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2. Role and promise of health policy and systems research in integrating rehabilitation into the health systems

Author

Abdul Ghaffar, Abdulgafoor M. Bachani, Adnan A. Hyder, Alarcos Cieza, Aneel Bhangu, André Bussières, Diana C. Sanchez-Ramirez, Dorcas B. C. Gandhi, Jeanine Verbunt, Kumanan Rasanathan, Louise Gustafsson, Pierre Côté, Rajiv Reebye, Roger De la Cerna-Luna, Stefano Negrini, Walter R. Frontera, and Sureshkumar Kamalakannan

Subjects
Health systems, Health policy and systems research, Rehabilitation, Disability, Universal health coverage, Sustainable Development Goals, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Despite recognized need and reasonable demand, health systems and rehabilitation communities keep working in silos, independently with minimal recognition to the issues of those who require rehabilitation services. Consolidated effort by health systems and rehabilitation parties, recognizing the value, power and promise of each other, is a need of the hour to address this growing issue of public health importance. In this paper, the importance and the need for integration of rehabilitation into health system is emphasized. The efforts being made to integrate rehabilitation into health systems and the potential challenges in integration of these efforts were discussed. Finally, the strategies and benefits of integrating rehabilitation in health systems worldwide is proposed. Health policy and systems research (HPSR) brings a number of assets that may assist in addressing the obstacles discussed above to universal coverage of rehabilitation. It seeks to understand and improve how societies organize themselves to achieve collective health goals; considers links between health systems and social determinants of health; and how different actors interact in policy and implementation processes. This multidisciplinary lens is essential for evidence and learning that might overcome the obstacles to the provision of rehabilitation services, including integration into health systems. Health systems around the world can no longer afford to ignore rehabilitation needs of their populations and the World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution marked a global call to this effect. Therefore, national governments and global health community must invest in setting a priority research agenda and promote the integration of rehabilitation into health systems. The context-specific, need-based and policy-relevant knowledge about this must be made available globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This could help integrate and implement rehabilitation in health systems of countries worldwide and also help achieve the targets of Rehabilitation 2030, universal health coverage and Sustainable Development Goals.

Published
2024
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3. High pressure sensor based on intensity-variation using polymer optical fiber

Author

Abdul Ghaffar, Fei Ru, Jingming Liu, George Y. Chen, Jiasheng Ni, Jun Liu, Sadam Hussian, Jianping Yu, Bhagwan Das, and Mujahid Mehdi

Subjects
Polymer optical fiber, High-pressure sensor, Coupling method, Intensity-based sensor, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Silica fiber under high pressure increases the risk of fiber breakage or permanent deformation, which may cause sensor failure due to mechanical strength limitations. High pressure can also induce birefringence in optical fiber. In this study, we present a simple design and low-cost high pressure sensor using polymer optical fiber (POF) based on the intensity-variation technique. A side-coupling mechanism in the sensor structure is adopted, which varies the intensity with applied pressure. Two POFs are twisted together to create a sensing region where the light is launched in the first fiber and measurement is taken from the second fiber. In sensing phenomena, cladding mode frustrated total internal reflection occurs when pressure increases. Silicone gel is used in the pressure chamber for sealing and preventing leakage. The sensor structure is able to detect high pressure in the MPa range, where we tested up to 4 MPa. For higher sensitivity, twisted and bend structure is analyzed, and sensitivity is achieved at about 432.21 nW/MPa. However, twisted helical structure is adopted to enhance sensing range which is about 50 cm. The proposed high-pressure sensor structure is easier to fabricate and has high stability because it doesn’t require any destructive method as compared to other conventional methods.

Published
2024
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6. Environmentally sustainable surgical systems

Author

Mark G Shrime, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Aneel Bhangu, Christina George, Abdul Ghaffar, Faustin Ntirenganya, Nadine Hachach-Haram, Iestyn Williams, Dhruva Ghosh, Laura Kudrna, Craig McClain, Elizabeth Li, Fareeda Agyei, Virginia Ledda, Adewale Adisa, Lucy Caton, Parvez David Haque, and J C Allen Ingabire

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Published
2024
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7. Analytical analysis and bifurcation of pine wilt dynamical transmission with host vector and nonlinear incidence using sustainable fractional approach

Author

Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Farman, Parvaiz Ahmad Naik, Khurram Faiz, Abdul Ghaffar, Evren Hincal, and Muhammad Umer Saleem

Subjects
Pine wilt, Stability analysis, Lipschitz conditions, Bifurcation analysis, Sensitivity analysis, Modeling, Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods, T57-57.97
Abstract

To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate a mathematical model to comprehend the dynamics of the diseases that are prevalent around the world by using fractional calculus. A mathematical model is developed with the hypothesis created by adding control and asymptomatic variables to observe the rate of change of pine wilt and the ABC operator is used to turn the model into a fractional ordered model for continuous monitoring. The Boundedness and uniqueness of the developed model are investigated for bounded findings by using Banach space, which are the key properties of such an epidemic model. A newly developed system is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position, and the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed systems. Derived reproductive numbers using the next-generation technique as well as the sensitivity of each involved parameter are verified. The Atangana–Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values, which are advanced tools for reliable bounded solutions. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of pine wilt disease with control and asymptomatic battels in the community. Also, identify the real situation of the spread as well as the control of pine wilt after employing control and asymptomatic battels due to treatment. Such a type of investigation will be useful in investigating the spread of disease as well as helpful in developing control strategies based on our justified outcomes.

Published
2024
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9. Stimulating the Malaysian Rural Community Centres through the rural digital economy under the Smart Village Enablement Program

Author

Abdul Ghaffar, Ahmad Nizam

Abstract

The Malaysian government, through the Ministry of Rural Development, has identified the digital economy as a vehicle for catalysing socioeconomic improvement in the country, with a focus on rural communities. The introduction of the Smart Village Enablement Program would serve as the catalyst for the rural digital connectivity that drives the socio-economic program to reduce the digital division and exclusion issues plaguing the rural communities. The aim of this study was to study the development of the rural digital economy in Malaysia, specifically to identify the determinants of the initiation of the rural digital economy and analyse the impact of initiating the rural digital economy. This study also aims to recommend the framework for the Smart Village Enablement Program. The qualitative grounded theory approach was adopted loosely, adapting the Theory of Social Change to identify the factors and their expected impacts. Cluster sampling was done to select 13 Rural Community Centres(RCCs)for the studies to accurately represent the total of 191 RCCs under the ministry of rural development purview nationwide. The data collected was through semi-structured interviews with the selected 13 RCCs'managers. The findings strongly support RCC as the rural digital hub for rural communities. The RCC will help spread the rural digital economy for rural communities. The RCC would need to be strategically located, have all the required internet connectivity to facilitate the digital platform for the rural digital services, and have full empowerment of the respective RCC Managers. With the full establishment of the RCC, the relevant sustainable programmes and activities could be implemented to drive the effectiveness of the RCC, together with ethnic integration and demographic assimilation of the rural communities. The findings of this study contributed greatly to the academic's writings on the smart village conception and the rural digital economics program. Industry white papers and case studies were visibly evidenced, but the resources of the academic scholars were limited. On the other hand, there were many apparent practical business applications for the advent of rural digital and smart village enablement programs, with the obvious potential for future revenue by the respective industry players. In short, because the field was considered new and only established in the last decade, there would be many areas for future studies of the subject matter.

Published
2023

10. Flip bifurcation analysis and mathematical modeling of cholera disease by taking control measures

Author

Aqeel Ahmad, Fakher Abbas, Muhammad Farman, Evren Hincal, Abdul Ghaffar, Ali Akgül, and Murad Khan Hassani

Subjects
Mathematical modeling, Boundedness, Non-local kernel, Uniqueness, Flip bifurcation, Atangana–Toufik, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate the mathematical model to understand the dynamics of various diseases which are spread in the world wide. The objective of the research study is to assess the early diagnosis and treatment of cholera virus by implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. A mathematical model is built with the hypothesis of strengthening the immune system, and a ABC operator is employed to turn the model into a fractional-order model. A newly developed system SEIBR, which is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position as well as the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed system. The local stability of this model has been explored concerning limited observations, a fundamental aspect of epidemic models. We have derived the reproductive number using next generation method, denoted as “ $$R_{0}$$ R 0 ”, to analyze its impact rate across various sub-compartments, which serves as a critical determinant of its community-wide transmission rate. The sensitivity analysis has been verified according to its each parameters to identify that how much rate of change of parameters are sensitive. Atangana–Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values which is advanced tool for reliable bounded solution. Also the error analysis has been made for developed scheme. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of cholera disease with early detection and treatment by implementing remedial methods without the use of drugs in the community. Also identify the real situation the spread of cholera disease after implementing remedial methods with and without the use of drugs. Such type of investigation will be useful to investigate the spread of virus as well as helpful in developing control strategies from our justified outcomes.

Published
2024
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11. Development of a dual point humidity sensor using POF based on twisted fiber structure

Author

Sadam Hussian, Mujahid Mehdi, Abdul Ghaffar, Kun Lan, Yanjun Hu, Huan Lin, Mumtaz A. Qaisrani, Sikandar Ali, Jie Lin, Rehan Mehdi, and Rui Ma

Subjects
Dual point sensor, Fiber twisting, Humidity sensor, Light side coupling, Polymer optical fiber, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract The humidity has often been measured through a single point sensor. Where, the humidity could be varied at different locations as well as depending on environmental conditions. The present paper developed the dual point humidity measuring sensor by using a polymer optical fiber (POF) based on a single illuminating fiber. The sensor’s basic structure is to twist two fibers and bend them at a certain radius. However, the dual point sensor is developed through the cascading of twisted micro bend (TMB-1 and TMB-2). The twisting of fibers couples the light from one fiber to another fiber through the side coupling method. An increase in the humidity level leads to a change in the reflective index, which helps to get variation in coupled light intensity. To measure the humidity, the dual point sensors are placed into the control humidity chamber at two random positions. The power reading variation is significantly linear when the humidity level increases from 30 to 80%. The sensor has a fast response of about 1 s and a recovery time of about 4 s. Furthermore, the chemical coating is applied to improve the sensor’s sensitivity. Between 30 and 80% range of humidity, the both sensors of dual point TMB-1 and TMB-2 have appropriate sensitivity and detection limits, which is about 680.8 nW/% and 763.9 nW/% and 1.37% and 1.98%, respectively. To measure the humidity at variable positions, the present dual points humidity sensor is well-stable, easy, and straightforward, which uses a less expensive method.

Published
2024
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12. Intrabiliary metastasis of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma mimicking choledocholithiasis 18 years after the primary tumor

Author

Sumaya Abdul Ghaffar, MD, David Pfau, MD, Nikhil Madhuripan, MD, Robert Christopher Harmon, MD, Antonio Galvao Neto, MD, and Ana Luiza Gleisner, MD,PhD

Subjects
Liver metastasis, Intraductal biliary metastasis, Obstructive jaundice, Colorectal cancer recurrence, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

This case report presents a 62-year-old male who had previously undergone curative colectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 2005 for colorectal cancer. He presented with jaundice, which was initially attributed to choledocholithiasis. After cholecystectomy and repeat ERCPs, hyperbilirubinemia persisted. There was persistent dilation of the right posterior duct on imaging, concerning for biliary stricture, possibly due to cholangiocarcinoma or intraductal papillary neoplasm. During a right posterior hepatectomy, a peripheral liver lesion was found in association with the dilated bile duct. On frozen evaluation, the lesion was found to be invasive adenocarcinoma. The final pathology was compatible with a metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma of colonic origin. A repeat colonoscopy was done with no recurrence or new lesion in the colon.This case underscores the challenges associated with diagnosing biliary issues and assessing liver lesions in patients with a remote history of cancer. It raises the question of when and whether, after primary cancer treatment, it becomes safe to explore alternative diagnoses without immediately suspecting metastasis. Another significant challenge arises in ascertaining the most suitable therapeutic approaches for these patients. This is because these extremely late recurrences might be linked to an indolent, slow-growing type of tumor, but also have been linked to cancer stem cells, and as any recurrence, demands attention.

Published
2024
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13. Degenerated High-Energy Piping Supports of Thermal Power Plants

Author

Mohd Hafiz Abdul Ghaffar, Ng Guat Peng, and Muhammad Asyraf Shahabuddin

Subjects
degenerated, inspection, pipe hanger/support, piping systems, power plant, walk-down, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Technology (General), T1-995
Abstract

High-energy piping systems of power plants, such as Main Steam (MS) pipes or Hot Reheat (HR) pipes, operate at high temperatures and high pressure at base and cyclic loads. In the event of transient conditions, a pipe can be deflected dramatically and cause high stress in the pipe, leading to the failure of the piping system. Pipe hangers/supports are vital in maintaining the forces and stresses of the piping system within the allowable limits by allowing sufficient pipe movement from cold to hot conditions and protecting the piping system from operation transient loads such as steam hammer and water hammer events. Thus, the pipe hangers and supports shall be inspected regularly to ensure their functionality. This paper presents examples of common issues found in degenerated pipe hangers/supports in power plants. The pipe support site inspection generally found deviations in pipe travel, which were not as expected by design. Design reviews have shown that the design travel of pipe support can differ from those found on pipe support nameplates, and the deviation can be as much as 74%. The actual load of pipe support can deviate as much as 18% from the design load and requires rectification as undesirable high stresses can be developed over time if it is left unattended. Pipe hanger/support inspection data can be used in further assessment, such as piping structural analysis. Deteriorated or degenerated pipe supports shall be identified, prioritised for further assessment, and monitored regularly as part of a strategy and initiative to ensure total plant safety management, with the aim to minimise the risk of premature and catastrophic failures.

Published
2024

14. Mobility attitudes and urban form: shaping public transport and shared mobility choices in Dubai and Lahore

Author

Abdul Ghaffar Chaudhry, Houshmand Masoumi, Hans-Liudger Dienel, Atif Bilal Aslam, Muhammad Ahmad, and Mariam Shahnaz

Subjects
Mobility attitudes, public transport, shared mobility, Dubai, Lahore, City planning, HT165.5-169.9, Transportation and communications, HE1-9990
Abstract

Urban mobility in the Global South presents unique challenges for public transport (PT) and emerging shared mobility (SM) services influenced by socio-economic factors, mobility attitudes, and urban form. This study examines the factors shaping mode choice behavior between PT and SM services in four communities each in Dubai and Lahore. Additionally, it analyses the impact of primary daily activities on PT and SM preferences in both cities. Data from 1,653 Dubai and 1,603 Lahore residents were analyzed using four binary logistic regression models. Results indicate that socio-demographic factors (age, gender, household car ownership, driver’s license possession, education level, and weekly commuting trips) and mobility attitudes (ride-sharing, ride-hailing, pro-personal car) significantly influence PT and SM choices. Key determinants vary by neighborhood type, including link-node ratio, intersection and road length density, and car and PT commute times. The influence of primary daily activities (work or study) on the choice of PT and SM modes was found to be moderate in Dubai. The study highlights the need for tailored urban and transport policies to promote sustainable modes, considering neighborhood characteristics and demographics.

Published
2024
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15. Synthesis and characterization of absorbents based on 1-hydroxypropyl, 3-methylimidazole derivatives and sulphonated poly (ether ether ketone)

Author

Abdul Ghaffar Al Lafi, Atef Arfan, Jamal Alabdullah, Dalal Alnaama, Thnaa Allaf, Tasneem Alnama, and Mazen Ibrahim

Subjects
Poly(ether ketone), Ionic liquids, Sulfonation, Esterification, Sorption, Wastewater, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Adsorption is a preferred decontamination process for the treatment of industrial effluents, and various materials have been developed for this purpose. In the present work, esters based on sulfonated poly(ether ketone)/ionic liquids were prepared and their structures were evaluated by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out on a mixed solution comprising Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions with concentration ranging from 4 to 10 μg L-1. The adsorption affinity of the esters expressed as the equilibrium metal ions uptake capacity, qe (mg g-1) was in the order: Pb2+ (6.2), Cd2+ (5.1), Cu2+ (2.8) and Zn2+ (0.8). It was interesting to observe the low values of qe of all adsorbents for Zn2+, which is advantageous in the treatments of wastewater as Zn2+ present in high concentration and could reduce the ion exchange capacity of the adsorbent largely toward other metal ions pollutant. Esterification with ionic liquids open the opportunity to upcycle polymer wastes that can be sulfonated, such as polystyrene, PEEK and its cross-linked form.

Published
2024
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16. Generation of fractal curves using new binary 8-point interpolatory subdivision scheme

Author

Abdul Ghaffar, Sadia Javed, Ghulam Mustafa, Ali Akgül, and Murad Khan Hassani

Subjects
Interpolatory subdivision scheme, binary 8-point scheme, continuity, generation of fractal curves, fractal properties, 43-08, Mathematics, QA1-939, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

The subdivision scheme is a valuable tool for designing shapes and representing geometry in computer-aided geometric design. It has excellent geometric properties, such as fractals and adjustable shape. In this research paper, we explore the generation of fractal curves using a novel binary 8-point interpolatory subdivision scheme with two parameters. We analyse different properties of the proposed scheme, including convergence, special cases, and fractals. Additionally, we demonstrate through various examples the relationship between the shape parameters and the fractal behaviour of the resulting curve. Our research also identifies a specific range of shape parameters that can effectively produce fractal curves. The findings of this study provide a fast and efficient method for generating fractals, as demonstrated by numerous examples. Modelling examples show that the 8-point interpolatory scheme can enhance the efficiency of computer design for complex models.

Published
2024
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17. Federalism in South Asia: a constitutional analysis of India and Pakistan

Author

Abdul Shakoor Chandio, Fayaz Hussain Tunio, and Abdul Ghaffar Korai

Subjects
Federalism, comparative perspective, constitutional history, India, Pakistan, Samuel Adu-Gyamfi, History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Scienceand Technology College of Arts and Social Science, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana, Fine Arts, Arts in general, NX1-820, General Works, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, AZ20-999
Abstract

AbstractIn South Asia, federalism has significant importance, which is the primary cause of the partition of Indo-Pak. Muslim League and Congress ideologically supported federalism. Simultaneously, Congress supports centralization, and the Muslim League prefers decentralization models. These opposite federalism models do not significantly support both states’ cultural norms and values. Therefore, the question arises: what type of federalism was adopted by Indo-Pak regions? How do constitutions differentiate the current federal models? Before 1973, both countries constitutionally followed the centralized tendencies and managed them in different dimensions. The Indian federalism model of federation succeeded in regulating ethnic conflicts. However, the Pakistani model failed to accommodate the cultural polarization that caused the disintegration of Bengal from Pakistan in 1973. This study analyzed and examined the constitutional analogous of both federal models. Therefore, it is essential to attempt the comparative analysis of the Indo-Pak Federal Models in light of the federalism theory. The federalist assumed the principles, i.e. Supremacy of the Constitution, Division of powers, Bicameralism, and Judicial review.

Published
2024
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18. Assessment of Occupational Safety and Health among Sugar Industry Workers in Dera Ismail Khan: A Descriptive Study

Author

Anil Iqbal, Fazal Rehman, Abdul Ghaffar, Muhammad Shafiqe, and Fawad Ahmed

Subjects
Occupational safety & health (OSH), hazards, sugar, Medicine
Abstract

Background: A work-related danger is normally a circumstance that can possibly harm labourers. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) was enacted to help all employers and their workers decrease job accidents, injuries, and medical illnesses. In Pakistan, no recent regional study had focused on the health issues of labourers in sugar industries, so the present study focused on the health issues being faced by the labourers in sugar industries of Dera Ismail Khan. Objective: To assess the workplace hazards and medical problems related to sugar industry workers. Study type, settings & duration: A Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in sugar industries of D.I. Khan from April to September 2023. Methodology: Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and work place health and safety questionnaire, from 265 individuals working in different departments of Chashma and Meerun Sugar Industry of Dera Ismail Khan. A simple random sampling technique was used for sample selection. Results: Two sugarcane industries of the location were approached, and data was collected from n=265 workers working in different units of sugar mills. The maximum working time, observed was 8 hours (25.5%) and 12 hours (74.5%). Labourers and Labourers in-charge both were made indulged in the study and data was collected from both of them. 89% of the respondents were suffering from the musculoskeletal knee problems, 67% from shoulder problems, 84% from lower back pain and 45% suffering from arm problems respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the present study that the majority of the................

Published
2024

19. Evaluation of highly conductive cermet cathodes synthesized with organic chelating agents and sintered at low temperatures for IT-SOFCs

Author

Muneeb Irshad, Muhammad Zeeshan Aslam, Muhammad Salim Butt, Zaheer Ud Din Babar, Muhammad Bilal Hanif, Muhammad Ahsan, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Kun Zheng, Muhammad Rafique, Abdul Ghaffar, Muhamad Asad, M.A. Assiri, and Martin Motola

Subjects
SOFC, Combustion, Organic chelating agents, Conductivity, Cathode materials, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

A novel semi-organic combustion approach using orange and lemon juice as chelating agents is employed to synthesize the perovskite Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) cathode for IT-SOFCs. This approach has been found to exhibit lower toxicity compared to chemical routes and lower impurities compared to green routes. The structural analysis validated the successful synthesis of perovskite Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (La, Ce) cathode materials with no prominent secondary phase of impurities while surface morphology revealed a porous and well-connected network of particles. EDS confirmed the composition and thermo-gravimetric analysis showed weight losses related to the creation of vacancies. The functional groups were investigated through FTIR and the conductivity measurements revealed higher electrical conductivity for Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) synthesized with orange juice as a chelating agent with Sr0.8La0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ exhibiting slightly higher value compared to Sr0.8Ce0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ. The electrochemical performance showed the highest power density of 354 and 313 mW·cm−2 at 700 °C obtained for cells having Sr0.8X0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (x = La, Ce) cathodes synthesized with orange juice which was attributed to better crystallinity and uniform lattice. This work shows that a novel semi-organic route is successfully employed to synthesize the perovskite cathode materials for IT-SOFCs.

Published
2024
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23. UV photodegradation of methylene blue using microstructural carbon materials derived from citrullus colocynthis

Author

Muhammad Ali Bhatti, Elmuez Dawi, Aneela Tahira, Ahmed Ali Hulio, Imran Ali Halepoto, Sajjad Ali Chang, Abdul Ghaffar Solangi, Ayman Nafady, Matteo Tonezzer, Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail, and Zafar Hussain Ibupoto

Subjects
carbon material, Citrullus colocynthis, mild pyrolysis, methylene blue, photodegradation, Technology
Abstract

A low temperature aqueous growth followed by mild pyrolysis was used in this study to synthesize high-quality carbonized materials from the deserted plant Citrullus Colocynthis. It was found that the carbon material prepared for this study contained an abundance of functional groups and surface active sites. A few microns were evidently the size of the carbon material. This study investigated a variety of photocatalytic performance evaluation parameters, including initial dye concentration of methylene blue, pH effect on dye solution, scavenger stability, and recycle stability via irradiating UV light. Methylene blue degradation was found to be significantly affected by pH and concentration of the dye solution. It has been found that pH five is the most effective pH for the removal of dyes. As a result of the study, we found that methylene blue decays according to pseudo first order kinetics and is estimated to remove dye at an almost 100% rate.

Published
2024
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24. Plant growth promoters boost the photosynthesis related mechanisms and secondary metabolism of late-sown wheat under contrasting saline regimes

Author

Muhammad Bilal Hafeez, Abdul Ghaffar, Noreen Zahra, Naeem Ahmad, Sadam Hussain, and Jun Li

Subjects
Chlorophyll fluorescence, Gas exchange, Chlorophyll pigments, Combined stress, Salinity stress, Delayed sowing, Plant ecology, QK900-989
Abstract

There is an imminent risk of higher crop failures owing to weather vagaries for agriculture-based livelihood systems, which are already fragile due to several challenges. The most important challenge is the encounter of crops against multiple environmental stresses under natural field conditions, the combination of these stresses poses complex effects on plant physiological and metabolic activities. To date, the combined effects of salt stress (SS) and late-sown (LS) on physiological and biochemical attributes have not been studied on wheat. A two-year field study was designed to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoters (PGRPs) to alleviate the individual SS, LS and combinations on wheat. The experiment was conducted for three factors, a) late sown and timely sown, b) saline and non-saline conditions and c) PGRPs treatments (thiourea (TU @ 1000 mg L−1), salicylic acid (SA @ 100 mg L−1), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 @ 100 µM), water spray (H2O) and control). Data revealed that under stress conditions, especially under SS+LS stress plants increased the synthesis of secondary metabolites, enhanced heat dissipation, and showed strict control over the stomatal regulation and gas exchange attributes, all these mechanisms were tweaked to deal with all the stresses. In addition, SS+LS stress followed by SS and LS stress severely reduced the flag leaf area (FLA), chlorophyll pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence and carboxylation capacity. However, foliar treatments of PGRPs TU, followed by SA, H2O2, H2O and control improved the chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments contents, gas exchange indicators, and relative water content (RWC). Moreover, PGRPs application improved the FLA, pigment biosynthesis and carboxylation capacity that improved the synthesis of metabolites such as anthocyanin, niacin, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponin and riboflavin, which acted as defensive compounds to preserve the photosynthetic capacity irrespective of stress treatments.

Published
2024
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25. Chemically recyclable nanofiltration membranes fabricated from two circular polymer classes of the same monomer origin

Author

Rifan Hardian, Abdul Ghaffar, Changxia Shi, Eugene Y.-X. Chen, and Gyorgy Szekely

Subjects
Nanofiltration, Polyester, Poly(cyclic olefin), Green solvent, Recyclable polymer, Circular economy, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Nanofiltration is widely used in various industries to separate solutes from solvents. To foster a circular economy, establishing a closed-loop lifecycle for the membrane materials is highly important. In this study, we fabricated recyclable nanofiltration membranes from chemically recyclable polymers —polyester P(BiL=)ROP and poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL=)ROMP— using γ-butyrolactone as a green solvent. These two polymers, of two different polymer classes, were obtained from a single monomer, which could be recycled back to the same monomer, exhibiting the unique “one monomer–two polymers–one monomer” closed-loop chemical circularity. The effect of physical treatment, such as annealing, hot-pressing, and air exposure on the morphological characteristics and performance of the nanofiltration membranes was investigated. We revealed the interplay between membrane pore size, thickness, density and the molecular sieving performance of the nanofiltration membranes. Solute rejections were mainly governed by the membrane pore size. However, solvent flux was mainly governed by the membrane density that determines the free volume interconnectivity. The membranes exhibited a tunable molecular weight cutoff between 553 and 777 g mol−1 and methanol permeance between 5.9 and 9.8 L m–2 h–1 bar−1. The membranes exhibited excellent long-term nanofiltration stability over 1 week. The combination of the green solvent used for membrane fabrication and the circular life cycle of the polymer membrane brings one step closer to closing the circularity loop of membrane technology.

Published
2024
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28. Impact of high-speed handpiece noise-induced dental anxiety on heart rate: analyzing experienced and non-experienced patients - a comparative study

Author

Raahim Salman Abdul Ghaffar, Mahnoor Sheikh, Muneeza Kidwai, Anas Sanaullah, Mousab Salman, Anum Ilyas, Naseer Ahmed, and Abhishek Lal

Subjects
Hand piece, Heart rate, Dental anxiety, Dentistry, RK1-715
Abstract

Abstract Background Dental anxiety is very much common among the patients and could be due to different factors like the behavior of the dentist, past experiences, Needle phobia, or word of mouth from other patients. According to recent studies, a strong association between sound and anxiety has been found, so this observational study has been conducted to find out the link between the activation of anxiety with the sound of a handpiece between experienced patients, who have already gone through the dental treatments and non-experienced patients. Methods Total of 297 participants were part of this study. These participants were divided into 2 groups according to the experienced and non-experienced dental patients. The researcher first filled out the CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) form to mark the anxiety level of the patients, and then noted the readings of the heart rate in 3 intervals which were before during, and after the treatment with the pulse oximeter. Later the data was analysed using the SPSS independent t-test. Results Results show that patients in group 1 who have gone through the dental treatment before were less anxious and had a lesser effect on their heart rate than the patient who were having the treatment for the first time who were in group 2. Another interesting factor was noticed that in both the groups female were found to be more anxious than male participants. Participants with younger age were found to be more anxious than older age patient in both groups Conclusions The sound of the handpiece can provoke anxiety in the patient, affecting the heart and increasing the heart rate. Participants who were experienced were found to be less anxious than the participants who were inexperienced.

Published
2024
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32. Melatonin Ameliorates Cadmium Toxicity in Tobacco Seedlings by Depriving Its Bioaccumulation, Enhancing Photosynthetic Activity and Antioxidant Gene Expression

Author

Abdul Ghaffar Shar, Sadam Hussain, Muhammad Bilawal Junaid, Maqsood Ul Hussan, Usman Zulfiqar, Amal Mohamed AlGarawi, Rafal Popielec, Lixin Zhang, and Arkadiusz Artyszak

Subjects
antioxidants, gas exchange attributes, melatonin, remediation, heavy metals, qRT-PCR, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Soil remediation for cadmium (Cd) toxicity is essential for successful tobacco cultivation and production. Melatonin application can relieve heavy metal stress and promote plant growth; however, it remains somewhat unclear whether melatonin supplementation can remediate the effects of Cd toxicity on the growth and development of tobacco seedlings. Herein, we evaluated the effect of soil-applied melatonin on Cd accumulation in tobacco seedlings, as well as the responses in growth, physiological and biochemical parameters, and the expression of stress-responsive genes. Our results demonstrate that melatonin application mitigated Cd stress in tobacco, and thus promoted plant growth. It increased root fresh weight, dry weight, shoot fresh weight and dry weight by 58.40%, 163.80%, 34.70% and 84.09%, respectively, compared to the control. Physiological analyses also showed significant differences in photosynthetic rate and pigment formation among the treatments, with the highest improvements recorded for melatonin application. In addition, melatonin application alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage by reducing MDA content and enhancing the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, SOD, POD and APX) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and AsA). Moreover, confocal microscopic imaging confirmed the effectiveness of melatonin application in sustaining cell integrity under Cd stress. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations illustrated the alleviative role of melatonin on stomata and ultrastructural features under Cd toxicity. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin application upregulated the expression of photosynthetic and antioxidant-related genes, including SNtChl, q-NtCSD1, NtPsy2 and QntFSD1, in tobacco leaves. Together, our results suggest that soil-applied melatonin can promote tobacco tolerance to Cd stress by modulating morpho-physiological and biochemical changes, as well as the expression of relevant genes.

Published
2024
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34. General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

Author

Zhou, Bin, Bennett, James E, Wickham, Aidan P, Singleton, Rosie K, Mishra, Anu, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Ikeda, Nayu, Jain, Lakshya, Barradas-Pires, Ana, Heap, Rachel A, Lhoste, Victor PF, Sheffer, Kate E, Phelps, Nowell H, Rayner, Archie W, Gregg, Edward W, Woodward, Mark, Stevens, Gretchen A, Iurilli, Maria LC, Danaei, Goodarz, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Bovet, Pascal, Chen, Zhengming, Damasceno, Albertino, Filippi, Sarah L, Janszky, Imre, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Khunti, Kamlesh, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lissner, Lauren, Margozzini, Paula, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McGarvey, Stephen T, Shaw, Jonathan E, Söderberg, Stefan, Soto-Mota, Luis Adrián, Wang, Junyang, Zaccardi, Francesco, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Rahim, Hanan F, Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adam, Ishag, Adamczyk, Marzena, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Hinai, Halima, Al-Lawati, Jawad A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Asfoor, Deena, Al Hourani, Huda M, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Alieva, Anna V, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkhatib, Buthaina M, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiano Etxezarreta, Pilar, Amougou, Norbert, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Androutsos, Odysseas, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anufrieva, Elena, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Assah, Felix K, Assembekov, Batyrbek, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Azad, Kishwar, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Bacopoulou, Flora, Bahijri, Suhad, Bajramovic, Izet, Balakrishna, Nagalla, 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Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Rodríguez, Andrea Y, Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rohloff, Peter, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Romeo, Elisabetta L, Rosario, Rafaela V, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Ruiz Moreno, Emma, Rusakova, Iuliia A, Rusek, Wojciech, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Saamel, Marge, Sabbaghi, Hamideh, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safi, Sare, Saghi, Mohammad Hossien, Saidi, Olfa, Saieva, Calogero, Sakata, Satoko, Saki, Nader, Šalaj, Sanja, Salazar Martinez, Eduardo, Salkhanova, Akkumis, Salonen, Jukka T, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sánchez Rodríguez, Inés, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Tamara R, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarganas, Giselle, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savin, Stefan, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schindler, Karin, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Amand Floriaan, Schmidt, Börge, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sebert, Sylvain, Sedaghattalab, Moslem, Sein, Aye Aye, Sen, Abhijit, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Guillermo, Ševčíková, Ľudmila, Sewpaul, Ronel, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Sharman, Almaz, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shiri, Rahman, Shoranov, Marat, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Sibai, Abla M, Sidossis, Labros S, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Kelly Samara, Sim, Xueling, Simon, Mary, Sjöström, Michael, Skoblina, Natalia A, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemysław, Smeeth, Liam, Smith, Lee, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Soemantri, Agustinus, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Sorić, Maroje, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sousa-Poza, Alfonso, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stang, Andreas, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Sturua, Lela, Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F, Suebsamran, Phalakorn, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sylva, René Charles, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tambalis, Konstantinos D, Tamosiunas, Abdonas, Tanabayev, Baimakhan, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Taxová Braunerová, Radka, Te Velde, Saskia, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Thankappan, KR, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Tichá, Ľubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Torres-Collado, Laura, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Triantafyllou, Areti, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsintavis, Panagiotis, Tuitele, John, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Turley, Maria L, Tzala, Evangelia, Tzotzas, Themistoklis, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, van den Born, Bert-Jan, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Lippevelde, Wendy, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Vargas, Luz Nayibe, Vasan, Senthil K, Vasques, Daniel G, Vega, Tomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Verdot, Charlotte, Verloigne, Maïté, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Verstraeten, Roosmarijn, Viet, Lucie, Vik, Frøydis N, Vilar, Monica, Villalpando, Salvador, Vioque, Jesus, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Vrijheid, Martine, Wade, Alisha N, Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad, Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon, Wanderley Júnior, Rildo de Souza, Wang, Chongjian, Wang, Huijun, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Wartha, Olivia, Weber, Adelheid, Webster-Kerr, Karen, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Westbury, Leo, Whincup, Peter H, Wickramasinghe, Kremlin, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Więcek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Karin, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Emily B, Wu, Frederick C, Wyszyńska, Justyna, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yan, Li, Yan, Weili, Yang, Yang, Yépez García, Martha, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yu, Yu-Ling, Yu, Yunjiang, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Żegleń, Magdalena, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhecheva, Yanitsa V, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zimmet, Paul, Zins, Marie, Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio, Zuziak, Monika, and Ezzati, Majid

Published
2024
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35. Shaping Brand Loyalty through Social Media Influencers: The Mediating Role of Follower Engagement and Social Attractiveness

Author

Suhaib Ahmed, Tahir Islam, and Abdul Ghaffar

Subjects
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, AZ20-999, Social Sciences
Abstract

This study explores the relationship between social media influencers (SMIs) and followers’ engagement, social attractiveness, and establishing brand loyalty. The study seeks to redefine current theoretical frameworks and provide practical insights for marketers by investigating the mediating role of followers’ engagement (FE) and social attractiveness (SA) and the moderating influence of parasocial interactions. The present study utilized a quantitative research methodology. The researchers employed the Smart PLS 4 structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to analyze the data. The data was obtained from the participants using the convenience sampling technique. This study’s findings reveal that the sole influence of social media influencers’ homophily on brand loyalty was insignificant; the presence of a substantial mediator, namely consumer engagement, suggests that engagement plays a role in channeling the impact of homophily on brand loyalty. Furthermore, the SA played a crucial role in mediating, emphasizing the significance of aesthetic and emotional appeal. The study revealed that parasocial relationships did not have a significant moderating effect on FE. However, they significantly modified the association between SMIs’ homophily and brand loyalty. These study findings highlight that marketers operating within the laptop industry specifically utilize engagement activities, emphasize visual harmony, and foster parasocial relationships to maximize the influence of influencers on brand loyalty.

Published
2024
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36. Designing of a multi-epitopes based vaccine against Haemophilius parainfluenzae and its validation through integrated computational approaches

Author

Sana Abdul Ghaffar, Haneen Tahir, Sher Muhammad, Muhammad Shahid, Tahir Naqqash, Muhammad Faisal, Thamer H. Albekairi, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Norah A. Albekairi, and Irfan Manzoor

Subjects
LptD, BamA, Haemophilius parainfluenzae, subtractive proteomics, multi-epitopes, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a Gram-negative opportunist pathogen within the mucus of the nose and mouth without significant symptoms and has an ability to cause various infections ranging from ear, eye, and sinus to pneumonia. A concerning development is the increasing resistance of H. parainfluenzae to beta-lactam antibiotics, with the potential to cause dental infections or abscesses. The principal objective of this investigation is to utilize bioinformatics and immuno-informatic methodologies in the development of a candidate multi-epitope Vaccine. The investigation focuses on identifying potential epitopes for both B cells (B lymphocytes) and T cells (helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes) based on high non-toxic and non-allergenic characteristics. The selection process involves identifying human leukocyte antigen alleles demonstrating strong associations with recognized antigenic and overlapping epitopes. Notably, the chosen alleles aim to provide coverage for 90% of the global population. Multi-epitope constructs were designed by using suitable linker sequences. To enhance the immunological potential, an adjuvant sequence was incorporated using the EAAAK linker. The final vaccine construct, comprising 344 amino acids, was achieved after the addition of adjuvants and linkers. This multi-epitope Vaccine demonstrates notable antigenicity and possesses favorable physiochemical characteristics. The three-dimensional conformation underwent modeling and refinement, validated through in-silico methods. Additionally, a protein-protein molecular docking analysis was conducted to predict effective binding poses between the multi-epitope Vaccine and the Toll-like receptor 4 protein. The Molecular Dynamics (MD) investigation of the docked TLR4-vaccine complex demonstrated consistent stability over the simulation period, primarily attributed to electrostatic energy. The docked complex displayed minimal deformation and enhanced rigidity in the motion of residues during the dynamic simulation. Furthermore, codon translational optimization and computational cloning was performed to ensure the reliability and proper expression of the multi-Epitope Vaccine. It is crucial to emphasize that despite these computational validations, experimental research in the laboratory is imperative to demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the developed vaccine. This would involve practical assessments to ascertain the real-world effectiveness of the multi-epitope Vaccine.

Published
2024
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37. Empowering citizen scientists to improve water quality: from monitoring to action

Author

Stuart Warner, Sara Blanco Ramírez, Sandra de Vries, Nancy Marangu, Henriette Ateba Bessa, Carla Toranzo, Madina Imaralieva, Tommaso Abrate, Enock Kiminta, José Castro, Marcelo Luiz de Souza, Abdul Ghaffar Memon, Steven Loiselle, and Mohamed Sahr E. Juanah

Subjects
water quality, citizen science, SDG 6, water quality data, sustainable development goals, policy, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract

Citizen science (CS) has so far failed to achieve its potential to contribute to water resource management globally despite a significant body of work proclaiming the benefits of such an approach. Also, this work has addressed concerns over precision, accuracy and reliability of methods used. This article presents the findings of a hackathon-type workshop challenge that brought together water quality experts and CS practitioners to explore barriers and possible solutions to mainstream citizen scientist-generated data into national, regional, and global reporting processes, and thereby provide a tangible connection between policy makers and community-based citizen scientists. We present the findings here as a perspective-type summary. This workshop challenge highlighted the breadth and scope of CS activities globally yet recognized that their potential for positive impact is going unrealized. The challenge team proposed that impact could be improved by: developing awareness; applying a simultaneous bottom-up/top-down approach to increase success rates; that local leaders or ‘catalysts' are key to initiate and sustain activities; that generated data need to fulfill a purpose and create required information, and ultimately, lead to actions (data > information > action); recognizing that we are all potential citizen scientists is important; recognizing that “good water quality” is subjective; and lastly that developing a communication gateway that allows bi-directional data and information transfer is essential.

Published
2024
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38. Teachers’ perspectives on effective English language teaching practices at the elementary level: A phenomenological study

Author

Muhammad Imran, Norah Almusharraf, Mohamed Sayed Abdellatif, and Abdul Ghaffar

Subjects
Teachers' professional development, Instructional practices, English language teaching, Challenges in language education, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

This study examined instructional practices and challenges English language teachers face in elementary schools. This study used a phenomenological approach and a mixed-method design. The data were collected through four tools: questionnaires, case studies, interviews, and observations in eight elementary schools in which eight educators and two hundred students participated from schools of three districts in central Punjab, Pakistan. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the current pedagogical and instructional practices employed in English language classes. This study identified issues related to the lack of professional training and qualifications, overcrowded classrooms, cultural and social barriers, limited availability of the latest resources and technology, and a lack of parental cooperation. The findings suggested revisiting teachers’ professional development programs, focusing on innovative teaching methods, incorporating technology into language teaching classes and classroom materials development, and adaptation preparation. It further suggested that teachers with low levels of professional qualifications and training should consider focusing on specific approaches to meet the challenges they face in language classes instead of general teaching approaches.

Published
2024
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41. Fast and accurate method for sub‐synchronous oscillation detection

Author

Mohamed Abdeen, Loai Mohamed Ali El‐Sayed, Ahmed A. Zaki Diab, and Hussien I. Abdul‐Ghaffar

Subjects
asynchronous generators, frequency estimation, oscillations, wind power plants, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830
Abstract

Abstract Detection of sub‐synchronous oscillation (SSO) accurately within a short time poses a big challenge to avoiding the potential risks of the SSO phenomenon. This paper proposes a novel technique for detecting the SSO phenomenon based on identifying the SSO frequency and magnitude rather than applying fast Fourier transform. The voltage magnitude signal is used as an input signal. The SSO magnitude is identified based on estimating the max value of the voltage magnitude signal, whereas the time corresponding to the zero crossings is defined for calculating the SSO frequency. In order to confirm its effectiveness, the proposed technique is tested with different SSO types (induction generator effect, torsional interaction, and sub‐synchronous control interaction). Moreover, the impact of the series compensation level change on the proposed method performance is investigated. The results prove the effectiveness and the speed of the proposed method in all studied cases. Compared to the traditional methods within a wide range of compensation levels, the proposed technique is fast and accurate. The IEEE first benchmark model is adapted with a doubly‐fed induction generator in the MATLAB program to analyze the performance of the proposed method for detecting the SSO phenomenon.

Published
2023
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46. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author

Phelps, Nowell H, Singleton, Rosie K, Zhou, Bin, Heap, Rachel A, Mishra, Anu, Bennett, James E, Paciorek, Christopher J, Lhoste, Victor PF, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Stevens, Gretchen A, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Danaei, Goodarz, Rayner, Archie W, Barradas-Pires, Ana, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Riley, Leanne M, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Baker, Jennifer L, Barkat, Amina, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Branca, Francesco, Caixeta, Roberta B, Cuschieri, Sarah, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ganapathy, Shubash, Ikeda, Nayu, Iotova, Violeta, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Ma, Jun, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, Miranda, J Jaime, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Sorić, Maroje, Turley, Maria, Wang, Limin, Webster-Kerr, Karen, Aarestrup, Julie, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Rahim, Hanan F, Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Abubakar Garba, Jamila, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adam, Ishag, Adamczyk, Marzena, Adams, Robert J, Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agbor, Valirie N, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Ågren, Åsa, Aguenaou, Hassan, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Imran, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Hinai, Halima, Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Lawati, Jawad A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Asfoor, Deena, Al Hourani, Huda M, Al Qaoud, Nawal M, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Aldwairji, Maryam A, Alexius, Sylvia, Ali, Mohamed M, Alieva, Anna V, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhatib, Buthaina M, Allin, Kristine, Alomary, Shaker A, Alomirah, Husam F, Alshangiti, Arwa M, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiano Etxezarreta, Pilar, Amoah, John, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Androutsos, Odysseas, Ängquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anufrieva, Elena, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Assefa, Nega, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assembekov, Batyrbek, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Aung, May Soe, Aurélio de Valois, Correia Júnior Marco, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Avi, Shina, Azad, Kishwar, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bacopoulou, Flora, Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Maja, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Bajramovic, Izet, Bakacs, Marta, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Balanova, Yulia, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Banegas, José R, Baran, Joanna, Baran, Rafał, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barbosa Filho, Valter, Barceló, Alberto, Baretić, Maja, Barnoya, Joaquin, Barrera, Lena, Barreto, Marta, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes, Bartosiewicz, Anna, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Aline P, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Baur, Louise A, Bayauli, Pascal M, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedek, Theodora, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Benitez Rolandi, Gilda Estela, Benzeval, Michaela, Bere, Elling, Berger, Nicolas, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berhane, Yemane, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Berrios Carrasola, Ximena, Bettiol, Heloísa, Beutel, Manfred E, Beybey, Augustin F, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Biasch, Katia, Bika Lele, Elysée Claude, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Anne A, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Blychfeld Magnazu, Moran, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boer, Jolanda MA, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Botomba, Steve, Bourne, Rupert RA, Bovet, Pascal, Boymatova, Khadichamo, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, João, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Briceño, Yajaira, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bringolf-Isler, Bettina, Brito, Miguel, Brophy, Sinead, Brug, Johannes, Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de León, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula c, Cañete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Čapková, Naděžda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Rocco, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajús, José A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Casas, Maribel, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamnan, Parinya, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique, Chan, Queenie, Charchar, Fadi J, Charles, Marie-Aline, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Che Abdul Rahim, Norsyamlina, Chee, Miao Li, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Long-Sheng, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chinapaw, Mai JM, Chinnock, Anne, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Cirillo, Massimo, Claessens, Frank, Clare, Philip, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Cojocaru, Cosmin R, Colorado-Yohar, Sandra, Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, 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Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Wartha, Olivia, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Westbury, Leo D, Whincup, Peter H, Wichstrøm, Lars, Wickramasinghe, Kremlin, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Więcek, Andrzej, Wild, Philipp S, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wirth, James P, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Woldeyohannes, Meseret, Wolf, Kathrin, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Emily B, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Hon-Yen, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Wyszyńska, Justyna, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Li, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yasuharu, Tabara, Yépez García, Martha, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yngve, Agneta, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, Yotov, Yoto, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yu, Yu-Ling, Yu, Yunjiang, Yusof, Safiah Md, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zayed, Ayman A, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Żegleń, Magdalena, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana, Zeng, Yi, Zentai, Andrea, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhecheva, Yanitsa V, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zimmet, Paul, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Zoghlami, Nada, Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio, Zuziak, Monika, and Ezzati, Majid

Published
2024
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49. Isotopes and geochemical tools for investigating the source of metal pollution in Uchhali Lake

Author

Abdul Ghaffar

Subjects
metals induction sources, metals pollution, sources of nitrates, stable isotopes, water recharge sources, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066
Abstract

Uchalli Lake (Ramsar site), with a surface area of 14.3 km2, is the largest lake of the Uchhali Wetlands Complex. Heavy inorganic pollution (metals and nutrients) load in Uchhali Lake had been reported by other researchers, but sources of inorganic pollution in the lake and its effects on surrounding groundwater have never been investigated. In the present study, the stable isotopes of δ18O and δ2H were applied to find out the recharge sources of lake and groundwater. Additionally, the isotopes of δ15N and δ18O (NO3) were used to find out the sources of pollution in the lake system. The stable isotopes and geochemical data suggested that the lake was mainly recharged by local meteoric water. The higher evaporation of lake water coupled with the alkaline nature of lake sediments led to the enrichment of pollutants in the sediments. Nitrate isotopes δ15N and δ18O suggested both geogenic and anthropogenic sources of pollution in the lake system. The geogenic sources are mainly comprised of rock/minerals weathering and soil erosion, whereas the anthropogenic sources are mainly comprised of agricultural activities in lake catchment areas. The δ18O, δ2H, and D-excess values suggested that the groundwater in the area is mainly recharged by rainwater, with limited contribution from the lake water to the groundwater system. HIGHLIGHTS High concentrations of metals in the lake system.; Stable isotope values in lake water and sediments.; Water recharge sources of the lake through δ18O and δ2H values of lake water.; Identification of metal sources through δ15N and δ18O of NO3 in sediments of lake.; Identification of groundwater recharge sources.;

Published
2023
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50. A Comparison of the Outcomes of COVID-19 Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit in a Low-Middle-Income Country

Author

Waleed Bin Ghaffar, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Moeed Bin Abdul Ghaffar, Muhammad Sohaib, Asma Rayani, Muhammad Mehmood Alam, Syed Talha Sibtain, Zahra Cheema, and Asad Latif

Subjects
Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Patients critically afflicted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often need intensive care unit (ICU) admission, despite comprehensive vaccination campaigns. The challenges faced by healthcare systems in low-middle-income countries, including limited infrastructure and resources, play a pivotal role in shaping the outcomes for these patients. This study aimed to meticulously compare outcomes between COVID-19 vaccinated and nonvaccinated patients admitted to the ICU. In addition, demographic factors and the ICU course influencing mortality were also assessed. A retrospective review of records from the COVID-ICU of Aga Khan University Hospital spanning July 2021–March 2022 included 133 patients. Statistical analyses, encompassing the Mann–Whitney U-test and chi-square/Fisher exact test, discerned quantitative and qualitative differences. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression models with forward selection identified factors associated with hospital mortality. Results revealed comparable cohorts: vaccinated (48.13%) and nonvaccinated (51.87%). Vaccinated individuals, characterized by advanced age and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, exhibited more critical disease (89.1%; p value: 0.06), acute respiratory distress syndrome (96.9%; p value: 0.013) and elevated inflammatory markers. Despite these differences, both cohorts exhibited similar overall outcomes. Factors such as decreased PaO2/FiO2 ratio on admission and complications during ICU stay were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, despite advanced age and increased frailty among vaccinated patients, their mortality rate remained comparable to nonvaccinated counterparts. These findings underscore the pivotal role of vaccination in mitigating severe outcomes within this vulnerable population.

Published
2024
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