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Most democratic governments have prioritised offering people more significant input in government decision-making and promoting public participation in policy creation. People and governments may now effectively integrate formerly unsurmountable gaps in their relationships thanks to advances in digital and information technologies. "Smart City" technologies are not a new term in today's urbanisation development field; however, this "Smart City" technologies term is likely unfamiliar with the rural area, as the rural area is sometimes assumed to perform poorly in the development of innovative city initiatives, which are mostly being pioneered by the local government authority with a focus on a city or urban region. Citizens can now participate in decision-making and policy-making due to the smart city project initiative, which cannot be disregarded entirely; unfortunately, rural population participation remains limited. This conceptual research aims to examine smart city project aspirations for the rural community public participation framework. The author comprehends the importance of including significant public participation in all parts of the planning process. The methodology behind this research is based on a detailed study of the scholarly literature that has already been done. The conclusions of the research were derived from a number of different reading materials, such as books, journals, and other sources on smart city programmes for public participation in rural areas.

Knowledge sharing has been acknowledged as the right mechanism for public servants to share best practices in performing work among workers. The sharing of best practices on learning by actions (doing) seems to enhance motivation among public servants to provide quality services. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between knowledge sharing and public service motivation among civil servants in the Department of Student Affairs, UiTM Merlimau and Public Works Department (JKR), Jasin, Malaysia. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed but only 118 questionnaires were validly returned and used. The findings demonstrate that the level of knowledge sharing practices in both organisations is at moderate level. Pearson correlation analysis shows that policy making, commitment to public interests, social justice, civic duty, compassion and self-sacrifice have significant relationships with knowledge sharing practices. Meanwhile, multiple regression analysis reveals that only commitment to public interests, social justice as well as civic duty significantly influence the practices of knowledge sharing. The findings conclude that knowledge sharing is key element used by civil servants in producing public service motivation.

The smart city concept originates from the search for building an equilibrium approach to sustainable development that aims to synergize environmental dimensions with economic and social changes. It is estimated that by 2050 more than two thirds of the world population will live in cities. However, the world has witnessed that rapid urbanization can lead to greater urban poverty, massive deforestation, profound social instability, water crises, and devastating spread of diseases. These risks have further exacerbated as more people have migrated from rural areas to cities. How effective these risks can be addressed will largely depend on how well the cities are governed. As such, the smart city concept is an innovative way to try to mitigate those risks. By creating a balance that links economics, social, and environmental dimensions, it is hopeful that rapid urbanization will now be driven by creating a sustainable quality of life for citizens that empower them to collaborate with the city councils to develop the city. The planned urbanization will now incorporate residents’ quality of life, social inclusion, and economic opportunities while reducing the impact of environmental degradation. Therefore, an urban development model that is more social and environmentally friendly is important to ensure that our cities are both efficient and resilient. Building upon this foundation, this paper aims to examine to what extent local governments in Kedah are ready to design a smart cityconcept that focuses on citizen needs, embracing citizen-centric design, and promote engagement of citizens and communities. Using qualitative approach that focuses on interviews with local administrators, the study hopes to unearth current urban development model and whether this development takes into consideration the important of inclusive smart city as part of the government initiative to pursue a sustainable quality of life for the city residents in Kedah. The findings of this study reve

There is a call from society to examine the integrity behavior challenges of local government (LG) enforcement officers who work directly with citizens due to the nature of this job. One of the job requirements of enforcement officers is to investigate law enforcement directly to their customers, such as petty traders, hawkers, business owners, developers and contractors, and others. In executing their duties, particularly on law enforcement, high integrity behavior and professionalism of enforcement officers in LG administrative areas of responsibility are necessary. Based on the framework, the study aims to examine the integrity behavior challenges of enforcement officers from the citizens’ and staff ’ perspectives, in particular, on to what extent the officers face the difficulties and challenges in executing their enforcement tasks. Thus, during the study, 30 respondents, namely the citizens and LG staff in Kedah, were surveyed. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to gain specific dimensions related to integrity behavior. From the citizens’ perspective on LG enforcement teams’ integrity behavior, challenges were related to main aspects such as biasness, political intervention, and bureaucracy matters. Meanwhile, LG staff consider integrity behavior challenges to be affected by opportunistic attitudes among staff, workforce, and financial issues. The study suggests that enforcement officers should develop soft skills, employability skills, and upgrade academic levels to understand the current situation and develop negotiation skills to deal with grassroots society.

The institution of Penghulu is the oldest and longest in the history of government administration in Malaysia. Since 50 century ago the credibility and leadership of Penghulu is maintain at higher respect of society and government structure. However, the credibility of the institution getting weak due to rapid urbanization, lower entry level requirements and inadequate staffing diminish the power and influence of Penghulu. They are no longer seen as the authoritative figure for rural development, deliver their functions and existence have been questioned. Building upon this framework, this paper attempts to examine the challenges facing by institution of Penghulu in deliver duties in Kedah state administration. The study utilizes a qualitative method that involves personal interviews of 10 currents and former Penghulu as well as former state secretary in Kedah. The findings of the interviews are classified based on three major themes: entry level requirements, human resource development, and symbol of reference.

Perubahan persekitaran pekerjaan pada peringkat global dan tempatan telah membawa perubahan kepada tingkah laku dan pemikiran pekerja. Keadaan ini memerlukan transformasi pengurusan sumber manusia agar potensi dan bakat yang dimiliki oleh pekerja dapat dimaksimumkan bagi memberikan perkhidmatan yang bernilai tinggi kepada masyarakat. Bakat dan potensi pekerja dapat dimaksimumkan dengan kemudahan teknologi dan Internet yang telah mengubah cara pemikiran dan interaksi antara pekerja sesama pekerja, pelanggan dan pihak berkepentingan yang lain.Berasaskan kepada sumber manusia sebagai aset penting organisasi, buku ini membincangkan peringkat transformasi yang berlaku dalam organisasi dengan memberi pendedahan pada peringkat awal dari segi konsep, perkembangan dan pengaruh persekitaran kerja yang dapat meningkatkan kemahiran dan pengetahuan pekerja. Transformasi ini diikuti oleh peringkat pertengahan berkaitan dengan fungsi, pendekatan, proses dan teknik dalam mengurus sumber manusia berserta rujukan kes semasa yang bersesuaian. Peringkat akhir transformasi ini membincangkan strategik pengurusan sumber manusia yang boleh dilakukan oleh pembuat dasar dalam merangka program yang bersesuaian untuk kesejahteraan pekerja. Strategi yang relevan dengan keperluan pekerja perlu diberi perhatian bagi memastikan pengetahuan dan kemahiran yang dimiliki oleh pekerja diberi penghargaan dan dikongsi dengan pekerja yang lain, terutama pengetahuan tasit.

An alarming increase in criminal activities has caused fear among societies and affected their daily routines. In order to improve the situation, the government has introduced several measures including community policing that requires cooperation between police and community. Within this framework, this study attempts to explore the relationship between community policing and social capital. The premise of the study evolves on the belief that fear of crime, perception of crime, and concern for crime are predictors of social capital which includes participation, cooperation, and communication. In regard to methodology, this study utilises quantitative approach. Specifically, survey questionnaires were randomly distributed to 1,161 respondents who are members of voluntary patrol unit (SRS). Based on regression analysis, the findings indicate that only perception of crime, and awareness for crime have a significant relationship with social capital. Specifically, concern for crime proves to be the strongest predictor of social capital compared to fear of crime and perception of crime. These quantitative findings reveal that community empowerment is likely to take place when communities are concerned about criminal activities in their area, and thus take necessary action to become actively engaged with other community members to fight against crime.

The quality of government service delivery has been questioned lately. Issues regarding bureaucratic red tape, inefficiency, delay, unresponsive, lack of empathy, and arrogance are some of the complaints received by the Public Complaint Bureau. Based upon this background, this paper attempts to examine the quality of service delivery in some selected local governments in Perak. The study utilizes a quantitative approach in which questionnaire surveys were distributed to local government staff and clients. A total of 500 customers and 150 staff participated in the survey. Using descriptive analysis, the findings demonstrate that the overall quality service delivery is satisfactory. Both citizens and staff feel that the local government involved in the study are able to deliver their services based on the needs of the clients. However, respondents also raise some serious concerns regarding certain issues such as lack of facilities (park and cleanliness ofpublic toilet), improper maintenance (drainage are clogged, recreational facilities are not maintained), and the availability of facilities and program for disable (OKU) group. The study postulates that the different level of satisfaction among the five selected local governments is due to the demographic characteristics of the government. To be specific, the more urban the government, the more it can generate the revenues, thus giving it more flexibility to provide quality service delivery to the customers. On the other hand, with adequate staff training and greater citizen empowerment, local government can always strive to ensure that services delivered are always effective and efficient.

Questions of community participation have raising recently as a government perceived that community should cooperate with local government to bridge the demands from society and government.This is because the goals of sustainable development emphasise on the bottom-up approach behind traditional approaches that are just topdown. In this context, the local government at grassroot level is responsible for the welfare and well-being of the community through quality services. Thus, this study was design to measure community perception on local government governance.This quantitative design study involved 7 local governments in Malaysia.This study discusses the findings of the community perception survey (n = 831) on the quality of local government governance in carrying out responsibilities to the community. Six variables have been set for this study in determining the effectiveness of local government in Malaysia in the context of governance including the quality of staff work, community programs, services, infrastruture provided, council member accountability to the community and local government governance today.From the results of this study, it can be concluded that today local government governance in Malaysia from the community perspective is at moderate level. Financial issues are the main factors that cause people to receive the modest service quality of their view.Hence, efforts to improve the quality of local government governance must be continued through collaboration effort between the federal, state and local governments.

This study was designed to examine women participation to determine the level of accountability delivered by staffs and councillors in Malaysian local government. Survey method was used for the study and a sample of three hundred eighty five (385) women were randomly selected from the entire population of women that frequently were dealing with local government administration, especially involved in activities organised by local government. Twenty-items questionnaires were adopted from previous measurement to gain the relevant data. Data collected were analysed using frequency and percentage distribution. The results of the study revealed that women citizens were satisfied with the execution of local government accountability and responsibility. This satisfaction level is seen to rise in recent years because of performance of each local government in Malaysia being monitored and evaluated each year using star rating system. The evaluations assessed all functions of local government including public services. Therefore, local governments are always enhancing their services to meet the requirements of star rating.

Preparing the next good leader and is as important as supporting the current leader for the public sector, as well as important factor to move and drive organization forward. Thus, to groom the potential future leader, the organizations need not only the succession planning program, but also to have an emphasis on the commitment of the leader. This paper examines the relationship between leadership characteristic styles towards succession planning program in Malaysia’s Public Sector. Transformational leadership characteristic was used, namely idealized influence, inspirational motivation, and individualized influence and intellectual stimulation. Combination of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Effective Succession Planning and Management Questionnaire were used to distribute to 576 public servants from Malaysia‘s public sector. Multiple regressions were used in analyzing the effect. The result of multiple regression demonstrated that partly significantly related to succession planning and individualize influence is the main predictor on succession planning program. Therefore, it is very essential for the leaders to keep on viewing and modifying their leadership style and behavior in a way to be effective leaders.

This study seeks to investigate the extent to which microcredit scheme can predict the development of entrepreneurship skills, particularly on entrepreneurial acumen, competitive of business, advantages of small business and business survival.This quantitative study is based on survey datafrom 1176 microcredit scheme participants.The data shows that participant involvement in microcredit scheme has a positive relationship with the development of entrepreneurial skills.The study provides insight into how theories from microcredit scheme may help us to understand the nature of entrepreneurial development, particularly among low income households.This article has focused only on the borrowers from microcredit scheme known as Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia and TEKUN.Hence, future research is recommended to include leadership style and expand the sample of the research to the elite group consisting of chairman/CEO of these two institutions.Emergent results make a contribution to research regarding how microcredit scheme can lead to the development of entrepreneurial skills in the context of developing countries.The findings demonstrate that to sustain in small medium scale business are require essential entrepreneurship skills such as competitive advantage, business survival to try varies type of business before they can be succeeding.

This study investigates the relationship between knowledge-sharing mechanisms, managerial tacit knowledge, and individual performance in the Malaysian public sector. Moderation effects of employee personality on these variables were also examined.Findings from 308 Malaysian public sector managers suggest that individual performance is influenced by levels of accumulated managerial tacit knowledge (LAMTK), which were moderated by employee personality traits.The findings also show that individual performance has an impact on the effectiveness of knowledge-sharing mechanisms.

Previous literature on microcredit schemes tend to focus on the benefits of these scheme on rural poor.This study, meanwhile, tries to explore the potential advantages of microcredits schemes on the urban poor.There is currently limited literature that document how urban poor have benefited from microcredit schemes especially in regard to providing additional income to support their families.The fact that poor residents in urban areas are not able to access bank loans to start their business forces them to borrow money from loan sharks.This situation puts the aspiring poor urban entrepreneurs at an even disadvantage position when they could not pay back the loan. Building upon this framework, this study surveys 257 poor urban entrepreneurs from Kuala Lumpur, a capital city of Malaysia. The overall finding reveals a positive and significant correlation between receiving microcredit schemes and business sustainability.Specifically, respondents highlight that their income has increased between 10-50% through microcredit scheme assistance. This finding highlights the importance of microcredit schemes as part of government strategy to reduce urban poverty.

Increased public participation in government decisions contributes significantly to the enhancement of grass-roots democracy.This article assesses the level of involvement of local citizens in local government decisions in Malaysia.Public participation was assessed using questionnaires on the range and extent of initiatives used by local government.The questionnaires also probed citizens’ perceptions of these initiatives and expectations for greater citizen empowerment.Data were gathered from 206 local citizens randomly selected from six local authorities in the northern region of Malaysia. The findings reveal a desire on the part of local citizens to participate in their local government decision-making process.

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which predictors of retirement planning behaviour influence pre-retirement bheaviour of working individuals in Malaysia. Specifically, this study attempts to investigate how self-awareness, organizational roles, and environmental factors influence their pre-retirement planning behaviour. A total of 300 government employees from various government ministries across Peninsular Malaysia participated in the study. Questionaires were pre-tested for validity before being distributed randomly to the respondents. The results show that self-awareness, organization roles and environment factors have a positive relationship with retirement planning. This finding should benefits the policy makers to enhance the effectiveness of retirement program for employees.

This paper examines the influence of leadership characteristic style towards succession planning, program implementation in Malaysia’s Public Sector. Four dimensions of leadership characteristic were used, namely idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualize influence and intellectual stimulation. Combination Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and effective Succession Planning and Management Questionnaire. A sample of 394 respondents is taken from Malaysia’s Public sector employees. From multiple regression analysis, the result revealed that individualized influence (ß=. 162, p<0.05) is the most influence career development. Keeping in view, the finding of this study provides some practical insight into the need for public sector to re-visit the succession planning and leadership style as these have significant bearing on followers perception. Therefore, with the changing world of work demands and more choice where one size fits one, leaders must able to provide a great characteristic style to balance these with works need to ensure a high level of productivity and performance.

Some scholars’ view of microcredit’s potential as a tool of women’s involved in a globalized capitalist economy.It seems that this scheme create opportunities for women to get involve in the entrepreneurship programme.In the case of Malaysia, AIM’s microcredits programs is an individual-based lending, and a near exclusive focus on women as loan clients, have become platform to produce entrepreneur as well as antipoverty intervention.Microcredit aims to break the rural poor in developing countries especially groups of unable to access bank loans and poor villagers rely on local moneylenders. For these people, microcredit provides an alternative source of credit and offering collateral-free loans. Previous studies shown that microcredit has changed the socio-economic of the participant in increasing empowerment, entrepreneur skills, transformational thinking and a desire to improve get out from poverty.The finding presented here provided the empirical evidence and augment previous research on the factor role of microcredit in promoting women’s entrepreneurship skills and the effectiveness of AIM in encourage women to venture into the world of entrepreneurship.

Management education is not a rare domain anymore. People learn, study and teach management in a diversity of branches of knowledge or disciplines. In this perspective, management educators are required to be people-smart.The ability to administer their inner feelings as well as to work with people will improve the quality and effectiveness of management teaching.To reach this, personal intelligences which include general intelligence (Intelligence Quotient {IQ}), emotional intelligence (Emotional Quotient {EQ}) and interpersonal intelligence (People Quotient {PQ}) are essential. . This paper will tackle the issue of enhancing interpersonal intelligence (PQ), which also takes into account the aspect of emotional intelligence (EQ) among management educators.To ensure success in interpersonal intelligence, several criteria can well predict people’s quotient.These are the ability to understand students, the ability to grasp people/students’ ability to clearly establish thoughts and feelings, ability to ask and offer feedback, ability to serve as a determinant to how others act and think, ability to engage in and resolve conflicts, and, ability to work with others effectively.It is anticipated that management education will not only perform well in the content and structure but in the psychological aspects of management educators as well.

This research in mainly focusing on the profile of successful Malay business leader in Malaysia.The major objectives were to study their characteristic that contributed to the successful in the business.The data for this research were collected from two sources, namely primary sources and secondary sources.The qualitative in-depth interview research technique was used for the primary data.A total of ten (10) successful Malay business leaders around Kedah and Perlis state were selected as respondents of this research.As for secondary data,five (5) successful Malay business leaders were analyzed base on the existing books and other sources documented their success.Based on the analysis, these leaders inhibit a vision in their life, intelligence,inspiring and compassionate.Besides, they are also very decisive, hardworking and committed in their work.These characteristic have proven to be key ingredients in their success and these trait are also present among successful business leaders of other ethnic groups.

In many developed countries, social entrepreneurship play as important role in enhancing citizen entrepreneurial skills.In developing countries, Social entrepreneurship has emerged and grown into a global movement to transform social change as part of poverty eradication strategy.Building upon this foundation, this paper aims to examine the impact of microcredit scheme on entrepreneurhip development.Specifically, it attempts to (1) explore the effectiveness of the existing microcredit schemes, (2) assess the viability of government policies aimed at promoting microcredit schemes; and (3) make strategic policy recommendation to improve the existing social business model.The methodology in this study involves disrtibuting questionaires survey to 1500 microcredit participants across Malaysia.A total of 1176 respondents returned the questionnaires, which was a rate of return of 78%.The findings were analysed based on descriptive statistic involving frequency,percentage and mean.The finding indicate that (1) microcredit schemes are effective in developing entrepreneurial skills particularly among women and single parents in rural areas; (2) existing government policies are sufficient in providing adequate funding opportunities for these entrepreneurs; and (3) current existing social business model needs adjustment particularly in regard to providing training to aspiring entrepreneurs.However, there are areas of concern that need to be addressed by the government such as the need for coordination among institutions that offer microcredit financing and less political interference in the decision making process.

This research is mainly focusing on the profile of successful Malay business leader in Malaysia.The major objectives were to study their characteristic that contributed to the successful in the business.The data for this research were collected from two sources, namely primary sources and secondary sources.The qualitative in-depth interview research technique was used for the primary data.A total of ten (10) successful Malay business leaders around Kedah and Perlis state were selected as respondents of this research. As for secondary data, five (5) successful Malay business leaders were analyzed based on the existing books and other sources documented their success.Based on the analysis, these leaders exhibit a vision in their life, intelligence, inspiring and compassionate.Besides, they are also very decisive, hardworking and committed in their work.These characteristic have proven to be key ingredients in their success and these traits are also present among successful business leaders of other ethnic groups.

Our era of knowledge today has shown the fact that accomplishments achieved by public agencies receive influence from several inside factors; to name but a few, individual intelligence and personality characteristics.The emphasis on this paper rests on the contributions made by personality and the act of implicit knowledge-sharing to improve individual presentation, with special regards to managers in the public sector. There is a potential that this paper can serve to justify how individual differences are able to weave their way among knowledge workers for performance improvement. The assessment of personality traits is performed using the Big Five Inventory, where the traits are extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, neuroticism and conscientiousness. Tacit knowledge sharing, on the other hand, is realized through mentoring and knowledge-sharing agenda. This current study is targeted at Malaysian public sector managers who are expected to distribute their valuable knowledge with others and help enhance individual productivity. Individual performance system is introduced as a measuring tool on individual productivity which comprises of four main components; knowledge and expertise, personal quality, leadership and community contribution. It is suggested that for the purpose of practising knowledge sharing, managers need to possess some personality traits to improve their employees’ performance.

It is widely argued that increased public participation in government decision making brings many important benefits and among the most significant contribution is the enhancement of grass-roots democracy.This paper, therefore, attempts to assess the level of involvement among local citizens in local government decisions.The public participation initiatives were assessed using a set of Validated questionnaires.The questionnaires sought information on the range and extent of public participation initiatives used by local government.The questionnaires also probed citizens' perception towards these initiatives and their expectations for greater citizen empowerment.The questionnaires were administered to 205 local citizens randomly, selected from six local authorities in the northern region of Malaysia.The findings reveal that local governments consistently utilize conventional citizen participate methods to encourage the public to get involved in local government decision making.The findings also reveal the participatory initiatives that are highly preferred by the respondents.The paper concludes by recommending a more comprehensive model of participatory decision making which strives to fulfill the community needs and aspirations.

Pengurusan perubahan merupakan elemen penting di dalam mengurus tadbir organisasi ke arah kecemerlangan. Sesebuah organisasi khususnya sektor awam perlu bersedia dan mampu dalam menguruskan setiap perubahan dengan lebih berkesan dan sistematik. Sesebuah organisasi perlu membuat penilaian dan jangkaan ke atas perubahan yang berlaku bagi membolehkannya bersedia dengan persekitaran organisasi berkenaan. Komitmen ahli untuk terus berubah turut menjamin kelangsungan pembangunan organisasi. Sebaliknya, keselesaan organisasi dengan pencapaian semasa akan menjurus ke jurang kemusnahan (Ab. Aziz, 2000).

Pemantapan Urus Tabir Sektor Awam merupakan koleksi artikel yang membincangkan pelbagai isu pengurusan organisasi seperti Pentadbiran Awam, Kewangan Awam, Undang-undang Pentadbiran Awam dan Pengurusan Sumber Manusia.Himpunan artikel ini telah diolah dengan jelas dan mantap bagi memudahkan para pembaca memahami dan mendalami setiap isu dan konsep yang telah dibincangkan.Buku ini amat sesuai digunakan oleh para pengkaji, penyelidik, pensyarah, pentadbir dan juga pelajar yang terlibat dalam bidang pengurusan organisasi secara umumnya dan pengurusan awam secara khususnya.Buku yang dihasilkan ini juga, diharapkan dapat menjadi pemangkin dalam penerbitan karya yang lain. Selain itu, ia juga boleh dijadikan panduan kepada seluruh warga kerja, penggubal dasar dan masyarakat awam sebagai pelanggan dalam memastikan perkhidmatan sektor awam yang berkesan.

Much has been said about the public service lately. Most of the time, the opinions tend to be negative. Wasteful, inefficient, arrogant, irresponsive, impersonal,autocratic, and undemocratic are among the harshest criticisms thrown at bureaucracy. Yet, despite these criticisms, public service plays essential roles in implementing and enforcing government policies. Many people whose lives have been affected by government agencies though a variety of policies in areas such as income redistribution, environmental protection, crime prevention, and healthcare management realize the importance of those agencies. The proliferation of these bureaucratic activities further expands the functions of traditional bureaucracies and transforms them into formidable forces. One of the major reasons for the expansion of bureaucracy is industrialization. As a result, the growth of bureaucracy during the twentieth century had been phenomenal. In the United States, there were about 2.8 million civil servants in 1980 compared to only about 240,000 at the turn of the century (Krislov and Rosenbloom, 1981). In Malaysia, the total number of personnel in the public service on January, 1999 was 664,166 (excluding the Police and the Armed Forces) (Ahmad Atory, 2001).

Max Weber (1946), in his classical analysis of bureaucracy points out that bureaucracy involves a clear-cut division of integrated activities. These activities are controlled through the assignment of roles that are based on technical qualifications. The technical experts are governed by general and abstract rules that necessitate the specific instructions for each specific case. This is done through the use of categorization whereby individual cases are classified into specific criteria and solved accordingly. Weber in his original definition of bureaucracy also outlines the importance of office hierarchy in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones. When bureaucracy goes through various development processes, the principle of hierarchy has been "monocratically organized" (Weber: 5). This means that work is organized based on categorization.

This study investigates the relationship between knowledge-sharing mechanisms, managerial tacit knowledge, and individual performance in the Malaysian public sector. Moderation effects of 10 employee personality on these variables were also examined. Findings from 308 Malaysian public sector managers suggest that individual performance is influenced by levels of accumulated managerial tacit knowledge (LAMTK), which were moderated by employee personality traits. The findings also show that individual performance has an impact on the effectiveness of knowledge- sharing mechanisms.