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Samhället är i ständig utveckling och byggbranschen har till följd av den ökade andelen utländsk arbetskraft i byggsektorn blivit alltmer mångsidig och mångkulturell, vilket har resulterat i ett ökat intresse för kommunikationen i byggprojekt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kommunikationen i byggprojekt, speciellt med fokus på kommunikationsproblem som uppstår. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att samla in information från tidigare studier om kommunikationssvårigheter. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att såväl språk som kultur skapar problem i projekt. Det teoretiska ramverket för denna studie baserades på Spitzbergs modell om interkulturell kommunikationskompetens som säger att faktorer för att uppnå kommunikativ kompetens är motivation, kunskap och färdigheter. Metoden är kvalitativ och bygger på litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Respondenterna har alla ledande roller inom byggprojekt och frågorna handlade om olika situationer som de mött i olika projekt. Resultatet visar att bristfälliga språkkunskaper bidrar till feltolkningar och kulturkrockar. Exempel på metoder som respondenterna lyfter fram är: översättningsverktyg, visualisering och gemensamt språk. Resultatet visar att metoderna ofta är individuella och att det oftast saknas systematiska metoder för att hantera språkproblem i byggprojekt. Det betyder att individens kompetens är en viktig faktor för att uppnå välfungerande kommunikation i byggprojekt. The society is in constant development and the construction industry has, as a result of the increased proportion of foreign labor in the construction sector, become increasingly diverse and multicultural, which has resulted in an increased interest in problems and possibilities for effective communication. The purpose of this study is to investigate communication in construction projects, especially with a focus on communication problems that arise. A literature study was conducted to collect information from previous studies on communication difficulties. The results of the literature study show that both language and culture create problems in projects. The theoretical framework of this study was based on Spitzberg’s model of intercultural communication competence which states that factors of achieving communicative competence are motivation, knowledge, and skills. The method is qualitative and is based on literature studies and interviews. The respondents all have leading roles in construction projects and the questions were about different situations they encountered in different projects. The results show that insufficient language skills contribute to misinterpretations and cultural clashes. Examples of methods highlighted by the respondents are translation tools, visualization, and common language. The results show that the methods are often individual and that there is usually a lack of systematic methods for handling language problems in construction projects. This means that the individual's competence is an important factor in achieving well-functioning communication in construction projects.

The present work aims to study the phytochemical composition, the antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts, and the fraction of extract giving the best antioxidant activity of Avicennia marina. The leaves contain high TFC compared to other parts of the plant, whereas fruits have the highest amount of TPC. Fat-soluble pigments are strongly present in the leaves of Avicennia marina i.e. β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. The crude methanolic flower extracts showed strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 0.30 and 0.33 mg/mL respectively compared to the leaf and stem methanolic extracts for the DPPH and ABTS models with a value IC50 greater than 1 mg/mL. The crude fruit extract shows good activity with the ABTS model, unlike the DPPH model whose IC50 values are 0.95 and 0.38 mg/mL, respectively. Fractionation improved the antioxidant effect of crude flower extract. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibits the best antioxidant activity for both DPPH and ABTS methods with IC50 values of 0.125 and 0.16 mg/mL. The HR–LCMS/MS led to the identification of 13 compounds: 6 flavonoids and 7 iridoid glycoside compounds in the different parts of the plant. A bioinformatics study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the three major Iridoid glycosides towards the target protein Catalase compound II through free binding energy. Out of these three iridoid glycosides, compound C10 does not represent any toxicity, unlike C8 and C9 which showed an irritancy effect. Furthermore, molecular dynamics shows good stability of the C10–2CAG complex. HighlightsExtraction and fractionation of different part (leaf, stem, flower and fruit) of Avicennia marina.Botanical description and phytochemical analysis of crude extract methanolic. Investigation by HR-LCMS characterization of polyphenols and iridoid glycosides.Evaluation the antioxidant activity of crudes extracts methanolics by two methods in vitro DPPH and ABTS.Antioxidant activity of the fraction of the crude flower extracts presenting the best biological response.Evaluate the contribution of three major compounds 2′-Cinnamoylmussaenosidic acid, 10-O-[E-Cinnamoyl]-geniposidic acid and 10-O-[(E)-p-Coumaroyl]-geniposidic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction on the antioxidant activity through docking and dynamic molecular. Extraction and fractionation of different part (leaf, stem, flower and fruit) of Avicennia marina. Botanical description and phytochemical analysis of crude extract methanolic. Investigation by HR-LCMS characterization of polyphenols and iridoid glycosides. Evaluation the antioxidant activity of crudes extracts methanolics by two methods in vitro DPPH and ABTS. Antioxidant activity of the fraction of the crude flower extracts presenting the best biological response. Evaluate the contribution of three major compounds 2′-Cinnamoylmussaenosidic acid, 10-O-[E-Cinnamoyl]-geniposidic acid and 10-O-[(E)-p-Coumaroyl]-geniposidic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction on the antioxidant activity through docking and dynamic molecular. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The genus Artemisia has recognized medicinal value and its use by humans Dates back to centuries ago. With the appearance of the new coronavirus, end of 2019, several countries have recommended the use of herbal teas consisting mainly of Artemisia. The individual analysis of the constituents of this species is crucial to characterize and optimize its antiSARS-Cov-2 action. We evaluated by molecular docking the inhibitory action of major compounds of the Artemisia genus (Artemisinin, Arteannuin B, Alpha Thujone, P-Hydroxyacetophenone, Fisetin, Cirsimaritin, Capillin, β-Sitosterol, and Quercetin) against three targets namely SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mp), SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and human furin protease (HF protease). The two flavonols, quercetin and fisetin, have the best binding energies with the three targets. Quercetin/Fisetin possesses binding energy of -7.17/-6.9, -6.3/-6.15 and – 5.98/- 5.49 kcal/mol with MP, RBD and HF protease respectively. Their physicochemical properties meet the requirements of an oral active principle and are not toxic according to predictive simulations. Thereby DFT calculation has been used to analyze the electronic and geometric characteristics of these two compounds. The gap energies were also deduced for the stable structure and their reactivity. The abundance of Quercetin in different plants may be another advantage in the use of this bio-compound in the treatment of coronavirus. Keywords: Artemisia annua, DFT, Docking Molecular, SARS-Cov-2, Quercetin and Fisetin

Phylogeographic patterns in the Horn of Africa have recently attracted researchers searching for hidden diversity and explaining the evolutionary history of this region. In this paper, we focus on spiny mouse Acomys louisae. We examined 88 samples from 13 localities across Somaliland and sequenced CYTB, control region and IRBP genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed clear distinctness of A. louisae from the other clades of Acomys, but it also revealed deep splits within A. louisae clade. Samples from Central and Eastern Somaliland, including those from the type locality, form a clearly distinct Somaliland clade while remaining ones from the very NW of Somaliland and 5 previously published sequences from Djibouti and E Ethiopia form a Djibouti group. At two localities in the contact zone, we detected sympatric occurrence of both. The clades exhibit sharply contrasting patterns of variability, the Somaliland clade is characterized by a sufficient mitochondrial haplotype diversity, but low sequence divergence. The population parameters and haplotype networks suggest that the populations belonging to the Somaliland clade probably underwent a recent expansion of its range and population size. It may be explained by a repopulation after the interglacial period providing poor environmental conditions for spiny mice in E and C Somaliland. In contrast, the Djibouti group shows extremely high nucleotide diversity besides that of haplotype one. This suggests a long-term persistence of large and/or structured populations. It may be attributed to a specific history of the Ethiopian Rift and Afar. The results emphasize the importance of the Horn of Africa as a region preserving high endemism.

We describe three new species of Ceropegia L., namely C. buraoensis Bruyns of sect. Echidnopsis (Hook.f.) Bruyns from Somaliland, C. marronina Bruyns & Hanáček of sect. Orbea (Haw.) Bruyns from northern Ethiopia and C. pseudorhynchantha Bruyns of sect. Phalaena H.Huber from southern Ethiopia.

International audience; A series of metal-metal bonded iron-platinum heterobimetallic complexes has been prepared by carbon-carbon coupling of [(OC) 3 Fe(μ-C=O)(μ-dppm)Pt(PPh 3 )] (1) (dppm = Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ) with the terminal alkynols 4-pentyn-1-ol, 4-pentyn-2-ol and the internal thioether-functionalized alkyne 1,4-bis(p-tolylthio)but-2-yne. The resulting dimetallacyclopentenones [(OC) 2 Fe(μ-dppm){μ-C(=O)C((CH 2 ) 3 OH)=CH}Pt(PPh 3 )] (2a) and [(OC) 2 Fe(μ-dppm){μ-C(=O)C((CH 2 ) 2 OHCH 3 )=CH}Pt(PPh 3 )] (2b) featuring intramolecular hydrogen O-H ∙∙∙ O=C bonding have been structurally characterized, as well as [(OC) 2 Fe(μ-dppm){μ-C(=O)C(CH 2 S(p-tolyl))=C(CH 2 S(p-tolyl))}Pt(PPh 3 )] (2c). NMR studies reveal that coupling of 1 with HC≡C-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH yields initially the kinetic isomer [(OC) 2 Fe(μ-dppm){μ-C(=O)C(H)=C((CH 2 ) 3 OH)}Pt(PPh 3 )] (2a’), which upon heating converts quantitatively to the thermodynamic isomer 2a. Furthermore, the molecular structures of series 2 were investigated by means of Hirshfeld surface analyses. As targets for a bioinformatic study, molecular docking studies were applied to the complexes 2 and revealed the occurrence of intermolecular interactions with four different protein residues associated with breast (1hk7 and 3eqm) and prostate cancer (2q7k and 2ax6). According to the docking results, this family of complexes displays better activity on prostate cancer proteins rather than breast cancer ones. The molecular structures of compounds 2 were also optimized using DFT quantum chemical calculations. The large band gap implies low reactivity and good stability of these complexes.

Ocimum plants are of great interest to traditional medicine in the history of several civilizations, particularly in terms of chronic human diseases. Essential oils obtained from this genus have also been used as therapeutic agents. In this present work, two plants of the Ocimum species from Djibouti, Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L., were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain their essential oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the chemical composition of both essential oils. Linalool (41.2%) and estragole (30.1%) are the major compounds among the 37 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. (EOOB), and carvotanacetol (38.4%) and estragole (27.5%) are the main compounds among the 42 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. (EOOA). Morever, the cytotoxic activity of EOs was evaluated against 13 human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, HCT116, PC3, U87-MG, MIA-Paca2, HEK293, NCI-N87, RT4, U2OS, A2780, MRC -5 and JIMT-T1) using a luminescence spectrophotometric method; hence, the oils showed significant cytotoxic activities. The antibacterial activities of the oils were assayed on five Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium sp.) and seven Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium and Enterobacter cloacae) by agar disc diffusion methods. Both essential oils exhibited moderate activities against Streptococcus agalactiae, and thus each has an activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa for EOOB and against Enterobacter cloacae for EOOA, while the others are negative. The findings of this work showed the promising anticancer effects of both oils against total cell lines with a potential for use as natural alternatives to synthetic drugs; however, there was only an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus agalactiae.

International audience; For the first time, the study of the antioxidant activity, the characterization of the phytoconstituants, and the evaluation of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of A. djiboutiensis leave and latex are performed. The antioxidant activity of both latex (ADL) and the methanolic extract of leaves (ADM) is determined using 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging radical methods and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The phytochemical study of latex is done using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a molecular networking-based approach. The evaluation of in vivo toxicity is performed on mice by oral gavage with a suspension of ADL. Our results show that weak antioxidant activity of ADL and ADM in opposition to their high polyphenol, 83.01 mg and 46.4 mg expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry weight (DW), respectively, and flavonoid contents 13.12 mg and 4.25 mg expressed in quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight (DW), respectively. Using the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) website, nine (9) anthraquinones derivatives, ten (10) chromones derivatives, two (2) flavonols/ chromones isomers are annotated in the molecular network. The treated mice do not display abnormalities in their general physical appearance and biochemistry parameters, compared to the controls. Only glucose and calcium levels are slightly higher in male treated mice compared to the vehicles.

Flood is expressed as water overflowing onto the ground that usually is dry or an increase of water that has a significant impact on human life and it is also declared as one of the most usually natural phenomenon, causing severe financial crisis to goods and properties as well as affecting human lives. However, preventing such floods would be useful to the inhabitants in order to get a sufficient time to evacuate in the areas that might be possible floods can happen before the actual floods happen. To address the issue of floods, many scholars’ proposed different solutions such as developing prediction models and building a proper infrastructure. Nevertheless, these proposed solutions are not efficient from an economic perspective in here, Somalia. Therefore, the key objective of this research paper is to intend a new robust model which is a real-time flood detection system based on Machine-Learning-algorithms; Random-Forest, Naive-Bayes and J48 that can detect water level and measure floods with possible humanitarian consequences before they occur. The experimental results of this proposed method will be the solution of forth mentioned problems and conduct research on how it can be easily simulate a novel way that detects water levels using hybrid model based on Arduino with GSM modems. Based on the analysis, Random-Forest-algorithm were outperformed other machine-learning-methods in-terms of accuracy over other-classification with 98.7% accuracy in-comparison with 88.4% and 84.2% for NaiveBayes and J48 respectively. The proposed method has contribution to the field of study by introducing a new way of preventing floods in the field of Artificial, data mining.

Objective: The new coronavirus type SARS-Cov 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome), which appeared in autumn 2019 in China, became a global pandemic in a few months. In this work, we looked for the potential anti SARS-Cov 2 of the compounds isolated from three Djiboutian medicinal plants, namely Acacia seyal, Cymbopogon commutatus, and Indigofera caerulea. Methods: We carried out a molecular docking with nine biomolecules, β-Sitosterol, Quercetin, Catechin, Lupeol, Rutin, Kaempferol, Gallic acid, Piperitone and Limonene on three target sites which are SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mp), SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and human furin protease. These targets are chosen because of their role in the process of penetration of the virus into human cells and its multiplication. Moreover, the predictions of pharmacokinetic parameters as well as toxicological properties have been determined using an online bioinformatics tool named SwissADME and AdmetSAR respectively. Results: The phenolic compounds have a very good affinity on these three target sites with binding energies of up to-9.098 kcal/mol for rutin on SARS-CoV-2 Mp, much better than the two reference drugs hydroxychloroquine (-5.816 kcal/mol) and remdesivir (-7.194 kcal/mol). Except for β-Sitosterol, the tested biomolecules have weak toxicity. Conclusion: These natural compounds can be used against covid 19 pending In vitro and In vivo evaluations.

Objective: This study focuses on the antioxidant potential of Djibouti brown seaweed and their phenolic contents. Methods: We evaluated the antioxidant potential by DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and their phenolic contents of seven Djibouti seaweed: Cytoseira myrica, Padina pavonica, Sargassum fluitans, Sargassum ilifolium, Sargassum sp, Turbinaria triquetra and Turbinaria turbinata. Also, we searched the secondary metabolites of these seaweeds. Results: We obtain a higher antioxidant activity at 60,7±0,9 % and a higher phenolic content at 199,01±0,5 μg equivalent phloroglucinol (PGE)/g dry matter for Padina pavonica. A good linear correlation (R2 = 0,898) is observed between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic content of the seaweed studied. Also, two Padina pavonica collected in two different locations have different biochemical concentrations and antioxidant activity, suggesting the influence of the marine environment on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the biological activities of seaweed. The present study shows the presence of tannins, saponosides, flavonoids and steroid-terpenes. Conclusion: The species studied show interesting antioxidant activities and can be consumed to prevent oxidative stress.

International audience; Leaves and fruits of Indigofera caerulea, an endemic plant from Djibouti, are used in the traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. However, there are no documented scientific reports on phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties of the fruit of this species. For the first time, the chemical compounds and the evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Indigofera caerulea Rox fruits were investigated. The hexane and methanolic extracts showed a significant activity against both Staphylococcus aureus with a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively, and Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC of 128 μg/mL for the two extracts. The methanolic and acetone extracts showed effective free radical scavenging activities in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, while only the methanolic extract revealed the best ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). The highest amount of both total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content were detected in the methanolic extract (818.14 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 102.10 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, respectively). About the phytochemistry of this extract, two phenolic compounds and three flavonoids were identified rapidly by HPTLC-MS, confirmed by NMR and quantified. Also, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and benzoic acid were identified by HPLC. Methyl gallate, the major compound isolated from the methanolic extract, showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC: 64 μg/mL). Twelve compounds were identified in hexane extract where fatty acids comprised 95.1% and steroids 3.5%. Thus, I. caerulea fruits could serve as a bio-based material for antioxidants and antibacterial compounds.

The Horn of Africa supports a unique and rich diversity of squamate reptiles. Among them, the gecko genus Hemidactylus stands out as the most species-rich genus of the region. In this study, we assembled a genetic and morphological data set of 22 Hemidactylus species that form a clade termed the African radiation, which is part of the arid clade of the genus. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using both concatenation-based approaches and species tree inference. Hemidactylus laevis, H. ophiolepoides, and H. somalicus have been sequenced and placed in a phylogenetic context for the first time in this study. Our results confirm the phylogenetic placement of these species within the African radiation of the genus. Early diversification within the clade, however, remains obscure. According to the analysis of concatenated data, H. laevis is sister to the rest of the clade, whereas the species tree analyses inferred the African radiation to be formed by two subclades, northern and southern, and H. laevis belonging to the former. We integrate evidence from multiple sources including genetic differentiation at both mitochondrial and nuclear levels, morphological disparification, and coalescent-based species delimitation to support the existence of two new species of Hemidactylus. We provide a formal description of these two new species, one from northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, and westernmost Somaliland, and one from southern Ethiopia, northern Kenya, and easternmost South Sudan. Furthermore, we found that of the morphological traits examined, the numbers of supralabials and infralabials bear phylogenetic signal and we were able to tentatively infer the phylogenetic placement of species for which genetic data are still missing.

Telescopus pulcher is an enigmatic colubrid snake only known from the holotype and paratype specimens described from ‘Migiurtinia’ in Puntland (Somalia) in 1935. Herein we recorded the third and fourth-ever known specimens of this species from the Toon village, Woqooyi Galbeed Region, and 15 km southeast of Sheikh, Saahil Region, Somaliland. The species is endemic to Somaliland and adjoining parts of Ethiopia and Puntland. Data on morphology and natural history, as well as the first photographs of live specimens are provided. We also provide a detailed description of the paratype. The coloration of the species resembles that of the vipers of the genus Echis and we hypothesize that T. pulcher mimics these common and sympatric vipers in the Horn of Africa.

Palm oil industries are the largest agricultural based industries in Malaysia and in processing palm oil, high pollutant liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent (POME) is being generated. Currently, treatment of POME to meet the standard discharge has become an important issue. Therefore, this study was conducted to treat final discharge POME in microbial fuel cell (MFC). Double chamber MFC fabricated using polyacrylic sheets with a working volume of 1 L, proton exchange membrane (Nafion 115) were used. The anodic solution consisted of final discharge pond POME, overnight Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NCIM 5223 inoculum (10% v/v) and phosphate buffer (pH 7) while the cathodic solution consisted of phosphate buffer (pH 7) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III). The results showed 58% of COD removal and 60% of colour removal in 8 days. In conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NCIM 5223 was able to remove colour and COD from final pond POME.

A double-chambered membrane microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed to investigate the potential use of natural microflora anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge and pure culture bacteria isolated from anaerobic POME sludge as inoculum for electricity generation. Sterilized final discharge POME was used as the substrate with no addition of nutrients. MFC operation using natural microflora anaerobic POME sludge showed a maximum power density and current density of 85.11mW/m(2) and 91.12mA/m(2) respectively. Bacterial identification using 16S rRNA analysis of the pure culture isolated from the biofilm on the anode MFC was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZH1. The electricity generated in MFC using P. aeruginosa strain ZH1 showed maximum power density and current density of 451.26mW/m(2) and 654.90mA/m(2) respectively which were five times higher in power density and seven times higher in current density compared to that of MFC using anaerobic POME sludge.

Objective: The aim of the study was to conduct an ethnobotanical study focused on the medicinal plants used in Randa (Djibouti) for testing pharmacological activities on common microbial diseases.Methods: Plant Ratio (PR), Index of Performance (IP) and the high Informant Consensus Factors (ICF) were calculated to select candidate medicinal species with a pharmacological potential.Results: From this previous work, it was found that the high Informant Consensus Factors, ICF (0.82) for the category of microbial diseases turned out to merit further perusal. The findings particularly gave an imminent insight that stimulated additional investigations and analyses. Different factors, including Plant Ratio (PR) and Index of Performance (IP) were employed for comparison leading to the selection of 18 candidates species, for subsequent pharmacological screening, and testing for antimicrobial activities. Comparison of the information with that accessed from the literature implicitly hinted that the Djiboutian traditional medical system shares much in common with other traditional medical systems. At least six out of the 18 species have not been pharmacologically tested before.Conclusion: The comparison of differents factors (IP2, PR and FL’) of plants screening have showed that 18 plants species of Randa region, have good healing potential for infectious diseases. This may inspire continued research to build a comprehensive ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological profiles of the species anticipated to be of the most promising potential for Djibouti and beyond.