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The demand for the development of high-performance and eco-friendly nanocomposites is soaring up. This is because of their desired mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and optical properties and their ecofriendly development. The diversity of nanocomposites has introduced them to a wide variety of applications such as drug delivery, biosensors, bone regeneration, solar cells, super capacitors, fuel cells, automobiles etc. The nanocomposites are deemed competing materials for the sustainable development, this is because of their ecofriendly behavior and value addition. This manuscript reviews the status of the silicon enhanced nanocomposites, various classes of nanocomposites such as ceramic based matrix nanocomposites, metal-based matrix nanocomposites, Polymer based matrix nanocomposites, etc. advanced green polymer-based nanocomposites and sustainable nanofillers for nanocomposites. The applications of nanocomposites in various sectors such as energy, automobiles, packaging, biomedical, environment and safety have been critically reviewed.

Compared with traditional battery and super capacitor materials, nanomaterials can significantly improve ion transport and electron conductivity. There are many features to the achievement of nanomaterials in energy storage applications. Nanomaterials development and their related processes can improve the performance based on the energy storage existing system. Current study discuss fruitful approaches and outline a roadmap for using green nanomaterials for advancement in energy storage devise. This review includes the information of the latest research being carried out on green nanomaterials and its sustainability. It also provides an overview of the latest state and proposes the future direction of the use of green nanomaterials for numerous possible applications, which are mainly used in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, and biomedicine.

Nanotechnology has many advantages, and its applications are spread to every field, from engineering to medicine and space to agriculture. Owing to the immense advantages of nano-size particles, nano-based materials are widely applied in wastewater treatment. These nanomaterials are developed and utilized in different sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions. These nanomaterials are characterized by their unique physical, chemical and biological properties. Besides the immense benefits of nanomaterials, they also have few environmental implications. This chapter presents the pros and cons of nanomaterials and their implications on the environment. Further, the effect of various nanomaterials on the aquatic environment, including the behaviour and toxicity on the aquatic ecosystem, is discussed. Finally, future directions to minimize the toxic effect of nanomaterials on the aquatic ecosystem and the need for improvement in the nanomaterials are presented.&nbsp

Background: Liver has a special and unique system of glucose metabolism which keeps its levels under normal ranges. In chronic liver hepatitis and cirrhosis this mechanism is altered. Aim: To evaluate undiagnosed diabetics through HbA1C and 2 hours post prandial blood sugar levels in confirmed hepatitis B and C cirrhotic adult patients. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Gastroenterology, Chandka Medical College, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One hundred and twenty four patients >50 years with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B and C were enrolled. All clinical, demographic data of patients as well as their blood analysis was performed for testing HbA1C and two hour post prandial blood sugar (as well as liver function test). Results: The mean age was 57.9±5.9 years and majority of patients were males in both hepatitis cases. There were 39.5% of liver cirrhosis patients having undiagnosed diabetes which was confirmed by 2 hours post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c. Within this value 54.8% had hepatitis C and 24.2% had hepatitis B. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of elevated HbA1c, post prandial blood sugar and consequently diabetic population (undiagnosed) among hepatitis B and C liver cirrhotic adult patients. Keywords: Post-prandial blood sugar, Cirrhotic adult patients, HBsAg, Anti-HCV, Diabetics

Indigenous hematite iron ore was chemically activated as a function of various hydrogen peroxide concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 M), activation time, and iron ore size. Adsorption potential was evaluated at various initial arsenic concentrations, contact time, adsorbent dose, and particle size. Maximum 95% removal efficiency was achieved at 600-μm size of iron ore, activated with 0.5 M concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 24 h of activation time. The experimental data were further evaluated through Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum 14.46 mg/g of adsorption capacity was observed through Langmuir isotherm. Moreover, adsorption kinetics was evaluated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the intra-particle diffusion model. The kinetics of arsenic adsorption was best described by using the pseudo-first-order kinetics with a kinetic rate of 0.621 min−1. The hematite iron ore before and after arsenic adsorption was characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDX.

This work aims to utilize fly ash from a thermal power station for melanoidin reduction from distillery effluent by adsorption. To accomplish this, coal fly ash was modified through chemical treatment and was then tested for melanoidin adsorption as a function of various melanoidin concentrations, contact time, and pH. The specific novelty of this study is the evaluation of coal fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for melanoidin removal. Furthermore, the simulation study was carried out using Aspen ADSIM software in order to optimize the commercial usage of the prepared adsorbent. The main results achieved include the maximum removal efficiency of 84% which was reached at initial melanoidin concentration of 1100 mg L−1 (5% dilution), pH 6, and a contact time of 120 min. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to evaluate adsorption isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of 281.34 mg/g was observed using the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models were used to fit adsorption kinetic data. The pseudo-second-order was best describing the adsorption kinetic with a faster kinetic rate of 0.142 mg g–1 min−1. CFA (coal fly ash) after acidic activation resulted in a slightly higher surface area, average pore volume, and pore size. The maximum breakthrough time and adsorbent saturation time were achieved at initial melanoidin concentration of 1 mol/lit, bed height of 2.5 m, and flow rate of 50 lit/min.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of diastolic dysfunction in patients presenting with type II Diabetes Mellitus. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Period: From 01-01-2017 to 30-06-2017. Material & Methods: In this study the cases were selected via non probability consecutive sampling of both male and female gender with age more than 40 years having type II DM of at least more than 2 years were included. The cases suffering from type I DM, gestational DM and those with HTN, end stage kidney and liver failure were excluded. Trans thoracic echocardiography was done to label diastolic dysfunction and was labelled as yes when the E/A ratio was

Menthol synthesis is possible through citral and citronellal hydrogenations via following multistage chemical reactions such as hydrogenation and cyclization. This research mainly focuses on a design of selective, active and cost-effective metal-acid (bifunctional) catalysts for menthol production via citral and citronellal hydrogenations. More specifically, Pd and Ni metals were impregnated over acidic support (e.g., hetero-poly acid supported montmorillonite, HPA_MM). The prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, pyridine adsorption and amine titration methods. Some of the most important parameters such as metal type and loading; applied pressure and reaction time have been investigated throughout this work. The obtained results reveals that the 8 wt% Ni-HPA-MM catalyst (Cat-5) has produced 63% menthols (initial reaction rate 0.126 mmol/min) from citral hydrogenation (80 °C, 1.0 MPa) within 24 h. Similarly, during lower applied pressure (0.5 MPa), the production of menthol was significantly improved (approximately 98% of menthol, initial reaction rate ~ 0.138 mmol/min) with the application of 8 wt% Ni-HPA-MM catalyst (Cat-5) in citronellal hydrogenation. Higher menthol selectivity was achieved from both reactions (citral and citronellal hydrogenation) which might be due to the presence of strong Lewis and medium Bronsted acid sites.

Indigenous hematite iron ore was chemically activated as a function of various hydrogen peroxide concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 M), activation time, and iron ore size. Adsorption potential was evaluated at various initial arsenic concentrations, contact time, adsorbent dose, and particle size. Maximum 95% removal efficiency was achieved at 600-μm size of iron ore, activated with 0.5 M concentration of hydrogen peroxide at 24 h of activation time. The experimental data were further evaluated through Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum 14.46 mg/g of adsorption capacity was observed through Langmuir isotherm. Moreover, adsorption kinetics was evaluated using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the intra-particle diffusion model. The kinetics of arsenic adsorption was best described by using the pseudo-first-order kinetics with a kinetic rate of 0.621 min

The aim of this study involves establishing a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (3D-CFD) model of solar flat plate collector (SFPC) in order to investigate the effect of operating and geometric parameters on thermal efficiency. In this research work, commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT®14.0 version was used for the development of a model of solar plate collector. The single circular tube geometry was created using ANSYS DesignModeler®14.0. The general continuity equation along with Navied–Stokes equations was solved for tracking motion of the working fluid. The general k–e turbulence modeling approach was used for solving the turbulence in the flow. Solar ray tracing was activated for calculating solar load in the model. The latitude and longitude of the Hyderabad region were inserted in the solar ray-tracing model for calculating solar intensity as per local conditions. Two fluids i.e., water and air were circulated with different flow rates in the developed model of SFPC. It was observed that water gave higher efficiency due to high density and thermal conductivity. The simulation results gathered revealed that the temperature of water and air was raised by almost 79 °C and 73 °C respectively.

Several investigations on major occupational accidents are demonstrating interest in role of organizational factors. Investigations and evidences manifest that “the root causes involved more than technical or human failures” [1] . Thus, focusing on organizational factors is an important issue in safety as a means of mitigating accident in the workplace. First step for assessing the influence of organizational factors is to identify the relevant organization factors. Out of 22 factors identified from literature review, seven important factors were finalized for Thailand construction industry: communication, culture, management commitment, leadership, organization learning, empowerment, and reward system. At final phase, Bayesian Belief Network was used for handling the complex causality and providing the strategies to enhance the safety work behaviors. According to first alternative, 73.3% of safety work behavior was reached by manipulating management commitment, participation, learning and leadership nodes simultaneously. The second alternative accomplished about 74.6% of safety work behavior when the leadership, management commitment, participation and intention node were assigned to favorable state. For the third alternative, 77.7% of safe work behavior could be obtained by controlling leadership, management commitment, participation and perceived behavioral control node.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the Frequency of in-hospital re-bleeding, mortality and causes of mortality among patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted from 27th March 2017 to 26th January 2018 in Medical Unit of Shaikh Zayed Medical College/ Hospital, Rahimyarkhan. One hundred and fifty patients who had endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) were included. All the patients were observed for re-bleeding, in hospital mortality and causes of mortality which were documented as frequency distribution table. RESULTS: Re-bleeding was seen among 11% patients while mortality in 7% patients. There were 20% patients who died of bleeding cause, while 80% patients died of non bleeding causes. CONCLUSION: Re-bleeding is not uncommon after initial endoscopy. The mortality rate is acceptable. Most common causes of mortality are non-bleeding causes; cardiac cause is most prominent followed by pulmonary or malignancy. Key words: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Re-bleeding; Mortality

Objectives: To determine the Neurological profile of patients residing in therural areas of Sindh during their visit to a tertiary care hospital in Nawabshah. Study Design:Retrospective observational study. Setting: Outpatient Department of Neurology at the PeoplesUniversity of Medical & Health Sciences for Women (PUMHSW), Nawabshah. Period: From14.4.2014 to 31.3.2015. Methods: A questionnaire regarding different Neurological disorderswas developed and data about patients presenting in OPD were registered. The data collectedwas tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 19. Results: A total of 861 patients were registered.Out of these 409 (47.5%) were male and 452 (52.5%) were females with male to female ratio of0.9. The age ranged from 06 months to 90 years and the mean age was 31.57± SD 16.7 7. Out of861 patients 477 (55.4%) visited neurology OPD on their own, 314 (36.47%) on the advice of theirfamily and friends and only 70(8.13%) were referrals by the general practitioners. Majority of thepatients 475 (55.17%) were the residents of villages and small towns while 386 (44.83%) wereresiding in the city of Nawabshah. The frequency of major category of neurological disordersincluding Headache, Epilepsies, Stroke, Neuromuscular disorders, Movement disorders,Spinal cord disorders, Dementias, Psychiatric disorders and Miscellaneous group was 33.%,19.%, 7%, 9%, 4%, 1%, 2%, 16% and 9% respectively. Conclusion: Neurological diseases arecommon among patients residing in the rural areas of Sindh. Headaches, epilepsies, stroke,psychiatric, neuromuscular and miscellaneous disorders were frequent presentations. Lack ofadequate referrals by the general physicians needs to be addressed emphatically. This studyprojects the burden of neurological problems in the under served areas.

Organizational factors and human factors are intimately related and intermingled with each other. Therefore, development of the implications for improving work safety behaviors is difficult due to the complexities of multiple causal relations of those factors within construction safety scenarios. With an aim towards identifying the particular implications for enhancing the desired behaviors or mitigating unfavorable behaviors, Bayesian network was therefore selected as an analytical technique for providing insight into the influence of the relevant contributories by investigating variations in the output of networks. Bayesian Belief Networks have been extensively applied in research because of their capability to capture sophisticated inferences. In addition, researchers are enabled to deliberately investigate the expected consequences of uncertainty prior to establishing an effective intervention. As a result, the present alternatives highlight the useful implications that might lead to the highest probability of safe work behavior. Based on this Bayesian network, an improvement in safe work behavior can be obtained by controlling leadership, management commitment, participation, and the perceived behavioral control node. Accordingly, it is increasingly being acknowledged that management must demonstrate substantive and visible commitment to occupational safety. In addition, managers at all levels must play an important role in establishing a supportive and participative atmosphere to encourage subordinates to work in a safer way. This application and the findings from the empirical evidence of the Bayesian Belief Network can explore the influence of organizational factors and their impact on safe work behavior through manipulating a combination of organizational factors.

3D graphene and its derivatives have attracted widespread attention as novel material for the adsorption and photocatalysis of wastewater contaminants. Because of unique physicochemical properties and easy regeneration abilities, it can be an excellent and most efficient material for the treatment of water pollutants. 3D graphene aerogels have been proven to be very powerful removing agents of wastewater contaminants like heavy metals, chemicals, dyes, oils and solvents. Literature reports that the mesoporous and macroporous structure of 3D graphene based materials (3DGBMs) provide better and efficient results compared to conventional graphene in adsorption and photodegradation of water contaminants. There are several other applications of 3DGBMs, however this review focuses on the removal of wastewater contaminants. Discussions, commentary and analyses have been added for the synthesis and application of 3DGBMs in wastewater only. This review will help to find out all the latest work on 3DGBMs towards the decontamination of wastewater pollutants.

To describe the acute and late complications of organophosphate (OP) poisoning.Case series.Medicine Department at Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah, from June 2008 to December 2009.A total of 300 patients with organophosphate poisoning admitted to the Medical ICU were included. Baseline investigations included blood complete picture, urea, creatinine, arterial blood gas values, and serum cholinesterase levels. Data was retrieved from the files on a structured proforma. Studied variables included gender, mode of exposure, acute (occuring within 4 weeks) and delayed (occuring after 4 weeks onwards) complicationsThere were 50 (16.66%) males and 250 (83.33%) females with ratio of 1:5. Two hundred and forty eight (82.6%) had ingested while 18 (6%) had inhaled the poison. Acute complications included fits in 50 (16.66) bradycardia in 30 (10%) and hyperglycemia in 15 (5%) patients. Delayed complications (after 4 weeks and later) included monoplegia and mild sensory loss of lower limbs in 4 (2.66) and paraplegia and weakness of upper limbs in 2 (0.66%) patients each. A total of 50 patients died due to different complications in acute period making a mortality rate of 16.66%.Frequency of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning complications is much higher and related with high mortality and morbidity and where as late complications are less frequent and less life threatening.