared. physicochemical properties, microbial growth, and textural and sensory properties were investigated on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 during storage. The addition of LM to yogurt significantly affected total dry matter, fat, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, water-holding capacity values, and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) during storage time. The addition of LM caused an increase in L* values, while an increase in a* value. Yogurts containing % 10 and % 15 LM demonstrated lower syneresis than the control sample during storage. The viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt was not affected by the LM addition. The highest overall acceptance sensory score was observed in the yogurts containing 15% LM.

Bu calisma, Esmer sigirlarda linear tip ozelliklerini etkileyen cevresel faktorlerin incelenmesi amaciyla yurutulmustur. Bu amacla, 135 sigirda 16 adet tip ozelligine ait 474 adet gozlem yapilmistir. Arastirmada kullanilan istatistiksel modele suru, laktasyon sirasi, hakem, laktasyon donemi, degerlendirmenin yapildigi mevsimin etkileri dahil edildi. Ayrica, degerlendirmenin yapildigi donemdeki inegin yasi da linear ve kuadratik kovariyet olarak modele ilave edildi. Gogus genisligi, vucut derinligi, acisallik, arka bacak acisi, arka bacak (yandan gorunum), arka bacak (arkadan gorunum), sagri egimi, sagri genisligi, on meme baglantisi, arkadan meme baglantisi genisligi, arka meme baglantisi yuksekligi, meme basi yerlesimi (arkadan gorunum), meme basi yerlesimi (yandan gorunum), meme basi uzunlugu, meme merkez bagi ve meme derinligine ait ortalama dogrusal puanlar sirasiyla 5,5±0,1; 6,1±0,1; 5,.2±0,1; 4,7±0,1; 4,4±0,1; 4,4±0,1; 5,6±0,1; 5,0±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 5,4±0,1; 6,1±0,1; 5,1±0,1; 4,1±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 5,8±0,1; 6,6±0,1 dir. Vucut derinligi ve arkadan meme baglantisi genisligi disindaki butun tip ozellikleri uzerine hakemlerin etkisi onemsiz bulunmustur. Ote yandan, suru, laktasyon sirasi, laktasyon donemi ve degerlendirmenin yapildigi mevsim bir cok dogrusal tip ozelliklerini onemli derecede etkilemistir. Degerlendirme sirasindaki yasin bir cok dogrusal tip ozellikleri uzerine linear ve kuadratik etkileri de onemli bulunmustur. Dogrusal tip ozellikleri arasindaki fenotipik korelasyonlar da dusukten orta dereceye kadar degisim gostermistir.

This study was carried out in order to reveal cattle nutrition and feeding habits of cattle enterprisesin Narman country of Erzurum province. For this purpose, some data were obtained by conducting face to facesurvey study with 208 producers in Narman and it’s villages. According to the findings obtained in the survey,it was determined that 80.8% of the enterprises produced forage crops. In these enterprises, alfalfa (61.5%) andbarley (60.1%) were mainly planted, but production of corn silage which is a major roughage feed was at low level(%7.7). Pasture utilization ratio was 96.2% and cattle herds generally moved into the pasture in May (47.5%) orJune (37%). Time interval that herds are grazed in pasture as determined as 3 months (31%) or 4 months (68%). Itwas also found out that 41% of the cattle breeder had a chance to move to the upland, they mostly went there in Mayor June and stayed in the upland for 4 months (43%). While wheat and barley straws (27%) take the first order asroughage in the enterprises, they were followed by alfaalfa hay (21%) and grass hay (16%). Silage (7%) was used ata low level. In enterprises crushed barley (34%), feed for fattening (23%) and feed for milk production (22%) weremostly used as concentrated feed. Excessive pasture usage in the country makes it necessary to improve the qualityof pasture and to increase the production of forage crops, especially corn silage. Also concentration of agriculturalextension services in rural areas will be beneficial for ranchers., Bu araştırma, sığır yetiştiricilerinin sığır besleme ve yemleme alışkanlıklarını ortaya koymak amacıylaErzurum İli Narman İlçesi’nde yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Narman ilçe ve köylerinde 208 işletme sahibiyle anketçalışması yapılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre yetiştiricilerin % 80.8’ininyem bitkisi üretimi yaptığı saptanmıştır. Bu işletmelerde çoğunlukla yonca (% 61.5) ve arpa (% 60.1) üretimiyapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak önemli kaba yem kaynağı olan silajlık mısır üretimi düşük düzeyde (% 7.7)yapılmaktadır. Mera kullanım oranı % 96.2 olup genellikle Mayıs (% 47.5) veya Haziran (% 37) aylarında merayaçıkış gerçekleşmektedir. Meradan yararlanma süreleri ise 3 ay (% 31) veya 4 ay (% 68) olarak belirlenmiştir.İşletmelerin % 41’inin yaylaya çıkma imkânı olduğu, Mayıs-Haziran aylarında yaylalara çıktıkları ve çoğunlukla4 ay (% 43) kaldıkları tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerde kullanılan kaba yem kaynaklarında buğday-arpa samanı(% 27) ilk sırayı alır iken bunu kuru yonca (% 21) ve kuru çayır otu (%16) takip etmektedir. Silaj ise düşük düzeyde(% 7) kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerde kesif yem olarak genellikle arpa kırması (% 34), besi yemi (% 23) ve süt yemi(% 22) kullanılmaktadır. İlçede meranın ıslah edilerek, aktif kullanımı, yem bitkileri üretimi ve özellikle mısır silajıüretiminin arttırılması gerekli görülmektedir. Ayrıca tarımsal yayım hizmetlerinin kırsal alanlarda yoğunlaştırılmasıyetiştiriciler için faydalı olacaktır.

Bu calisma Erzurum ili Narman ilcesinde, anket yoluyla yuz yuze gorusulerek 208 isletmenin sagim yontemleri hakkinda bilgiler elde etmek amaciyla yapilmistir. Sagim esnasinda isletmelerin % 75.5’ inin kesif yem verdigi tespit edilmistir. Sagim oncesi meme temizligi yapmayan isletmelerin % 54.4 oldugu ve % 78.8 ’sinde elle sagim yaptigi belirlenmistir. . Sigir yetistiricilerinin % 68.6’u sagimdan sonra sutu aluminyum kaplarda ahir disinda bekletirken, % 30.9’unun ahir ortaminda beklettigi ve % 0.5’inin ise sogutma tankinda depolamaktadirlar. % 52.2’sinin hayvan basina sut veriminin yaz mevsiminde daha yuksek oldugunu bildirmislerdir. Isletmelerin % 78.4’u devletin vermis oldugu sut desteklemelerinden faydalanmadiklari ve uretilen sutu kayit altina alan isletmelerin oraninin % 68.6 oldugu ve isletmelerin % 24.5’i ineklerini 10 ay sagdiklari tespit edilmistir. Sonuc olarak Erzurum ili Narman ilcesindeki sigir yetisicilerinin, sagim oncesi meme temizligi, sagim yapma sekli, sagim sonrasi sutleri muhafaza etme, bakanligin verdigi desteklerden faydalanma, sut verim kayitlarinin tutulmasi gibi yetistiricilik konularinda bilgilendirilmeye ihtiyac oldugu belirlenmistir.

Bu calisma Erzurum ili Narman ilcesinde bulunan sigir barinaklarina iliskin yapisal ozelliklerin belirlenmesi, mevcut sorunlari ve cozum onerilerini ortaya koymak amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amacla Narman ilce ve koylerinde 208 isletme sahibiyle yuz yuze anket yapilarak veriler elde edilmistir. Isletmelerde yer alan barinaklarin % 55.3’u klasik bagli duraksiz, % 38.5’i bagli durakli, % 6.3’u ise serbest durakli kapali sistem karakterindedir. Soz konusu barinaklarin ortalama kapasitesi 38 bas ve barinak yasi ortalama 17.1 yil olarak belirlenmistir. Sigircilik isletmelerinin % 55.3’unun ahir duvarlarinda tas yapi malzemesi, ahir tabaninda % 43.8 beton, cati ortu malzemesi olarak % 48.1 oraninda sac, yemliklerde ise % 48.1’i ahsap yapi malzemesi kullanmislardir. Ahirlarin sadece % 6.3’unde yem yolu, % 47.5’sinde 2 adet pencere ve % 45.7’sinde 1 adet, % 40.0’inda ise 2 adet baca bulunmaktadir. Isletme barinaklarinin % 91.3’unde dogum bolmesi bulunmadigi, % 88.5’inde dana, duve ve inek cagindaki hayvanlarin ayni ahirda barindirildigi, % 78.8’inde yataklik kullanildigi ve yataklik cesidi olarak ilk sirada % 87.8 oraninda kuru gubrenin kullanildigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 76.9’unda gubrenin ahir yakininda acikta depolandigi, % 53.4’unde gubrenin tarlada gubre olarak, % 38.0’inde yakacak olarak kullanildigi belirlenmistir. Narman ilcesinde ahir tipleri, havalandirma ve gubreleme gibi problemlerin cozumu icin egitim ve tesvike ihtiyac vardir.

Bu arastirma, sigir yetistiricilerinin ciftlik yonetimi ve buzagi yetistirme uygulamalarini belirlemek amaciyla Erzurum Ili Narman Ilcesi’nde yapilmistir. Bu amacla Narman ilce ve koylerinde 208 isletme sahibiyle yuz yuze anket calismasi yapilarak veriler elde edilmistir. Ankete katilan yetistiricilerin sadece % 13,5'i, duzenli olarak kayit tuttugunu ifade etmistir. Isletmelerin % 59’unun teknik bilgi destegi alma ihtiyaci hissettiklerini ve cogunlukla (% 31) bu bilgiyi Veteriner Fakultesi vasitasiyla edindikleri belirlenmistir. Ineklerin kizginliga gelme belirtisi olarak isletmelerin cogunlugunun (% 43) genel belirtilerin hepsini esas aldigi ve yetistiricilerin % 83’unun dogum sonrasi ilk kizginlikta tohumlama yaptiklari tespit edilmistir . Yetistiricilerin % 66’sinin suni tohumlama yaptirirken % 97’si bu uygulamadan memnun kaldigini bildirmistir. Isletmelerin % 47’sinde buzagilara agiz sutu verilmedigi belirlenmis, verilen isletmelerde ise buzagilarin agiz sutunu annesini emerek (% 40) ya da biberonla (% 57) aldigi saptanmistir. Ayrica, yetistiricilerin % 84 u uc gunden daha az sureyle agiz sutu verdiklerini ifade etmislerdir. Buzagilara normal sut verme sureleri ise cogunlukla 4-5 (% 51) aydir.

Bu çalışma, iki farklı yem sunum metodunun Siyah Alaca buzağılarınınbüyüme performansı, yem alımı, yemden yararlanma ve bazı davranış özellikleriüzerine etkilerini araştırmak üzere yürütülmüştür. Yem sunum grupları: 1.Kıyılmış kuru çayır otu ve kesif yem karışımı (KR), 2. Doğal formda kuru çayırotu ve kesif yemin iki ayrı yemlikte sunumu (AAR) şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Toplam25 adet Siyah Alaca buzağı (14' ü KR grubunda, 11'i AAR grubunda olmak üzere)araştırma materyali olarak kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonuçları, buzağıların 3 ay (P, This study was carried out to investigate effects ofthe two different feed presentation methods on the growth performance, feedintake, feed efficiency and some behavioral traits of Holstein Friesian calves.Feed presentation groups are: 1. Mixture of chopped dry hay and concentrate(MR), 2. Presentation of the concentrate and dry hay at natural form in twodifferent feed bunks (SR). A total of 25 Holstein Friesian calves (14 heads inMR group; 11 heads in SR group) was used as research material. Results of thestudy revealed that 3 months (P

Bu arastirmada, Erzurum ili Hinis ilcesindeki sigircilik isletmelerinin sagim yonetimini degerlendirmek amaciyla 378 isletme ile yuz yuze gorusulerek yapilan anketlerden elde edilen veriler kullanilmistir. Isletmelerin %51.0’inde sagim esnasinda ineklere yem verilmedigi, %85.0’inde sagim oncesi meme temizligi yapildigi ve %89.2’sinde elle sagim tercih edildigi belirlenmistir. Sigir yetistiricilerinin %73.0’u sagimdan sonra sutu aluminyum kaplarda bekletmektedirler. Yetistiricilerin %68.0’i ineklerinin sonbaharda dogurmasini isterken, %61.0’i hayvan basina sut veriminin yaz mevsiminde daha cok oldugunu ifade etmektedir. Yetistiricilerin sadece %9.0’u devletin vermis oldugu sut desteklemelerinden faydalanmaktadir. Hinis ilcesinde sagmal ineklerin yemlenmesi, sagim yonetimi, sutun muhafazasi ve devlet tesviklerinden yararlanma konusunda gelisme olmamasi onemli sorunlar olarak ortaya cikmistir. Bunun nedeni olarak, Hinis ilcesinde sut sigirciligi ile ugrasan isletmelerin sermaye yetersizligi, bu faaliyeti yapanlarin bilgi birikimlerinin cok az olusu yani geleneksel yontemlerle hayvancilik yapildigi soylenebilir. Sonuc olarak, bu sorunlarin cozumu icin sigir yetistiricilerine ilgili konularda egitim ve danismanlik destegi verilmesi gerekir.

A total of 27 young bulls [13 Brown Swiss (BS) and 14 Holstein Friesian (HF)] were fed to investigate the effects of initial fattening weights [light weight group (LG= 176.0± 3.5 kg) and heavy weight group (HG= 213.8±3.7 kg)] on the performance, slaughter and carcass traits. With increasing initial fattening weight, final weight (P the initial fattening weights in favour of bulls in HG. Average SEUROP conformation score of HG carcasses was one class better than that of LG carcasses. It was concluded that young bulls in HG had better slaughter characteristics, carcass measurements and percentage of kidney, pelvic and heart fat than these in LG, while performance and feed efficiency ratio of the animals in the different weight groups were not statistically different.

This study was carried out in order to determine the level of knowledge on cattle nutrition and feeding habits of cattle producers in Hınıs district of Erzurum Province. The main material of this study was data obtained by surveys made in 378 cattle producers. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using chi-square test. It was found that 16% of the producers participated in this survey planted forage crop currently. Of the cattle enterprises, 80% produced sainfoin forage crop. Wheat and barley straws (71%) were used mainly as sources of the rough feed, and they were followed by alfalfa hay (14%) and grass hay (11%). Silage, which is one of the significant forages, was used at the lowest level (0.25%). It was also determined that 64% of the cattle enterprises used the concentrate feed manufactured in the local feed plants, and usage of the barley and wheat bran as a feed source was at very low level. In Hınıs district, cattle herds moved into the pasture in April (25%), May (37%) and June (37%), and percentage of the cattle herds moving into the pasture was 99%. It was also revealed that 20% of the cattle producers had a chance to move to the plateau, and they mostly went there in June (58%) and stay in the plateau for 2-3 months. As a result of the assessment of data, it was determined that cattle ranchers in Hinis district had incorrect practices about animal nutrition, such as barley or wheat straw were still the most popular ones among roughage feed sources. The result indicates that cattle ranchers have to be participated in the technical educational programs and enlightened about animal nutrition and forage production., Bu araştırma, Erzurum İli Hınıs İlçesi’ndeki sığır yetiştiricilerinin sığır besleme ve yemleme alışkanlıkları ile ilgili konuya ilişkin bilgi düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın ana materyalini toplam 378 sığır üreticisinden anket yolu ile elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Elde edilen veriler ki-kare testi kullanılarak istatistiksel analize tabii tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonunda ankete katılan işletme sahiplerinin % 16’sının yem bitkisi yetiştiriciliği yaptığı saptanmıştır. Bu işletmelerin % 80’inde korunga tarımı yapılmaktadır. Kaba yem kaynağı olarak buğday veya arpa samanı (% 71) ana yem maddesi olarak kullanılmakta, bunu kuru yonca otu (% 14) ve kuru çayır otu (% 11) takip etmektedir. Önemli bir kaba yem kaynağı olan silaj ise ilçede çok düşük düzeyde (% 0.25) kullanılmaktadır. İşletmelerin % 64’ünde fabrika yemi kullanıldığı, arpa ve kepek kullanımının ise çok düşük düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hınıs İlçesi'nde sığır sürüleri Nisan (% 25), Mayıs (% 37) ve Haziran (% 37) aylarında meraya çıkmakta olup meraya çıkma oranı % 99 düzeyindedir. Yetiştiricilerin % 20’sinin yaylaya çıkma imkânı olduğu, çoğunlukla Haziran ayında (% 58) yaylaya çıkıp 2-3 ay kaldıkları saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde, Hınıs İlçesi’nde sığır yetiştiricilerinin hayvan besleme konusunda birtakım yanlış uygulamalar yaptıkları, örneğin arpa veya buğday samanının halen en çok tercih edilen yem maddeleri arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum ilçedeki sığır yetiştiricilerinin konu ile ilgili olarak eğitim programlarına alınması ve hayvan besleme ile yem bitkileri yetiştiriciliği konusunda aydınlatılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.

OZET: Bu arastirma, Erzurum ili Hinis ilcesinde faaliyet gosteren sigircilik isletmelerinin barinak ozellikleri hakkinda ayrintili bilgi edinmek uzere yurutulmustur. Bu amacla, 378 adet sigircilik isletme sahibi ile yuz yuze anket yapilarak elde edilen veriler degerlendirilmistir. Degiskenler arasindaki iliskilerin belirlenmesi amaciyla da ki-kare testi yapilmistir. Hinis ilcesinde en sik gorulen ahir tipinin bagli duraksiz kapali ahir (% 51.5) oldugu, ahir yapisinin isletme sahiplerinin sagliklarini (% 88.8), ineklerin sut verimini (% 88.6) ve hayvanlarin gelisimini (% 81.0) olumsuz etkiledigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 81.0’i yataklik kullanmazken, yataklik kullananlarin ise daha cok kuru gubre kullanimini (% 63.3) tercih etmislerdir. Isletmelerin % 61.3’unde buzagilara ait ozel bir bolme bulundugu, ahirlarin % 74.9’unda inekler icin dogum bolmesi olmadigi; duve, dana ve kurudaki ineklerin birlikte (% 84.3) barindirildiklari belirlenmistir. Isletmelerin % 84.1’inde ahirdaki gubre elle supurme yoluyla temizlenmekte, gubreyi cok buyuk oranda ahir yakininda acikta (% 80.3) depolamaktadirlar. Isletmelerin % 69.9’u gubreyi tarlada gubre olarak, %13.4’ unun yakacak olarak kullandigi, % 11.8’inin ise sattigi tespit edilmistir. Isletmelerin % 72.1’i kisin ahir ici sicakliginin ilik, % 27.3’u ise sicak oldugunu, % 84.0’u ahir ici sicakliginin ilik olmasi halinde hayvanlarin rahat ettigi ve sut verimlerinin yukseldigini belirtmislerdir. Sonuc olarak Hinis ilcesinde barinak ve cevre yapisi ozellikleri bakimindan bircok eksikliklerinin bulundugu ve ahir tipi, yapisi, havalandirma, aydinlatma, yataklik kullanimi, gubre degerlendirme vb. konularda iyilestirme calismalarina ihtiyaci oldugu ortaya konulmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler : Ahir tipi, yataklik, havalandirma, aydinlatma, gubre degerlendirme A Study on the Characteristics of the Barns in Hinis County of Erzurum Province ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to obtain detailed information about characteristics of barns in the cattle farm enterprises in Hinis County of Erzurum Province. For this purpose, data obtained from a survey that was conducted face to face with 378 of owners of the enterprises were assessed. Chi-square Test was used in order to determine relationships among the variables. It was revealed that the most common type of the barns was tied-free stall barns (% 51.5), and types of the barn affected adversely on the health of the owners of the enterprises (% 88.8), on the milk yield of the cows (% 88.6) as well as on the growth of the animals (% 81.0). While 81.0 of the enterprises did not use bedding material, 63.3 % of the enterprises which were using bedding material preferred commonly to use dried manure. Besides, It was found out that 61.3 % of the enterprises had special compartment for calves, but 74.9 % of the barns did not contain delivery chamber, and heifers, older calves as well as dry cows were housed together (% 84.3). In 84.1 % of the enterprises, manure in the barn was cleaned by sweeping with a broom, and then the manure was generally stored next to the barn without covering. It was also revealed that 69.9 % of the enterprises used the manure in their fields as fertilizer, and 13.4 % of them utilized as fuel for heating, and 11.8 % of the enterprise sold to others. 72.1 % and 27.3 % of the enterprises had warm and hot barns respectively, and 84.0 % of the owners of the enterprises told that if their barns are warm, their animals will feel comfortable and their milk yield will increase. In conclusion, there are several deficiencies concerning features of the barns and their environments in Hinis County, and the county needs improvements in terms of types of barn , barn ventilation, lighting, usage of bedding and manure subjects. Key Words : Type of barn, bedding material, ventilation, lighting and usage of manure

Tam metin, The objectives of this study were to compare the effect of different doses of direct-fed microbials (DFM) plus exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) additives on the growth performance, feed efficiency ratio and fecal consistency index of Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian calves. Twenty six calves were assigned to three groups (control, 10 g and 20 g per head/day of DFM plus EFE) according to breeds. Calves in 10 g per head/day of DFM plus EFE group in pre- and post-weaning periods had 20.0 % and 6.3 % higher total weight gains than calves in the control group respectively. However, the effects of breeds and dosages of the supplement on the weights, weight gains and feed efficiency ratios were not significant. Average fecal consistency score of the calves fed a diet supplemented with 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE had the lowest score (P