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Mohamed Omar Osman,1 Tahir Yousuf Nour,1 Hodan Mahamed Bashir,2 Abdurahman Kedir Roble,3 Abdikani Mawlid Nur,1 Abdilahi Omer Abdilahi1 1Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 2Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Dryland Agriculture, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 3Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohamed Omar Osman P.O.BOX: 1020, Jigjiga, EthiopiaTel +251921424748Fax +251 25 775 5976Email Wehliye@jju.edu.etBackground: Anemia is a significant public health concern in many developing countries, particularly during pregnancy, and it has adverse effects on mother and fetus/baby.Objective: To determine the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Jigjiga public health facilities, Somali Region, East Ethiopia.Methods: An institution-based unmatched case–control study was conducted. The sample size was 228 pregnant women; comprising 114 presenting with anemia and 114 controls. Hemoglobin levels were measured using a portable heme analyzer. Socio-demographic, dietary, medical history, and nutrition-related data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epidata 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 for cleaning and analyses. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed and statistical significance was considered at a level of p< 0.05.Results: Three predictors of anemia among pregnant women were identified in this study. An inadequate intake of red meat (i.e. those who consumed red meat 1– 2 times a month [AOR=7.245; 95% CI=(2.007– 26.151)] or not at all [AOR=8.690; 95% CI=(1.795– 42.072)]), and insufficient consumption of green vegetables (i.e. 1– 2 times a week [AOR=2.970; 95% CI=(1.012– 8.716)] or 1– 2 times a month [AOR=8.057; 95% CI=(2.358– 27.526)]) were associated with anemia. Also, having a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of less than 23 cm was strongly associated [AOR=16.432; 95% CI= (5.240– 51.526)] with anemia.Conclusion: This study revealed three key factors to be associated with anemia among pregnant women in Jigjiga Town, namely reduced intake of red meat and green vegetables, and low MUAC. Interventions including nutrition counselling and enrolling pregnant women with low nutritional status in nutritional programs should be the core components of anemia control strategies, needed to address the high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in developing countries.Keywords: risk factors, anemia, pregnant women, antenatal care, Jigjiga Town

Background: Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health issue, especially in low-income countries, including Ethiopia. For those who are HIV-positive, TB poses a major risk to their health. The development of chemotherapy and the effectiveness of treatment have resulted in notable increases in patient survival. The evaluation of TB treatment outcomes is an essential metric for determining the success of TB and HIV co-morbidity control strategies., Purpose: This study aims to identify TB treatment outcomes and associated factors among TB/HIV co-infected patients in public health facilities in Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia, in 2021., Patients and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was done on three facilities (Karamara, Hasan Yabare Referral Hospital, and Jigjiga Health Center) with a total of 194 study participants. Data were extracted using a checklist, entered into EpiData version 3 (The EpiData Association, Odense, Denmark), and analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 20 (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) for descriptive and inferential analysis of the study objectives. Variables in the bivariate logistic regression analysis with p-values less than 0.25 were entered into a multivariate logistic regression to identify the independent factors of TB treatment outcome. Associations were computed using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI. P-values less than 0.05 were finally considered statistically significant., Results: The following TB treatment outcomes were observed among all TB/HIV co-infected patients enrolled in this study: 126 (67.4%) completed treatment, three (1.8%) died, 42 (22.5%) were cured, and 16 (8.6%) were transferred out; 168 (89.8%) had a successful treatment outcome. Category of the patient (AOR = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.041, 0.923), sex of the patient (AOR = 1.490, 95% CI: 1.449, 4.951), and cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) initiation (AOR = 0.073, 95% CI: 0.021, 0.254) were found to be significant predictors for successful TB treatment outcome at a p-value less than 0.05 with a 95% CI., Conclusion: Overall, 89.8% of TB treatments were successful among TB/HIV co-infected patients. This study has found sex, socioeconomic status, and CPT initiation were significant factors for a successful TB treatment outcome. Based on these findings, governmental and non-governmental organizations should facilitate the implementation and enforce the availability of all TB/HIV co-infected patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Abdilahi et al.)

Background: Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) is a type of health insurance program that provides financial protection against the cost of illness and improving access to health care services for communities engaged in the informal sector. In Ethiopia, the coverage of CBHI enrolment varies across regions and decision of household enrolment is affected by different factors. There are pocket studies on CBHI scheme with different coverage in Ethiopia and there is no pooled study on CBHI enrolment coverage in Ethiopia for better understanding the scheme and decision making. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the pooled coverage of CBHI enrolment in Ethiopia to understand its policy implications., Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis was done by adhering the PRISMA guideline with exhaustive search in PubMed/Medline, HINARI, SCOPUS and Google scholar complemented by manual search. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed quality of studies. The I 2 test statistic was used to test heterogeneity among studies. The overall coverage of CBHI scheme was estimated by using random-effects model., Result: Among 269 identified, 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis and the overall coverage of CBHI scheme was 45% (95% CI 35%, 55%) in Ethiopia. The sub-group analysis shows higher enrolment rate 55.97 (95%CI: 41.68, 69.77) in earlier (2016-2017) studies than recent 37.33 (95%CI: 24.82, 50.77) studies (2018-2020)., Conclusion: The pooled coverage of CBHI enrolment is low in Ethiopia compared the national target of 80% set for 2020. It is also concentrated in only major regions of the country. The finding of the study helps national decision making for CBHI scheme service improvement. Due attention to be given to improving geographic expansion of CBHI and to the declining coverages with in the CBHI implementing regions by addressing the main bottlenecks restraining coverages., Trial Registration: The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was published in PROSPERO with registration number: CRD42021252762 ., (© 2022. The Author(s).)