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Background: AML acute myeloid leukemia prevalence about 25%of adult leukemia. FLT3 gene mutations in about 30% of patients and associated with severe deterioration. Materials & Methods: In this study, investigations of FLT3 were done computationally, SIFT and POLYPHEN-2 servers and more had been used. Results: The pathological SNPs had been detected and confirmed to be 40 SNPs, 10 of them seeming to be most pathological and they scored (0,1) in sift and polyphen-2 servers respectively. The change in 3D structure had been explained for the ten pathological double-damaging SNPs which are proved to be most responsible SNPs of causing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Conclusion: Hopefully, this paper will provide informative subject to help future researchers investigate FLT3 for AML properly. This study is considered a distinctive one, because no in silico studies had been conducted regarding this subject before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To see the effect of Ranibizumab at 1-monthly and 2-monthly intervals on visual acuity and central macula thickness among patients with diabetic macular edema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Study Design: Retrospective review of clinical record. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted at four eye centers (Al-Shami Eye Center, Sudan Eye Center, Makkah Eye Complex and Nor-Aloyon Eye Hospital) located at Khartoum state of Sudan from January 2021 and June 2021. Methods: A total of 109 records of patients with diabetic retinopathy, age related macular degeneration and macular edema were included. They were categorized into 4 groups; group A (wet age-related macular edema (WAMD, n = 16)), group B (macular edema (ME, n = 32)), group C (proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR, n = 31)), and group D (non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema (NPDR + ME, n = 30)). All participants underwent full ophthalmic examination before the injection, at one month and two months after the injection. Means, standard deviations and frequencies were calculated. ANOVA was used to find any significant difference between the study groups and the impact of treatment. Results: Mean age of patients was 57.73 ± 10.44 years. There was significant improvement in terms of mean visual acuity from baseline to third follow up in all study groups, (F (1, 105) = 14.94, P < 0.001), with no significant differences in this improvement between the study groups, F (1.83, 5.48) =14.6, P = 0.19. Conclusion: Use of Lucentis has demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in CMT and improvement in BCVA. However, none of the patients showed a complete resolution of edema at the end of last follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the corneal endothelial cells morphology and central corneal thickness (CCT) before and after phacoemulsification in Sudanese population. Place and Duration of Study: Al-Neelain eye hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, from January 2018 to May 2018. Study Design: Observational longitudinal study. Methods: One hundred and forty eyes of 140 patients with immature senile cataract were selected by convenient sampling. The age ranged from 40 to 85 years. The patients underwent complete ocular examination including morphology of corneal endothelial cells and CCT using computerized non-contact specular microscope. Inclusion criteria for the study was eyes with normal corneal endothelial cells and cell density more than 1000 cells/mm². We excluded patients with ocular or systemic diseases, previous history of intraocular surgery, refractive surgery or trauma as well as contact lenses wear. The patients underwent phacoemulsification by a single surgeon. The examination parameters were repeated one month after surgery. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows Version 21.0. Results: There was significant reduction in mean endothelial cells density after phacoemulsification compared to baseline with p < 0.001. There was also significant post-operative reduction in mean endothelial cells number as compared to baseline (P value < 0.001). Mean endothelial cells hexagonality was reduced after surgery with P value of 0.003. No significant difference was found between mean coefficient variation of endothelial cells size before and after phacoemulsification (P = 0.55). Central corneal thickness showed significant increase post- operatively, P = 0.003. Conclusion: Phacoemulsification causes significant damage to corneal endothelium cells, including decrease in corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality and cell number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical profile of keratoconus patients attending the contact lens clinic from January 2000 to May 2010. Design: Fifty-five clinical records (99 eyes) were reviewed. Materials and methods: Clinical records of keratoconus patients were reviewed. The data included demography, general and ocular health, keratometric readings (KR), best corrected visual acuity (BCVÃ) using Snellen chart and the type of contact lens prescribed. The severity of KC was classified according to the classification scale of Buxton. Results: Of those 55 patients, 34 (61.8%) were males and 21 (38.2%) were females with 61.8%, 36.4% and 1.8% being Malays, Indians and Chinese, respectively. Around 74% of them had normal general health, 20% had asthma, 3% had allergies with another 3% having tuberculosis. Slit lamp findings showed that 50% of patients had no signs of keratoconus, 9% had hyperemic conjunctiva and 2% had Vogt striae. Mean sphere power, astigmatism and KR was -2.33 ± 3.49DS, -3.61 ± 3.4IDC and 43.83 + 18.35D, respectively. In terms of severity, 12.6%, 52.6%, 28.4% and 6.3% of cases were mild, moderate, advanced and severe. Correlation analysis showed poor correlation between age versus refraction and mean KR. Insignificant difference (p > 0.05) was also found between gender for age, sphere and cylindrical power, mean KR and BCVÃ, using t-test. Conclusion: The clinical profile with regard to ethnicity showed that the majority of patients were Malays, followed by Indians and Chinese. Early detection is crucial to improve the quality of life of keratoconus patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition characterized by a loss of the tear film function, leading to symptoms of ocular discomfort and damage to the ocular surface. The prevalence and associated risk factors of DED may vary by region due to environmental, cultural, and genetic differences. The aim of the present study is to systematically review and analyze the prevalence and risk factors of DED in the Middle East (ME) region. This study adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed to identify relevant studies published from January 2004 to July 2024. Studies included in the review were those that provided data on the prevalence and risk factors of DED in Middle Eastern populations. Data were extracted and analyzed to determine overall pooled prevalence and associated risk factors using a random-effects model. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with the registration number CRD42024583897. The meta-analysis included 17 studies from 10 countries with a total of 22,087 subjects. The estimated pooled prevalence of DED in the ME region was 28.33% (95% CI: 27.74-28.93). The primary risk factors include age, female gender, and smoking. Other risks are contact lens use, prolonged screen time (over six hours daily), diabetes, glaucoma medications, allergies, autoimmune diseases, refractive surgery, arthritis, high cholesterol, acne treatments, antihistamines, antidepressants, thyroid disease, and a history of conjunctival infections or corneal abrasions. The prevalence of DED in Middle Eastern countries was higher than the global estimate, highlighting significant regional variation. Common risk factors for DED include older age, female gender, and smoking. These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention and management strategies that address the specific risk factors prevalent in the Middle Eastern population., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohamed et al.)

Aim: This study aimed to compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and TMS-5 topographer with that taken with the gold standard digital Ultrasonic pachymeter (USP)., Materials and Methods: A total of 61 subjects (122 eyes) were prospectively and consecutively studied in a period from June 2016 to June 2017 at Sudan Eye Centre (SEC), Khartoum, Sudan. Besides the visual and refractive data, measurements of CCT were taken using OCT, TMS-5 and USP. Data analyzed using SPSS software for windows (IBM SPSS 20, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY)., Results: A statistically significant differences in mean CCT was detected between the three instruments ( P < 0.001). USP was found to measure the CCT 29μm thicker than OCT and 22μm thicker than TMS-5 topographer. A significant difference was also found between OCT and TMS-5. OCT found to give the lower values of CCT compared to both USP and TMS-5 topographer. Further analysis showed that the three procedures were significantly and strongly correlated to each other (USP vs OCT, r = 0.77), (USP vs TMS-5, r = 0.78) and (OCT vs TMS-5, r = 0.80)., Conclusion: Mean central corneal thicknesses (CCT) were comparable among OCT, TMS-5 topographer and the gold standard USP. However, there is a reproducible systematic difference between CCT measurements taken with the three devices. It is important to note in clinical practice, that measurements acquired by these three modalities are not directly interchangeable., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.