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This paper presents an innovative AI-driven personal coaching system designed to enhance deadlift training through advanced skeletal analysis and deep learning techniques. The proposed system employs the PoseNet model to capture and analyze real-time video feeds, extracting keypoint coordinates and skeletal angles to monitor user posture and movements accurately. Utilizing Local Histograms of Oriented Gradients (LHOG) and Local Histograms of Optical Flow (LHOF) methods, the system performs comprehensive feature extraction, assessing both static and dynamic aspects of the exercise. The deep learning model, trained on an extensive dataset of correctly and incorrectly performed deadlifts, classifies the correctness of the exercise with high accuracy, providing real-time feedback and personalized recommendations to users. This immediate corrective feedback facilitates prompt adjustments, reduces injury risk, and promotes proper technique, enhancing the overall efficacy of strength training. The system's ability to offer user-specific feedback, tailored to individual body structures and movement patterns, ensures relevance and effectiveness in diverse training environments. Practical applications of this system span gyms, rehabilitation centers, and home settings, making it a valuable tool for personal trainers and physiotherapists. While the study demonstrates significant potential, it also identifies areas for future research, including algorithm refinement, dataset expansion, and integration of additional metrics and technologies. Overall, the proposed system represents a substantial advancement in exercise monitoring and improvement, contributing to the broader field of AI-driven fitness and health technologies, and paving the way for safer and more effective strength training routines. Keywords: AI-driven coaching, deadlift training, skeletal analysis, PoseNet, deep learning, exercise monitoring, real-time feedback.

Objects for Targeted Surveillance (OTS) are infrastructure entities that can be considered as focal points and conduits for transmitting infectious animal diseases, necessitating ongoing epidemiological surveillance. These entities encompass slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, animal markets, burial sites, veterinary laboratories, etc. Currently, in Kazakhstan, a funded research project is underway to establish a Geographic Information System (GIS) database of OTSs and investigate their role in the emergence and dissemination of infectious livestock diseases. This initial investigation examined the correlation between brucellosis outbreaks in cattle and small ruminant farms in the southeastern region of Kazakhstan and the presence of OTSs categorized as “slaughterhouses,” “cattle markets,” and “meat processing plants. The study area (namely Qyzylorda, Turkestan, Zhambyl, Almaty, Zhetysu, Abay and East Kazakhstan oblasts), characterized by the highest livestock density in the country, covers 335 slaughterhouses (with varying levels of biosecurity), 45 livestock markets and 15 meat processing plants. Between 2020 and 2023, 338 cases of brucellosis were reported from livestock farms in this region. The findings of the regression model reveal a statistically significant (p

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in arterial hypertension (AH) development. Antihypertensive drugs of central action contribute to the elimination of sympathetic activation. The selective imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine has been successfully used in the treatment of patients with hypertension. The review article presents data on the antihypertensive efficacy of moxonidine, the possibility of its use in combination therapy to reduce elevated blood pressure (BP). The effectiveness of moxonidine in overweight patients, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and postmenopausal women is shown. In addition to lowering blood pressure in obese patients, moxonidine reduces plasma leptin levels and weakens sympathetic overactivity, which contributes to weight loss. In patients with metabolic syndrome — obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, the use of moxonidine, along with the antihypertensive effect, was accompanied by an additional positive effect on increased variability in blood pressure levels, contributing to the normalization of the daily blood pressure profile, eliminating the morning rise in blood pressure levels. The beneficial effect of moxonidine on carbohydrate metabolism and tissue sensitivity to insulin was noted. The administration of moxonidine to patients with hypertension and menopausal syndrome in peri- and postmenopause, along with effective level control, was accompanied by a significant improvement in the quality of life. In patients with hypertension and osteopenia during menopause, moxonidine led to increased bone formation processes, which helps reduce the risk of developing or progressing osteopenia and osteoporosis. The article focuses on additional indications for the use of moxonidine. In the presence of concomitant pathology — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia in elderly patients, the use of moxonidine, along with antihypertensive action, led to an improvement in the quality of life.

The study highlights the specifics of the everyday work of the merchants of the Astrakhan and Orenburg Governorates in the fishing industry. Emphasis is placed on the activities of entrepreneurs who explored the waters of the Asian region in the 19th century – the Caspian and Aral Seas, as well as the Emba, Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of fishing in the 19th century as one of the spheres of merchant entrepreneurship in the Asian direction. The choice of geographical boundaries is dictated by the desire to study the merchant fishing industry of the frontier regions of Russia as a branch of merchant business focused on the economic development of Asian territories. The paper presents the fundamental differences in working conditions between Astrakhan and Orenburg entrepreneurs. The article shows a wide range of organizational tasks solved by merchants in preparation for fishing operations. The localization of labor activity in the places of residence of Asian nomads (Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Turkmens) attributed unique character to the fishing business of the Astrakhan and Orenburg merchants of the 19th century. Merchants doing business in the depths of barely explored territories with little or no presence of Russian military were regularly attacked by steppe nomads. Conflicts of this kind led to the theft or destruction of the property of fishermen and sometimes ended in the death of merchants and their employees. To date, Russian historiography has not offered an analysis of the merchant fishing industry in the Asian direction in the 19th century in the aspect of everyday work, which brings novelty to the presented study.

Background and Aim: Poultry meat is an excellent animal protein source accessible to many low-income families in developing countries. It is also part of a balanced diet and contains valuable nutrients necessary for maintaining human health. The poultry sector implements improved processes to increase the quality and nutritional value of poultry meat. This study aimed to determine the influence of licorice root extract on the amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, mineral composition, nutritional value, and productivity of quail meat. Materials and Methods: Two groups were formed from Japanese quails: A control group and one experimental group, each consisting of 50 individuals. Quails from both the experimental and control groups received the same complete diet. Quails in the experimental group had licorice root extract added to their water at a dosage of 10 g/L, starting from the age of 3 days to 42 days of growth. At 42 days of age, 30 birds from each group were slaughtered to examine their meat productivity and chemical composition. The quail carcasses were analyzed for the following parameters: Live weight, carcass weight, nutritional value, mineral substances, vitamin content, fatty acid composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid score. Results: This study demonstrated that quails in the experimental group receiving water with licorice extract exhibited higher indicators than those in the control group. Calcium (21.05%), magnesium (20.83%), and phosphorus (23.53%) were the most elevated mineral substances in the meat of the experimental birds. Vitamins E (22.22%) and C (20.0%) showed the greatest increase in vitamin content. The fatty acid composition parameters 17:0 margaric acid (8.16%), 18:3 linolenic acid (6.25%), and 20:4 arachidonic acid (4.49%) showed the highest increase. There was a clear increase in the amino acids valine (4.61%), lysine (4.32%), threonine (5.99%), tryptophan (4.87%), phenylalanine (5.87%), and cysteine (14.17%). The application of licorice root extract also positively impacted the amino acid score of quail meat, except for leucine, which remained within the range compared with the control group. Quails in the experimental group weighed 7.96% more live weight before slaughter than the controls. Moreover, the carcass weight was in favor of the experimental group (8.59%). Conclusion: The use of licorice root extract positively influences the quality and biological value of quail meat. Data on amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, trace elements, and other important components of quail meat will significantly expand our understanding of the biological value of licorice root extract. These findings can be used in the formulation of balanced diets for children and adults and highlight the importance of this issue.

Background: Allelic variants of genes encoding enzymes of the esterase system (CES1) and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) can change the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of dabigatran. Therefore, they act as determining factors in the development of side effects, especially bleeding. We analyzed the genotype–phenotype relationship of ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs4148738, rs2032582, and rs1128503) and CES1 (rs8192935, rs71647871, and rs2244613) polymorphisms in patients with atrial fibrillation who had been treated with dabigatran. Methods: A total of 150 patients were recruited for this study. TaqMan technology was used for SNP genotyping. Results: Patients with the rs2244613 GG genotype had a lower concentration (55.27 ± 34.22 ng/ml) compared to those with the TT genotype (63.33 ± 52.25 ng/ml) (additive model, P = 0.000). Individuals with the rs8192935 AA genotype had a lower concentration (52.72 ± 30.45 ng/ml) compared to those with the GG genotype (79.78 ± 57 ng/ml) (additive model, P = 0.001). The APTT values among the different genotypes of the ABCB1 SNPs, rs4148738 and rs1045642, were significantly different (P = 0.035 and P = 0.024, respectively). Conclusion: Our research demonstrates that the CES1 polymorphisms, rs8192935 and rs2244613, are associated with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dabigatran in the Kazakh subpopulation.

Amiodarone is one of the most widely used antiarrhythmic drugs, which is the most effective drug for maintaining sinus rhythm. Taking this drug correlates with side effects such as pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and skin manifestations. In addition, in some cases, amiodarone remains as a first-line therapy to maintain sinus rhythm. The side effects of amiodarone depend on the dose and duration of the drug. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown the safety profile of a low dose of amiodarone, defined as 200 mg and a very low dose of amiodarone 100 mg. Due to the use of catheter ablation, the use of a low dose of amiodarone is sufficient. In this literature review, we have cited the side effects of a low dose of amiodarone. In addition, although there is evidence of a safer low-dose spectrum, it is not free from side effects and needs to develop an algorithm for early detection of adverse events, as well as studying the effectiveness according to modern research methods, such as an implantable heart monitor, which in turn is of undoubted interest.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report on the results of hypospadias surgery in boys using newly developed methods compared with traditional methods of urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 patients were divided into two groups. Fifty patients with coronal, subcoronal, and distal penile types of hypospadias were allocated to Group I. These patients were treated with a new method of SMU I and urethroplasty according to the Snodgrass procedure and MAGPI. Group II consisted of 86 patients with mid- and proximal shaft penile types of hypospadias who underwent urethroplasty using the new SMU II method and urethroplasty according to the Snodgraft and Bracka procedures. The outcomes were assessed according to the level of postoperative wound healing and the presence of complications. Results: The mean age of the patients was 41 to 60 months. After urethroplasty using the SMU I and SMU II methods, recovery was noted in 92.9% of the patients, and repeated surgery was performed in 7.1%. In the patients undergoing operations utilizing the SMU I and SMU II methods, neomeatus dystopia was not detected and postoperative fistulas were observed in 16.7% of incidence. With the standard urethroplasty method, the rate of complications was higher (p < 0.05). Even though the duration of surgery in the group undergoing a procedure using the standard urethroplasty method was lower (p < 0.001), the frequency of primary wound healing was higher in the SMU I and SMU II groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The proposed new methods of distal and shaft hypospadias surgery, in comparison with traditional surgical techniques, have the following advantages: good cosmetic appearance of the penis, complete straightening of the shaft, and right outflow of urine through the slit-like neomeatus at the apex of the glans penis.

During the period 2013-2023, 917 cases of rabies among animals were registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Out of these, the number of cases in farm animals amounted to 515, in wild animals to 50 and in pets to 352. Data on rabies cases were obtained from the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of Kazakhstan, as well as during expeditionary trips. This research was carried out to demonstrate the use of modern information and communication technologies, geospatial analysis technologies in particular, to identify and visualize spatio-temporal patterns of rabies emergence among different animal species in Kazakhstan. We also aimed to predict an expected number of cases next year based on time series analysis. Applying the ‘space-time cube’ technique to a time series representingcases from the three categories of animals at the district-level demonstrated a decreasing trend of incidence in most of the country over the study period. We estimated the expected number of rabies cases for 2024 using a random forest model based on the space-time cube in Arc-GIS. This type of model imposes only a few assumptions on the data and is useful when dealing with time series including complicated trends. The forecast showed that in most districts of Kazakhstan, a total of no more than one case of rabies should beexpected, with the exception of certain areas in the North and the East of the country, where the number of cases could reach three. The results of this research may be useful to the veterinary service in mapping the current epidemiological situation and in planning targeted vaccination campaigns among different categories of animals.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) accounts for 40% of all cardiac arrhythmias and is associated with a high risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolic complications. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban are direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) that have been proven to prevent stroke in patients with non-valvular AF. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions of DOACs, as well as new data from pharmacogenetic studies of these drugs. This review is aimed at analyzing the scientific literature on the gene polymorphisms involved in the metabolism of DOACs. We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CyberLeninka (Russian version) databases with keywords: ‘dabigatran’, ‘apixaban’, ‘rivaroxaban’, ‘edoxaban’, ‘gene polymorphism’, ‘pharmacogenetics’, ‘ ABCB1 ’, ‘ CES1 ’, ‘ SULT1A ’, ‘ ABCG2 ’, and ‘ CYP3A4 ’. The articles referred for this review include (1) full-text articles; (2) study design with meta-analysis, an observational study in patients taking DOAC; and (3) data on the single-nucleotide polymorphisms and kinetic parameters of DOACs (plasma concentration), or a particular clinical outcome, published in English and Russian languages during the last 10 years. The ages of the patients ranged from 18 to 75 years. Out of 114 reviewed works, 24 were found eligible. As per the available pharmacogenomic data, polymorphisms affecting DOACs are different. This may aid in developing individual approaches to optimize DOAC pharmacotherapy to reduce the risk of hemorrhagic complications. However, large-scale population studies are required to determine the dosage of the new oral anticoagulants based on genotyping. Information on the genetic effects is limited owing to the lack of large-scale studies. Uncovering the mechanisms of the genetic basis of sensitivity to DOACs helps in developing personalized therapy based on patient-specific genetic variants and improves the efficacy and safety of DOACs in the general population.

The issue of legal personality formation within consciousness of students in pedagogical institutions is of great importance. The aim of the article was to determine legal consciousness initial condition of pedagogical college students and to propose ways to improve it. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that pedagogical college students form a possibility of transferring moral and psychological patterns, which includes their legal consciousness in their future professional activity. The key basis within the research structure is represented with definition of legal consciousness initial values and development of methods aimed at its correcting. The initial values and their impact on programs of students' legal consciousness formation are determined. It was found that flexible strategy of legal consciousness level increase can provide full integration of the present aspect into legal framework of teaching process.

Background and Aim: Echinococcosis is one of the most dangerous parasitic diseases common to humans and animals. In Kazakhstan, echinococcosis is widespread in animals. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and biological characteristics of echinococcosis in agricultural animals, dogs, wild carnivores, and rodents in the Western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed slaughtered carcasses of cattle (2500), sheep (4200), pigs (250), horses (91), and camels (45). Furthermore, the study analyzed 144 dogs (herding, rural, and urban), 41 wild carnivores (wolves, red foxes, and corsac foxes), and 339 wild rodents (great gerbils, tamarisk jirds, little ground squirrels, yellow ground squirrels, and muskrats). Postmortem and vital examination methods were used in the helminthological studies of dogs, wild carnivores, and rodents. In agricultural animals, localization and intensity were determined by counting echinococcal cysts in parenchymatous organs. Results: Extensiveness of invasion (EI) averaged 19.2% in cattle, 27.5% in sheep, 5.6% in pigs, and 13.3% in camels. Echinococcal cysts mainly affected the liver in sheep (45.4%) and the lungs in cattle (35.5%). The fertility of echinococcal cysts decreased with age in animals. Acephalocysts were registered mainly in cattle. The highest invasiveness of Echinococcus granulosus was found in herding dogs with an EI of 12.5%. Experimental infestations of dogs showed that maturation of echinococcal eggs occurred by days 36–40 and maturation of segments by day 50. Studies of wild carnivores and rodents showed the presence of E. granulosus (imago stage) in wolves, Alveococcus multilocularis (imago stage) in red foxes and corsac foxes, and A. multilocularis (larval stage) in great gerbils and muskrats. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence of high epizootiological danger for the population and significant damage caused by E. granulosus to animal husbandry in the region. Studies on the spread of echinococcosis suggest the possibility of controlling the situation with human and animal diseases and show the importance of this issue.

This prospective study evaluates the impact of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on cardiorespiratory indicators in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation admitted to the Heart Center UMC between January 2022 and April 2024 in Astana, Kazakhstan. The study aims to assess the functional cardiac benefits of RFA. Out of 717 registered atrial fibrillation patients, 104 were examined before and 3 months after ablation, focusing on cardiorespiratory parameters. A before-and-after analysis using linear mixed models was applied to evaluate changes in cardiorespiratory parameters post-RFA. Significant improvements were noted across various measures. VO2 max increased from 11.5 ± 4.4 mL/kg/min to 18.0 ± 4.5 mL/kg/min (p < 0.001). Oxygen uptake improved from 7.2 ± 2.6 mL/beat to 11.0 ± 3.4 mL/beat (p < 0.001). The 6-min walking test distance rose from 306 ± 82 m to 400 ± 48 m (p < 0.001). METs increased from 4.4 ± 1.6 to 8.0 ± 1.3 (p < 0.001). Heart rate at peak exercise decreased from 175.5 ± 18.6 to 147.2 ± 12.3 beats per minute (p < 0.001). NT-proBNP levels decreased from 1357 ± 1182 to 415 ± 339 pg/mL (p < 0.001). Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation undergoing RFA showed functional improvements in CPET indicators such as VO2 max, METs, O2 pulse, heart rate, and the 6-min walking test. Improvements were also seen in Nt-proBNP analysis. These results emphasize the need for longitudinal follow-up to optimize outcomes and minimize medical risks.

The study highlights the specifics of the professional activities of caravan masters from the khanates of Central Asia who controlled the movement of caravans in Russian-Asian trade in the first half of the 19th century. The article examines the social status of the caravan masters, defines their authority and main duties during the journey to trading locations, analyzes the features of interpersonal interaction between the leaders and other caravan members, and focuses on the moral and psychological qualities of the caravan leader. From the moment the caravan set out on a long and dangerous journey through the steppe and desert areas, the caravan master, officially approved by the government of a Central Asian khanate, gained full control over the process of movement. Taking full responsibility for the life and health of the caravan personnel, as well as the safety of the goods, the leader chose the optimal route, determined the locations for stops, controlled the duration of rest, and monitored provisions consumption. The study demonstrates that the official duties of the caravan leader in the unique logistical setting of a merchant caravan were accompanied by various tasks, the effective solution of which depended on the leader’s business mentality and special skills. The archival materials used in this work are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Background: Mastitis is a disease of productive cows, widespread throughout the world, and characterized by significant economic damage to the dairy industry. The subclinical form of this disease is aggravated by additional difficulties with its diagnosis and the lack of clear treatment protocols. Aim: Therefore, the study of the effectiveness of diagnostic studies and the search for new methods of treatment of latent forms of mastitis is an important direction in scientific research in countries with developed dairy cattle breeding. Methods: Studies conducted on the number of dairy cows of the production cooperative "Izhevsky" of the Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan showed that when using rapid tests Kenotest, Somatest, Mastidine test, and Wideside test, the same results were obtained when a disease was detected in cows. The effectiveness of the tests was at the level of 60-62% when using the settling sample as a control. Medical procedures were carried out using the Aquaton-2 microwave radiation apparatus and a homeopathic preparation. When using physiotherapy with microwave radiation, a decrease in the level of microbial contamination of milk from the treated part of the udder by 1.5-5 times was observed. Results: Biologically active substances of plant origin in the homeopathic preparation, due to the immunostimulating effect, made it possible to increase the level of γ-globulins in the blood serum of sick animals during the application. Conclusion: The complex use of both methods in the treatment of animals with a subclinical form of mastitis made it possible to reduce the level of somatic cells in the milk of the affected udder lobe to a level that cannot be determined using Kenotest in 4-6 days, which is 2-4 days faster than using these methods separately. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(8.000): 991-1002]

To consider the resource potential of bitter-salty sulfide lakes for the development of ecological and balneological tourism in the territory of the North Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Field studies, a sociological survey were conducted, methods of statistical and mathematical processing were used. The cartographic method made it possible to visualize the studied material. Bitter-salty lakes contain sulfide mud, which is a unique natural resource. Mud can be used in combination with salt water to create the foundations of ecological and health tourism in the North Kazakhstan region. Research has revealed the most promising lakes of the region. The analysis of the obtained field research data and cartographic material made it possible to assess the resource potential of the lakes. These data were confirmed by the results of a sociological survey, which confirms the possibility of developing the tourism industry on the basis of unique local bitt ersalty lakes. The cartographic material created in the course of the study visually demonstrates the prospects and possible problems of the development of the health tourism industry in the territory of the studied region. The resources of bitter-salty sulfide lakes have sufficient potential for the development of tourism in the North Kazakhstan region. The bitter-salty lakes of the North Kazakhstan region selected on the basis of a comprehensive score have criteria confirming their resource potential. This assessment shows the possibility of developing health and ecological tourism in the region. The border position of the region makes it possible to develop not only internal, but also external tourism.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (SARS-COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically improved the attitude that society has toward educational opportunities that are administered online. In many cases, digital platforms were adapted and utilized without formal evaluation of the needs, constraints, and opportunities associated with their use. Here, the eight historical faculties of veterinary sciences of Kazakhstan were surveyed to gather data on the use of online technology for the discipline in the country and the limitations, opportunities, and challenges associated with its use. Results show that technological resources, institutional support, and faculty and instructors' attitudes are highly favorable for the implementation of online education programs consistently throughout the country. In contrast, students' motivations and skills are perceived as variable, although generally favorable, at different locations. The results here provide insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with using online technology for instruction in veterinary sciences in Kazakhstan, which will help create the foundations for implementing this type of program in the country and region.

Eukaryotes have evolved various quality control mechanisms to promote proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Selective removal of certain ER domains via autophagy (termed as ER-phagy) has emerged as a major quality control mechanism. However, the degree to which ER-phagy is employed by other branches of ER-quality control remains largely elusive. Here, we identify a cytosolic protein, C53, that is specifically recruited to autophagosomes during ER-stress, in both plant and mammalian cells. C53 interacts with ATG8 via a distinct binding epitope, featuring a shuffled ATG8 interacting motif (sAIM). C53 senses proteotoxic stress in the ER lumen by forming a tripartite receptor complex with the ER-associated ufmylation ligase UFL1 and its membrane adaptor DDRGK1. The C53/UFL1/DDRGK1 receptor complex is activated by stalled ribosomes and induces the degradation of internal or passenger proteins in the ER. Consistently, the C53 receptor complex and ufmylation mutants are highly susceptible to ER stress. Thus, C53 forms an ancient quality control pathway that bridges selective autophagy with ribosome-associated quality control in the ER.

Background: The increase in the intensity of livestock industries, by improving the technology of animal products manufacturing, largely depends on the correct organisation of herd reproduction and the intensity of using the biological capabilities of the animal organism. Various diseases, including such common diseases as mastitis, complicate the successful reproduction and growth of enterprise productivity. The widespread use of antibiotic-containing drugs for the treatment of mastitis creates a number of inevitable consequences for the body. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the residual content of antibiotics in the collected milk after the course of treatment poses a serious danger to human health and reduces the quality of dairy products obtained from such milk. Aim: In this regard, the authors set the task of developing a new, antibiotic-free method of treating bovine mastitis. This paper is devoted to the problem of improving methods of treating the subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle by alternative methods during the interlactation period. Methods: The leading method for the study of this problem is an experimental method that allows to develop and test a veterinary homeopathic substance for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in cows during the interlactation period. Results: The paper presents materials on the typification of microflora in the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and the effectiveness of a veterinary homeopathic substance developed by the authors. The use of the veterinary homeopathic substance provided a high therapeutic effect, did not cause side effects and complications in cows. Conclusion: The resulting veterinary substance was tested and introduced into the "Izhevskiy" natural complex of Akmola region as a new alternative method of treating subclinical mastitis in cows. Based on this substance, a drug for the treatment of mastitis will be developed and proposed for production. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(2.000): 193-201]

Rabies is a serious public health issue in Kazakhstan, with high economic impact and social burden. As part of a routine surveillance, 31 rabies-positive brain specimens taken from livestock (cattle) and carnivores (dogs, foxes, and cats) during 2013–2021 were subject to viral sequencing. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analysis were performed using obtained rabies virus (RABV) sequences. All 31 strains of RABV candidate belonged to the Cosmopolitan clade, of which 30 strains belonged to steppe-type subclade, and 1 dog strain belonged to Other subclade. The 31 strains did not diverge from RABV strains in Kazakhstan and neighboring countries, including Russia, Mongolia, and China, suggesting that animal rabies has close relationship and transmission between borders. Fox-originated strains and cattle strains shared similar sequence signature, and some animal rabies cases had space–time intersection, showing that infected foxes were a major transmission source of cattle rabies in different Kazakhstan regions. Besides, free-roaming dogs played a pivotal role in rabies epizootics of cattle in Kazakhstan. The recent spread of animal rabies presents an increasing threat to public health, and provides updated information for improving current control and prevention strategies at the source for Kazakhstan and neighboring countries.

Dorogov’s antiseptic stimulators (fractions 2 and 3) are products of meat and bone meal pyrolysis that are used to treat farm animals. However, there is a lack of detailed information about their chemical composition. We aimed to study individual compositions of organic substances in the water- and oil-soluble condensates of these preparations. Dorogov’s antiseptic stimulators ASD-2F and ASD-3F (Agrovetzashchita, Russia) were used as samples of the water- and oil-soluble condensates of meat and bone meal pyrolysis. Volatile substances were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while amino acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The initial water-soluble condensate contained ammonium salts, amides of carboxylic acids, N-heterocyclic compounds, hydantoins, amino acids, and dipeptides, with a total content of 8% of the condensate’s weight. Its dehydrated concentrate had almost no ammonium salts and amides of carboxylic acids, but its contents of hydantoins, amino acids, dipeptides, and lowvolatile nitrogen-containing heterocycles were 10–15 times as high as those in the initial condensate. The condensate contained 13 dipeptides and 19 amino acids with a total content of 2.5%. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the oilsoluble condensate contained over 30% of nitriles; 7–10% of higher and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and amides (with esters); and 1–3% of N-heterocyclic compounds, naphthalenes, pyridines, and dipeptides. The nitrogen-containing heterocycles, as well as dipeptides, were similar to those in the water-soluble condensate. We identified 80% of individual organic substances in the water-soluble pyrolytic condensate. Together with its concentrate, they contained more than 220 organic substances divided into 10 main groups. The oil-soluble condensate consisted of over 350 individual organic compounds. The full composition of the preparations can be further identified by three-quadrupole liquid mass spectrometry.

Objective: Atrial fibrillation is strongly associated with stroke and accounts for 60% of cardioembolic stroke. Assessing thromboembolic risk is important for patients with atrial fibrillation. Approximately 90% of all thrombus are localized in the left atrium appendage (LAA). This study aimed to determine the efficacy of cardiac computed tomography (CT) for LAA thrombus detection. Material and methods: This retrospective study included 292 patients. LAA thrombus was confirmed or excluded by cardiac CT with the reference to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We excluded patients with allergic reactions to iodide, increased creatinine levels, thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism), pregnancy, and age Results: According to the cardiac CT, 103 of 292 people had LAA thrombus, while according to TEE, only 48 of patients had LAA thrombus. The sensitivity and specificity of CT were 97.7% and 77%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the CT was higher in 2016–2020, when the delayed phase was added to the standard protocol, compared to 2012–2015 years. Older age, higher BMI, higher CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, and larger LA and LVESV were significantly associated with LAA thrombus detection on cardiac CT. Higher LVESV and LVEDV indexes (LVESVI and LVEDVI) and lower LV ejection fraction measured by TEE were also predictors of LAA thrombus detection by cardiac CT. Conclusion: Our findings show that cardiac CT has high sensitivity and specificity for excluding or confirming LAA thrombus, and can also be exclusively used to determine the presence or absence of a thrombus.