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Leadership is defined as the leadership level of a leader that is a low, middle or high level leader. In the meantime, Orang Asli or Orang Asal refers to a group of bumiputera residents found in Peninsular Malaysia, which has a variety of characteristics whether from an ethnic point of view or where they live. The purpose of the study is to look at the leadership of the Semai community in the novel ‘Ludaad’ by Mahat A/L China. This study is based on the leadership behaviour of the Semai community which is often raised by the author in his work based on his personal perspective as a Semai person. The focus of this study is to examine the behaviour of leaders in carrying out their duties as community leaders to resolve conflicts that tend to occur in the Semai community. In addition, this study also looked at the extent to which situational factors influence leaders in making decisions based on the behaviour practiced to overcome the conflict that occurs. The method used in this study is the bibliographic method, analysing the content of the text and applying the Path-Goal Theory to further strengthen the argument to be presented. The results of the study show that leadership behaviour through the character of Penghulu Busu conforms to the four principles set out in the Path-Goal Theory. The key findings from this study highlight that the Penghulu Busu practices different behavioural patterns based on personal factors as a respected leader and is influenced by environmental factors based on the threat of foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay considers a type of Malay folklore found in the state of Kedah, the mek mulong, which can be categorised as a folk performance. The authentic mek mulong still thrives in Kampung Baru Wang Tepus in Jitra. The essay examines mek mulong as the Kedah Malays' traditional heritage. It analyses the uniqueness of this performance. The essay is based on both Western and local studies on folk performances notably its healing ritual which is not often shown to the public. So far there has been no substantive study on mek mulong while most of the earlier writings on mek mulong are brief, descriptive documentation type of studies. A more in-depth analysis aims to uncover its special features and the uniqueness of this traditional folk performance. In a way the essay is a contribution towards the preservation of folk traditions as without any form of dynamic activism, such folk performances are threatened with extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]