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Hydatid disease is a common parasitic illness. The paravertebral region is rarely involved. After presenting with chronic posterior upper neck swelling, a 28-year-old male patient underwent successful surgical treatment for a primary hydatid disease of the cervical paravertebral compartment after he presented with chronic posterior neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging was very helpful in identifying a single, well-encapsulated lesion located in the suboccipital paravertebral region. The lesions contained classic daughter cysts that were isointense to the cerebrospinal fluid on all sequences. He had no abdominal or chest hydatid diseases. Primary hydatid disease is extremely rare in this area, and to our knowledge, only 1 previous case similar to ours exists.

Whole egg powder has a longer shelf life than fresh eggs, easier to apply, and can be applied in bakery industry. This study aims to evaluate the differences in the characteristics of bread made from chicken whole egg powder dried using the oven and foam mat drying methods compared to bread made from fresh eggs. The results obtained show that bread from chicken whole egg powder dried using the oven drying and foam mat drying methods was liked and accepted by consumers, especially from a sensory perspective (color, aroma, taste and texture), and even has a preference compared to bread made with the use of fresh eggs. The best formulation for bread was obtained from bread made using chicken whole egg powder dried with foam mat drying with color, taste, aroma and texture parameter value are 4.1, 4.3, 3.9 and 4.2 respectively, while the increasing volume was 289.6% and hardness value was 50.8 N/cm2. However, the characteristics of the bread produced using chicken whole egg powder from both the oven drying and foam mat drying methods were not much different from bread made using fresh eggs and can be a new alternative in food industry.

Right-sided aortic arch, first documented by Fioratti and Aglietti in 1763, is a rare variant of the thoracic vascular anatomy present in about 0.1% of the adult population. In half of these cases the left subclavian artery is also aberrant. The aberrant left subclavian artery usually originates from a conical dilatation near its origin from the aorta also known as “Kommerell's diverticulum.” Fewer than 80 of these cases have been reported in the literature as far as our web search is concerned. It is usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during adulthood. We are presenting a 56 years old male patient presented with right side chest and shoulder pain of 1 week duration. The pain exacerbated with motion of the right upper extremity and radiates to his lower back. However, he had no history of cough, shortness of breath, syncope, and dysphagia. The vital signs were in normal range. Pulmonary and cardiovascular exam were unremarkable. The complete blood count (CBC), electrocardiogram (EKG), and echocardiography showed no abnormality. In the adult population a right-sided aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery arising from Kommerell's diverticulum is a rare occurrence often asymptomatic unless aneurysmal disease or compression of mediastinal structures ensues. Even though it is rare and at times an incidental finding, the condition is clinically relevant because of the morbidity caused by the complications. We report a case of Kommerell's Diverticulum of an aberrant left subclavian artery in an adult patient with a right-sided aortic arch. Right-sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery arising from Kommerell's Diverticulum is quite rare and may remain asymptomatic. On times it may cause symptoms in adulthood often as a result of early atherosclerotic changes of the anomalous vessels, dissection, or aneurysmal dilatation with compression of adjacent structures causing dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, or chest pain. Even though there are no general guidelines for the management of this condition patients need to be informed about the nature and possible outcomes of their condition. Close follow up of asymptomatic patients is one option of management until there are situations which require consideration of surgical intervention.

This research aimed to determine the impact of the mechanical densifying process of wood material on the varnish surface adhesion strength. Specimens from black pine (Pinus nigra) and Uludag fir (Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf.) were subjected to densification in a hydraulic press at 140 °C to the extent of 25% and 50% in the radial direction. While densification increased the surface adhesion strength of the varnish layer in black pine, the value decreased in fir. Regarding the interaction between densification ratio, surface treatment, and wood type, the highest surface adhesion strength of the varnish layer was found in black pine + unsanded surface + 25% densification, and the lowest was in Uludag fir + unsanded surface + 50% densification. It can be stated that the densification process creates high adhesion values for the polyurethane varnish in the black pine wood type. The sanding process has an intensifying effect on these values, and the products that were obtained from the polyurethane varnished samples do not require sanding. Considering these situations can provide significant advantages in projects with wood materials subjected to the densification process.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is among the top ten worldwide causes of cancer related morbidity and mortality. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for over 90% of all cases in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Azygos arch and azygos vein tumor thrombus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a rarely reported phenomenon. We report a case of tumor thrombus in the azygos vein and arch in a patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. To date only a single case of such tumor thrombus in the arch of the azygos vein have been reported which was subsequently managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical resection [2].

Thyroglossal duct cysts are one of the most common causes of anterior neck swelling. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma arising from these cysts is quite rare; it occurs in less than 1 % of all the thyroglossal duct cysts. Imaging plays a crucial role in evaluating these lesions and suggesting further pathologic workup in suspicious cases. We report a case of a 30-year-old woman with a diagnosis of papillary carcinoma within the thyroglossal duct cyst.

Gestational thrombocytopenia, preeclampsia, and immune thrombocytopenia are commonly recognized etiologies of low platelet counts representing the vast majority of encountered gestational cases (86-100%). However, there are many other rare causes. The following case details a patient with three prior pregnancies, each remarkable for profound unexplained thrombocytopenia, which promptly normalized following delivery. It further details her fourth pregnancy, similar thrombocytopenia, an investigation into the causes, balancing platelet transfusion against the risk of alloimmunization, in-hospital treatment, and her eventual anesthetic, resuscitation, and delivery.

Said Abdirahman Ahmed,1 Mohamed Omar Hassan,1 Ishak Ahmed Abdi,1 Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamud,1 Mohamud Mire Waberi,1 Ahmed Elmi Abdi,1 Abdullahi Mohamed Hassan Fujeyra,2 Abdijalil Abdullahi Ali,3 Mohamed Sheikh Hassan4 1Department of Cardiology at Mogadishu Somali-Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2Dean College of Medicine and Health Science at Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia; 3Cardiovascular Surgery Department at Mogadishu Somali-Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 4Neurology Department at Mogadishu Somali-Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Said Abdirahman Ahmed, Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Digfer Road, Mogadishu, Somalia, Tel +252615583381, Email Saciidcabdi114@gmail.comAbstract: The sinuses of Valsalva are three pouch-like dilations at the root of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva can be congenital or acquired secondary to infective endocarditis. Here, we describe the case of a 41-year-old male patient who presented to the cardiology department of our hospital with fatigue and dyspnea on exertion for long periods. He had a history of infective endocarditis, smoking and substance abuse, like khat. Cardiovascular examination showed a murmur consistent with aortic regurgitation. Other systemic examinations, including those of the neurological, respiratory and abdominal, were unremarkable. Laboratory investigations were normal. Cardiac imaging, like transthoracic, trans-esophageal and cardiac computed tomography showed an aneurysm of the sinus Valsalva dissecting in to the interventricular septum. The patient was managed with metoprolol 25 mg, perindopril 10 mg and furosemide 20 mg and recommended for surgery but unfortunately it is not available in our country.Keywords: sinus of valsalva aneurysm, Av valve, cardiac CT, infective endocarditis

Barkhad Aden Abdeeq,1 Ahmed Ismail Mohamed,2 Abdiwahab Ismail Abdi,3 Jama Mohamed,4 Dessalegn Tamiru,5 Kalkidan Hassen Abate5 1Department of Child Survival, Save the Children International, Hargeisa, Somaliland; 2Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somaliland; 3School of Medical Laboratory Science, Edna Aden University, Hargeisa, Somaliland; 4Faculty of Statistics and Data Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somaliland; 5Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Barkhad Aden Abdeeq, Email Barkhadabdek@gmail.comBackground: Stunting, a consequence of prolonged malnutrition, remains a critical global health issue affecting 165 million children under the age of five, with 10.6 million associated deaths. Its stunting prevalence is particularly pronounced in developing nations, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. Chronic protein-energy malnutrition, identified as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in displaced settings, underscores the urgency of understanding its impact in such contexts.Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of stunting among children aged 12– 59 months and residing in IDP camps in Hargeisa, Somaliland.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hargeisa from May 5 to July 30, 2022, utilizing systematic random sampling, online mobile surveys, and caregiver interviews with anthropometric measurements. The SPSS version 25 was utilized in handled data entry, processing and analysis. Multivariable logistic regression, with p < 0.05 significance, included variables from bivariate analysis (p < 0.2). Stunting assessment utilized WHO AnthroPlus software, categorizing HAZ scores < − 2.0 SD.Results: The prevalence of stunting among children living in IDP camps was found to be 21.1% [95% CI: 17.0– 24.91%]. Vaccination status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09– 0.38), deworming practice (aOR = 6.5, 95% CI: 2.91– 14.52), place of delivery (aOR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07– 0.30), measles experience in the last year (aOR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04– 0.34), ANC visits (aOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.14– 0.81), and maternal insufficient extra food intake (aOR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.11– 4.15) were significantly associated with stunting.Conclusion: The observed stunting prevalence in IDP camps (21.1%) was substantial, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. Future efforts should aim to reduce stunting from the current rate to an estimated 5– 10%, emphasizing comprehensive measures such as deworming, maternal nutrition, postnatal care improvement, robust immunization, and promoting healthcare facility deliveries.Keywords: stunting, IDP, Somaliland

Mohamed Omar Hassan,1 Said Abdirahman Ahmed,1 Mohamed Sheikh Hassan,2 Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamud,1 Ahmed Elmi Abdi1 1Department of Cardiology, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2Department of Neurology, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Mohamed Omar Hassan, Email drmohamedyalax@gmail.comIntroduction: Myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease are significant global health issues, particularly in Somalia. The Somali population faces challenges due to armed conflict, limited education, and underdeveloped healthcare infrastructure. Cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are prevalent, and Somali people face increased susceptibility.Methods: This study examined Somalia residents’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors towards myocardial infarction using a cross-sectional paper-based questionnaire. The sample consisted of 313 urban residents in Mogadishu, aged 20 and above. The questionnaire was written in Somali and was designed for the demographic. Knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were categorized into two groups, with associations between knowledge, attitude, and practice with sociodemographic and health characteristics assessed using Logistic Regression.Results: This study analyzed data from A random sample of participants who arrived at the hospital for various reasons regarding their perceptions, attitudes, and responses towards myocardial infarction. The mean age was 42 ± 19 years, with 54% being male and 46% female. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity, followed by dyslipidemia and diabetes. Over half of the respondents had no formal education, and only 3.8% had a smoking history. About 5.7% had a previous history of myocardial infarction. The mean knowledge score was 11.07 ± 0.697, with 53.35% of respondents not knowing enough about myocardial infarction. The majority of the patients showed a favorable attitude, but only a slight majority could recognize symptoms of myocardial infarction. The majority of the patients had inadequate practice and behavior, with 53.6% not practicing regularly or engaging in sports.Conclusion: The research highlights gaps in Mogadishu’s Somali community’s knowledge and practices regarding myocardial infarction. It emphasizes the need for health education, primary care, and community involvement to improve cardiovascular health awareness and reduce MI incidence.Keywords: myocardial infarction, Somalia, cardiovascular disease, knowledge, practice

Chili is a commodity that often triggers inflation at certain times or periods due to sudden price increases. The reason is that the availability of chilies is not sufficient for market demand due to production inefficiencies. This research aims to determine the factors that influence cayenne pepper production and determine the efficiency of using production factors using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the research show that seeds and labour have a significant effect on increasing cayenne pepper farming, while land area, fertilizers, and pesticides do not have a significant effect on production. The use of production factors has not yet reached the maximum level of efficiency. Production factors that are not yet efficient are land area and labour so their utilization needs to be increased. Meanwhile, inefficient production factors are seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides so their use does not need to be increased or reduced.

Diyar Köprülü,1 Said Abdirahman Ahmed,1 Mohamed Sheikh Hassan,2 Mohamud Mire Waberi,1 Ishak Ahmed Abdi,1 Ahmed Elmi Abdi,1 Abdijalil Abdullahi Ali,3 Mohamed Omar Hassan1 1Department of Cardiology, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2Department of Neurology, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Mohamed Omar Hassan, Email drmohamedyalax@gmail.comIntroduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and disability adjusted life years worldwide, primarily in low- and middle-income nations. The study aims to determine if khat use is linked to a more complicated form of CAD and a larger lesion burden. The SYNergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score is used to assess CAD severity and degree.Methodology: This observational, hospital-based descriptive study enrolled patients referred for coronary angiograms from August 2022 to May 2023. Data was collected from Khat and Non-Khat users, and analyzed using the SYNTAX score. The study compared demographics, clinical presentations, coronary angiographic findings and lesion complexity between Khat and Non-Khat users.Results: This study enrolled 177 participants, with a khat chewer group being (45.2%) compared to non-khat chewers (54.8%). The age distribution was similar, with 79.7% male and 20.3% female. Smoking was more common in the khat group (38.4%). Risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. There was no significant difference in lesion complexity between khat users and non-khat users.Khat chewing patients had a higher incidence of acute coronary syndrome (54% vs 24%) and higher incidence of spontaneous coronary dissection.Conclusion: The research suggests that khat use could be harmful to the cardiovascular system, including the coronary arteries. More research is required to completely understand the underlying mechanisms of action and evaluate the impact of khat on coronary arteries.Keywords: khat chewing, coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, Somalia

Background: Unsafe abortion is a serious reproductive health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. The attitude of healthcare providers toward abortion is one of contributing factors to unsafe abortion. This study aimed to determine the pooled effect of healthcare workers’ attitudes toward safe abortion care and its determinants factors in Ethiopia. Methods: Search engines such as Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and CAB Abstracts were used to find published studies where as Google and Google Scholar were used to find unpublished research. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. The analysis was performed using STATA 14 and the random-effects model was used to calculate the odds ratios of medical professionals’ attitudes regarding safe abortion services. Study heterogeneity was assessed by using I 2 and P -values. To evaluate the stability of pooled values to outliers and publication bias, respectively, sensitivity analysis and funnel plot were also performed. Results: A total of 15 published and unpublished articles with a sample size of 4060 were incorporated in this Review. The overall pooled prevalence of this study was 56% (95% CI: 45-67). Sex of participants (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.57, 3.58), having training (AOR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.58, 5.17), Professional type (AOR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.46), and knowledge of abortion law (AOR:2.26; 95% CI: 1.14, 4.46) were the determinants factors that significantly associated with health care workers’ attitude toward safe abortion care. Sensitivity analysis shows that the pooled odds ratios were consistently stable throughout all meta-analyses, and the funnel plot shows no evidence of publication bias. Conclusion: Half of health care providers sampled among the pooled studies have favorable attitudes toward abortion services in Ethiopia; which could hamper women’s access to safe abortion care. Sex, training, type of profession, and knowing abortion law were determinants of health care workers’ attitudes toward safe abortion services. Stakeholders should emphasize improving the attitude of healthcare workers toward safe abortion care which has a vital role in reducing maternal mortality. Moreover, working on modifiable factors like training, assigning personnel whose professions align with the service, and updating care providers about abortion law is also the essential key point to improve their intentions to deliver the services.

Feysel Hassen Issack,1 Nahom Tadesse Bogale,1 Samater Mohammed Hassen,1 Abdulhafiz Idris Ibrahim,2 Abdurahman Mohamed Abdi,1 Tariku Mulatu Bore,3 Isak Omer Answar4 1Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 2Department of Radiology, Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pathology, Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 4Department of Pathology, University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Feysel Hassen Issack; Nahom Tadesse Bogale, Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, PO Box:1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia, Tel +251932511145, Email feyselh@gmail.com; Tadnahi2@gmail.comBackground: Genitourinary tuberculosis is the second most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries. Isolated genital TB is rare, but testicular infarction is an unusual complication of delayed management, in which surgical intervention is warranted.Case Presentation: A 29-year-old male non-smoker presents with painful left scrotal pain of 21 days. Initially managed with intravenous antibiotics, the disease progressed and resulted in testicular infarction. Left orchiectomy was performed, and the specimen was sent for histopathological examination, which revealed features consistent with a testicular tuberculous abscess.Conclusion: Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis (TBEO) with testicular infarction was unusual. It is prudent to consider this in patients presenting with long-standing urinary symptoms, particularly in those unresponsive to the initial antibiotic therapy. It requires a high index of suspicion, especially in TB endemic areas.Keywords: tuberculosis, acute scrotum, epididymo-orchitis, genitourinary tuberculosis, testicular infarction, orchiectomy

Stunting is one of the world’s most serious public health issues, with significant morbidity rates, especially in Indonesia. Low public awareness of stunting and low family income are two major causes discovered especially in Special District of Yogyakarta. This community service project was undertaken to address this issue. Following the completion of the situation analysis and problem identification, a community-based problem-solving strategy in the form of health and entrepreneurship education was developed. Three medical experts provided prenatal health education to pregnant women, followed by an ultrasound screening to detect any early anomalies related to stunting. For other members of the community, experienced entrepreneurs give entrepreneurial education, which was supported by workshops for them to immediately practice the material that had been presented. It was intended that the community’s excitement would raise health awareness about stunting and the level of the local economy, allowing the stunting problem in this region to be ameliorated. It was found that the provision of health education programs had succeeded in increasing the level of community knowledge regarding stunting. Ultrasound examination found that all pregnant women in the area had normal pregnancies and fetal conditions. Community-based interventions through health education and increasing economic welfare based on tourism villages can be used to prevent stunting.

A silane-siloxane based water-repellent substance (S-WR) was used as an impregnation material for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold), sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.), and cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich). In the impregnation process, the immersion method was carried out for various periods (30 min, 3 h, and 24 h). Following impregnation, physical properties of the wood (retention, contraction, expansion, water intake rate, specific gravity, etc.) were determined. The retention was highest in sessile oak wood (0.96%) and lowest in black pine wood (0.24%). The highest specific gravity value was found in stemless oak (0.86 g/cm³) impregnated for 24 h, and the lowest air-dry specific gravity value was found in Scots pine (0.40 g/cm³) impregnated for 30 minutes Absolutely dry (0% humidity) specific gravity was highest in sessile oak for 24 h (0.83 g/cm³). Shrinkage was highest in the sessile oak control sample (13.5%). The expansion amount was highest in the cedar wood control sample (17.5%) and lowest in sessile oak wood (1.66%). The highest water uptake rate (SAO) was determined in Scots pine wood at 96 h (105%), and the lowest in sessile oak wood in 24 h (8.80%). In summary, silane-siloxane based water-repellent impregnation material was found to be effective in providing dimensional stability in wood.

English Version This study aims to investigate the relationship between various managerial ability variables and employee performance, as well as their collective impact on the quality of services provided by the Cooperative of KPRI UNM Makassar. In pursuit of this objective, the research adopts an explanatory research design, which seeks to elucidate the cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables through hypothesis testing. The study's sample consists of 130 cooperative members, and the analytical tool employed is multiple regression analysis using the SPSS version 26 program. The research findings reveal a significant and positive influence, both when considering these variables separately and in combination, on the quality of management services within the scope of KPRI UNM Makassar. These findings underscore the vital role played by managerial competence and employee performance in shaping and enhancing service quality, offering valuable insights for strategic management and operational practices within the cooperative. In an era where service quality is pivotal to organizational success, this study provides a pertinent perspective based on strong empirical evidence for cooperative enterprises seeking to optimize their management dynamics and employee performance. The implications of these findings can assist KPRI UNM Makassar and similar organizations in their efforts to enhance services to their members and customers, as well as to achieve their business goals more effectively. Versi Indonesia Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara berbagai variabel kemampuan manajerial dan kinerja karyawan, serta dampak bersama mereka pada kualitas layanan yang disediakan oleh Koperasi KPRI UNM Makassar. Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini mengadopsi jenis penelitian eksplanatori yang bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hubungan sebab-akibat antara variabel independen dan dependen melalui pengujian hipotesis. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 130 anggota koperasi. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dengan menggunakan program SPSS versi 26. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan adanya pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif, baik ketika variabel-varibel tersebut dianalisis secara terpisah maupun dalam kombinasi, terhadap kualitas layanan yang disediakan oleh KPRI UNM Makassar. Temuan ini menyoroti peran penting yang dimainkan oleh kemampuan manajerial dan kinerja karyawan dalam membentuk dan meningkatkan kualitas layanan, memberikan wawasan yang berharga bagi manajemen strategis dan praktik operasional koperasi. Dalam era di mana kualitas layanan menjadi kunci kesuksesan bagi organisasi, penelitian ini memberikan perspektif yang relevan dan didasarkan pada bukti empiris yang kuat bagi perusahaan koperasi yang ingin mengoptimalkan dinamika manajemen dan kinerja mereka. Implikasi temuan ini dapat membantu KPRI UNM Makassar dan organisasi serupa dalam upaya mereka untuk meningkatkan layanan kepada anggota dan pelanggan mereka, serta mencapai tujuan bisnis mereka dengan lebih efektif.

In this study, the impregnation of a 3% solution of a mixture of medicinal aromatic plant extract, borax, and ferula plant extract on wood of eastern spruce (Picea orientalis L. (Link)) and mahogany were carried out and the changes in the anatomical structure of the impregnated wood were determined. Through obtaining extracts of various medicinal aromatic plants (ferula) and dual treatment with borax, the anatomical properties of wood material were examined and the related adhesion scale was determined. The highest retention (retention) was in mahogany wood borax (1.86%), and the lowest retention was again in mahogany wood ferula extract (0.31%). Both wood types demonstrated improved outcomes in comparison to the control sample when the air-dry and fully-dry specific gravity changes were investigated. The maximum air-dried specific gravity value was found in mahogany at 3% borax and ferula + borax (0.56 g/cm3), and the lowest at 3% ferula and borax (0.37 g/cm3). Mahogany wood with 3% borax had the greatest full dry specific gravity value (0.54 g/cm3), and spruce wood with 3% ferula and ferula + borax had the lowest (0.35 g/cm3). There was no retention in the tracheid and trachea cells that perform the transmission function. Because the sapphire cells are the cells that act as storage, adhesion has occurred in these cells.

In this study, specimens from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) tree species, prepared according to ISO 3129, were conditioned according to TS ISO 13061-1. Cellulosic varnish, water-based varnish, and glass polish varnish were applied to their surfaces in accordance with ASTM-D 3023 principles. In the study, roughness (TS 2495 EN ISO 3274 and TS EN ISO 21920-3) and gloss (according to TS EN ISO 2813) values of the samples were calculated after hot and cold check test. Varnished test specimens prepared in 100 mm × 100 mm ×10 mm dimensions were first kept in drying oven at (50±5) °C for 1 hour, then were kept in conditioning room for 1 hour, and then at (-20±2) °C for 1 hour, according to ASTM D1211-97. These processes were accepted as one cycle, and tests were continued until 15 cycles. Afterward, glossiness was measured as perpendicular and parallel to fibers at 60º with a gloss measurement device, and surface roughness values of Ra and Rz were determined with a surface roughness measuring device. According to the results obtained, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky), and Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) varnish-coated wood material surfaces all showed a decrease in gloss values after hot-cold shock effect. While an increase occurred in Rz values of roughness for all wooden surfaces, Ra values roughness increased for Scots pine and chestnut and decreased for eastern beech. Gloss and roughness values of surface-treated wood materials against changing weather conditions can determine usefulness of the surface material used. The findings obtained in this study can be useful to manufacturers who use wooden products in the design of marine vehicles and those who export furniture to countries in different climatic conditions.

Abdullahi Yusuf Ali,1 Ahmet Biyikli,1 Abdishakur Mohamed Abdi,1 Ilkay Guler2 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2General Directorate of Public Hospitals, Ministry of Health of Republic of Turkiye, Ankara, TurkeyCorrespondence: Abdullahi Yusuf Ali, Tel +252615474485, Email abdullahiped@gmail.comAbstract: The infantile intestinal obstruction associated with situs inversus totalis and polysplenia is extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Furthermore, the management of this association is complicated. We report a case of a 2-month-old boy with intestinal obstruction due to malrotation and volvulus with thin translucent omentum sac encasing the small intestine associated with situs inversus totalis, polysplenia, and pulmonary hypertension. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of situs inversus totalis with polysplenia, pulmonary hypertension, and intestinal obstruction due to malrotation and volvulus with thin translucent omentum sac encasing the small intestine.Keywords: situs inversus, polysplenia, dextrocardia, malrotation, midgut volvulus

This KKNT activity aims to enlighten the public about the importance of mosques for Muslims and how to empower mosques as centers of Islamic community activities, especially as a means for tafaqquh (understanding) Islamic sciences. The method used in this community service activity is Participatory Action Research. Sarugo Village, Nagari Koto Tinggi, Gunuang Omeh District, Fifty Cities District, West Sumatra is the target of this year's STAI As-Sunnah KKNT activities. This place was chosen because, based on observations and interviews conducted with the people in the area, it was concluded that there were several mosques, but the number of Muslim people who had the awareness to prosper the mosques with worship activities was very minimal, this was due to the absence of preachers who provided enlightenment to the public about the importance of mosques for Muslims, and how to empower mosques as centers of Islamic community activities. KKNT activities are carried out for two weeks, from March 25 to April 9, 2023. The forms of activities carried out to achieve the above objectives are conducting Islamic study activities at mosques, reviving the role of mosque youth, visiting local communities at mosques by holding positive activities such as cooperation in mosques, breaking the fast together, and sticking up posters of Islamic knowledge, such as posters for ablution prayers, prayer posters for entering mosques, and so on. It was concluded that through these activities, Kampuang Sarugo's enthusiasm increased to come to worship at the Masjid and prosper the Masjid through other positive activities.

Background. Clinical guidelines are texts developed to assist both physicians and patients in deciding on the most appropriate health care. This study evaluated the compliance of emergency performance with clinical guidelines at Sina Medical Training Center in Tabriz. Methods. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on a case study at Sina Hospital under the supervision of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. In the first stage, as a research tool, a checklist, approved in terms of validity and reliability, was set up to evaluate clinical guidelines. The second phase of this study was cross-sectional, conducted in a period of one month. All medical records of people referring to level 1 and 2 triage were reviewed based on the checklist and the data were entered into SPSS software, and since the normality of the data was confirmed, descriptive statistics and parametric tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results. Considering the mean (1.72 ± 0.097) in this study, the adherence to clinical guidelines seems to be higher than average. The results also showed that there was no significant relationship between any of the demographic variables and the mean score of total compliance with the guidelines (P-value> 0.05). However, among other variables, a significant relationship was found between the place of the patient's visit as well as the type and time of patient assignment on the one hand and the average score of total compliance with the guidelines. With regard to the results of the regression test, patient’s place of visit was the only appropriate variable to predict the average of the total observance of emergency clinical guidelines. Conclusion. Considering the effect of influential variables such as location of the patient's visit, the time and type of patient assignment on the observance of the guidelines and the increasing improvement of the situation of these variables, the average observance of clinical guidelines can be improved further

Healthcare-associated infection is one of the most common and severe threats to patients’ health and remains a significant challenge for healthcare providers. Among healthcare-associated infections, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections. This study aimed to determine the global incidence of UTI among patients. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was used to perform this systematic review and meta-analysis. The articles were searched from April 4 to August 5, 2022, from electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and MedNar) using Boolean logic operators, MeSH terms, and keywords. The quality of the study was assessed using the JBI Critical Assessment tool. One thousand nine ninety three articles were retrieved from the electronic databases, of which 38 articles conducted on 981 221 patients were included in the current study. The study found the global pooled incidence of UTI accounted for 1.6%. Based on the subgroup analysis by survey period and WHO region, the highest incidence of UTI was reported in the African Region [3.6%] and among studies conducted between 1996 and 2001 [3.7%]. This study revealed the overall pooled incidence of UTI was 1.6%. The highest incidence of UTI (3.6%) was reported in the African region. This indicates that there is a need to implement safety measures.

Healthcare-associated infections pose one of the most severe threats to patients’ health and remain a major challenge for healthcare providers globally. Among healthcare-associated infections, surgical site infection is one of the most commonly reported infections. It remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. The aim of this study was to provide a pooled incidence of surgical site infection among patients on a regional and global scale. This study was conducted under the PRISMA guidelines developed for systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies were searched using electronic databases (SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and MedNar) from June 1st, 2022 to August 4th, 2022, using Boolean logic operators (AND, OR, and NOT), Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and keywords. The quality of the study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Assessment tool to determine the relevance of each included article to the study. A comprehensive meta-analysis version 3 was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of surgical site infections among the patients. A total of 2124 articles were retrieved from the included electronic databases. Finally, after applying inclusion criteria, 43 articles conducted in 39 countries were included in the current study. The global pooled incidence of SSI was found to be 2.5% (95% CI: 1.6, 3.7). Based on the subgroup analysis by WHO region and survey period, the incidence of SSI was 2.7% (95% CI: 2.2, 3.3%) and 2.5% (95% CI: 1.8, 3.5%), respectively. The highest incidence was reported in the African Region (7.2% [95% CI: 4.3, 11.8%]) and among studies conducted between 1996 and 2001 (2.9% [95% CI: 0.9%, 8.8%]). This study revealed that the overall pooled incidence of SSI was 2.5%. SSI estimates varied among the WHO regions of the world. However, the highest incidence (2.7%) was observed in the African region. This indicates that there is a need to implement safety measures, including interventions for SSI prevention to reduce SSI and improve patient safety.

The increase in borderless digital-based business competition shows how language education is impacted by neoliberalism in this global era. We explore how linguistic technopreneurship (LT) roles is increasingly constructed as a form of linguistic entrepreneurship to exploit language-related resources to enhance one's socioeconomic value strategically. This research aims to critically examine the influence of LT toward business success digitalization for Small Medium Enterprises in West Java and it's implication for Language Education. The research also focusing on the creation of novelty, namely linguistic technopreneurship (LT), which is a refinement of entrepreneurial linguistics (EL). LT is expected to be able to explain how linguistic entrepreneurship can be indexed from two different aspects, namely how to package language education and digital business success. We then discuss under what conditions the notion of linguistic technopreneurship can be applied to digital platform-based business settings and what kind of contradictions this gives rise to. The method used is quantitative, and it involves carrying out SEM analysis. A non-probability sampling technique was used to obtain a minimum of 250 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Industry owners who run their businesses through digital platforms in West Java province, which is the province with the most significant number of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Industries in Indonesia. The research results show that LT significantly influences the success of business success and impact the language education practice. It can be concluded that language education is an added value for a person and influences socioeconomic success.

Background With a maternal mortality ratio of 692 per 100 000 live births and modern contraception prevalence of 1%, understanding factors hindering Somali women from using modern contraception is key to developing and implementing locally adopted public health responses. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore factors impeding Somali women in Mogadishu from using modern contraception Methods We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 21 married women aged >18 years, living in different neighborhoods in Mogadishu between July—December 2018. We recruited the participants using a convenience sampling method. Results The findings show that health communication messages and contraceptive information provided by health providers (medical barriers) constitute a significant obstacle to women’s access to modern contraception services. Other barriers included prevalent religious fallacies among women and fear of permanent infertility upon modern contraception. Conclusion Training health providers in the principles of modern contraception, in addition to the medical ethics that govern their responsibility to provide correct and relevant information to their patients, is vital for increasing modern contraception use among Somali women. The findings of this study may be used for designing public health interventions that promote acceptance and the use of modern contraception among both women and men in Somalia.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is an alternative renewable fuel gasoline replacement. However, due to the low heating value, the use of CNG in the engine will reduce its performance. The addition of hydrogen gas in CNG namely hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas is expected to increase the power of the motor. This study aims to analyze the effect of hydrogen concentration on the performance of a CNG gasoline engine. The research was conducted on the engine with an indirect fuel injection system with a volume of 124,9 cc. The parameter of the engine that measured is torque, effective power, specific fuel consumption, and effective thermal efficiency. The results showed that the small percentage of hydrogen in CNG could increase the power of the gasoline engine. Power and efficiency reach a maximum of 10% hydrogen concentration. Increasing the proportion of hydrogen in CNG fuel above 10% will significantly reduce engine torque and power. Engine performance at optimal conditions with 10% hydrogen results in torque of 2.71 Kg.m at 670 rpm, effective power of 3.28 Ps at 1055 rpm, SFCe 0.17 Kg / Ps. Hours at 770 rpm and 33.62% effective thermal efficiency at 770 rpm

Musa Kumbi Ketero, Abduljewad Hussen Muhammed, Adem Abdulkadir Abdi Department of Public Health, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Goba, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Adem Abdulkadir Abdi Tel +251920323417Email ademabdi8@gmail.comBackground: The Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) strategy includes both preventive and curative interventions to improve practices in health facilities, the health system and at home. The quality of these interventions has been very rarely subjected to scientific inquiry in Ethiopia. This study assessed quality of IMNCI services in health centers of Jimma, South West Ethiopia, 2014.Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2– 15, 2014 in the health centers of Jimma among 411 care takers exit interview and total of 60 consultation sessions were observed using checklist and participants enrolled through convenient sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used and factor analysis was employed to create measurement scales for satisfaction of caretakers. Factor scores were used in linear regression analyses to determine presence of statistically significant association between explanatory variables and the outcome variable at P value < 0.05.Results: The response rate for the exit interview was 411 (97.4%). The mean score of overall caretakers satisfaction was 63.4. Specifically 23.4%, 33.6%, and 19.2% of the respondents were dissatisfied with waiting time, amount of explanation they received about the problem or treatment, and availability of medicines, respectively. Availability of prescribed medications (95% CI: 0.577 to 0.047), receiving first dose of medication at health facility (95% CI: 0.087, 0.552), receiving laboratory services (95% CI:0.455,0.056) were among factors that significantly associated with the caretakers’ satisfaction score.Conclusion and Recommendations: Perceived mean of caretakers’ satisfaction at the health centers of Jimma town was low as compared to national standards and long waiting time while providing services. Availability of prescribed medications, receiving first dose of medication and receiving laboratory services were factors associated with patients’ satisfaction. Respective health centers need to ensure availability of medications and supplies and professionals need to pay special attention on medical services like laboratory services, medication and decrease waiting time while providing health services.Keywords: Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illnesses, quality, satisfaction, Jimma

The leadership style at STIEM Bongaya is transformational leadership with a moon character not found on other campuses in Makassar City. We examine the role of involvement and the proactive role of transformational leadership relationships with employee performance. The reason for choosing the object is because the characteristics of ownership are family owned and are directed by second-generation family members, so it is interesting to study. This study used a sample of 83 employees to obtain accurate information in analyzing data by using WarpPLS 5.0. We find the transformational leadership of the moon character can improve employee performance. Because the leaders always emit the moonlight form of new enthusiasm, harmonization, comfort, and coolness, the employee engagement behavior becomes high. It has been rooted among employees that work orientation is noble. Involvement will be meaningful if there is an intelligent proactive role by the employee and the employee's performance becomes quality.

This research is motivated by a cultural reality produced by the life of the Javanese people, especially the Janengan tradition. The Janengan tradition is a Javanese-Islamic traditional musical art by reading the Prophet's prayers in Javanese style. This tradition has grown and developed in North Pontianak. Unfortunately, the people in North Pontianak interpret this tradition as the art of traditional music without knowing the goals and values ​​conveyed directly or explicitly. This research is part of the relevance of the character of the Prophet Muhammad to the Janengan tradition in FAST theory (Fatanah, Amanah, Siddiq, Tablig). This research aims to explore the values ​​of Islamic education in the Janengan tradition, both in terms of implementation and reading texts of the Janengan tradition and their relevance to FAST theory. This research method uses qualitative research with the type of descriptive research. They were collecting data using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The implementation of the Janengan tradition begins with the opening of the reading of Al-Fatihah, reading the Janengan poetry, and prayer. The five musical instruments used show the five mandatory prayers. The way of sitting in its implementation shows equality in the eyes of Allah SWT; the value of monotheism, the value of worship, and moral values ​​are collected in prayer activities. The poems that are read also have messages and values ​​, namely the value of monotheism, the value of worship, and the value of morals. The Janengan tradition contains the four obligatory nature of the prophets; intelligence-can be trusted-honesty-convey, FAST.

Employee performance is an appearance of employee work both in quantity and high quality employee performance will support organizational productivity. This type of research used in this study is a quantitative approach. Quantitative research is used to examine a sample of the population with the analytical test method n = Number of Samples N = Number of population, and E = Precision determined or the percentage of non-precision looseness. With the results employees have problems with the transformational leadership style that is applied by the restaurant employee supervisor at the Makassar Marcure Hotel Nexa Pettarani. The relationship between transformational leadership and employee performance is strengthened from the results of the regression analysis. The regression test results showed significant results on the transformational leadership variable on performance by 0.104 smaller than the error tolerance α = 0.05. Kinerja karyawan merupakan penampilan hasil kerja karyawan baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas kinerja karyawan yang tinggi akan mendukung produktivitas organisasi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif digunakan untuk meneliti suatu sampel dari populasi dengan metode uji analisis n = Jumlah Sampel N = Jumlah populasi, dan E = Persisi yang di tetapkan atau presentase kelonggaran ketidak telitian. Dengan hasil karyawan memiliki permasalahan dengan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional yang diterapkan oleh atasan karyawan Restoran Pada Hotel Marcure Makassar Nexa Pettarani. Keterkaitan antara kepemimpinan transformasional dengan kinerja karyawan diperkuat dari hasil analisis regresi. Hasil uji regresi secara menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan pada variabel kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap kinerja sebesar 0,104 lebih kecil dari toleransi kesalahan α = 0,05.

Ahmed Mohammed Abdi,1 Abdella Amano,2 Abadir Abrahim,3 Mulusew Getahun,4 Sabit Ababor,5 Abera Kumie6 1Department of Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia; 3Department of Business Administration, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia; 4Department of Immunology and Hematology, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Department of Public Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 6Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Lideta Sub City, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Ahmed Mohammed AbdiDepartment of Public Health Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 102249, Gulele Sub City, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel +251911910058Email ahmee60@yahoo.comBackground: Consumers’ health would be at risk unless food preparation and handling hygiene is ensured by food establishments. Literature indicates that poor food handling and sanitation practices are more common among food handlers in developing countries resulting in food-borne illness. Hence, food handlers can play a significant role in ensuring food hygiene. To this end, the paper aims to assess the level of food hygiene practices and its associated factors of food handlers working in food establishments in Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: Through across-sectional study design, a total of 394 food handlers selected randomly from food establishments have participated in the study. The data were collected between July and December 2017, through interview and observation. Percentage, cross tabulations, and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.Results: The findings show that among 394 study subjects only 27.4% (i.e., 108 food handlers), were found to have good food hygiene practices. In other words, majority of food handlers observed were poor in maintaining food hygiene. Food hygiene practices were highly influenced by level score of favorable attitude (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI = 1.93, 7.87), extensive knowledge towards food hygiene (AOR= 3.33, 95% CI= 1.93, 5.76) and availability of water storage equipment at food establishments (AOR= 2.67, 95% CI= 1.38, 5.15).Conclusion: Food handlers had poor food hygiene practices in the study area. Shortages of a continuous water supply at food establishments, poor knowledge, and unfavorable attitude of food handlers towards food hygiene practice were all contributing factors associated with poor food hygiene practice. However, these can be improved through health education programs and environmental health services, such as periodic inspections, effective enforcement of food safety regulations, and enhancing the capacity of food hygiene regulators.Keywords: food hygiene, food handlers, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Elahe Sepehrian, 1 Maryam Pooralmasi, 1 Alireza Abdi, 2 Mojgan Rajati, 3 Siamak Mohebi, 4 Kamran Tavakol, 5 Fatemeh Rajati 6 1Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Critical Care and Emergency Department, Nursing and Midwifery School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 4Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran; 5School of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; 6Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Fatemeh Rajati Email f.rajati@kums.ac.irBackground: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death globally. Myocardial infarction (MI) secondary to CAD affects patients’ quality of life and their lifestyle. The experience of war can affect people’s perception of phenomena. Given the scarcity of information in Kurdish patients with MI, the current study was designed to explore the lived experiences of individuals after MI in Kurdish patients affected by Iran–Iraq war.Methods: This interpretive-phenomenological study was conducted on eleven patients with MI (9 men, 2 women) at Imam Ali Hospital, Center for Heart Diseases, in Kermanshah, Iran, considering MI as a phenomenon. Data was collected by a semi-structured interview and analyzed using the Van Mannen method. We employed the Lincoln and Guba criteria to examine the credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability of data. MAXQDA software was used for data management. We followed the COREQ checklist to ensure rigor in our study.Results: Four themes and ten sub-themes were emerged as (1) “changes in the quality of life” including (a) negative physical outcomes, (b) mental effects, (c) social support, (d) adopting healthy behaviors, (e) increase or decrease in self-efficiency, (f) previous experience, and (g) developing future behaviors; (2) “bodily perceptions and medical care” including (a) medical care: saving or terminating life?, (b) a new message from the heart; (3) “returning to spirituality against death” including (a) spirituality as a guiding principle, (b) accepting death as an eventual destiny; and (4) denial.Conclusion: The results suggest that MI could change the quality of physical and mental health of the person, anywhere from deterioration to full recovery. Furthermore, the influence of spirituality and previous experience of war to overcome the complications of MI has been discussed, leading to either acceptance or denial of MI, and the consequences.Keywords: myocardial infarction, qualitative research, phenomenology quality of life

Sharare Ahmadi,1 Alireza Abdi,2 Mohammad Nazarianpirdosti,1 Fatemeh Rajati,3 Mahmoud Rahmati,2,3 Arsalan Abdi1 1Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Nursing and Midwifery School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 3Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Alireza AbdiNursing and Midwifery School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranEmail A_abdi61@yahoo.comBackground: Nursing education programs are designed to decrease the gap between theory and practice. It is believed that internship programs can decrease this gap. An internship program has newly been implemented in Kermanshah Nursing School. However, the efficiency of this program has not been assessed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the challenges related to the internship education of nursing students.Methods: The study was conducted as qualitative research. The participants were eight nursing students who had at least one semester of experience in internship. They were selected through purposive sampling. Data gathering was done through semi-structured interviews, which were recorded and analyzed through a three-stage content analysis approach. For data management, MAXQDA-10 was used.Results: Out of the eight participants, three were male, and all were in the final year of their education. In total, 423 primary codes emerged after analyses, which were placed in seven categories, including: education before internship, lack of support, planning difficulties, interaction with staff, invisible evaluation, welfare defects, and professional identity.Conclusion: The study revealed the challenges of the internship program for nursing students in Iran. Some of the problems were related to educational background, others were associated with the shortcomings of the cultural aspects of the context. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the clinical training of nursing students in the internship program by addressing these challenges.Keywords: nursing, clinical education, clinical competency, internship

Abstract Background Obesity is becoming an important public health challenge, especially among immigrants coming from low and middle income to high-income countries. In this study we examined the relationship between overweight/obesity and various socio-demographic indicators among different immigrant groups in Norway. Methods We used data from the Living Conditions Survey among Immigrants 2016, conducted by Statistics Norway. Our study sample included 4194 immigrants from 12 different countries. Participants were asked about a number of topics including health, weight, height, demographic factors, length of residence and employment. We ran logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio (OR) of the associations between socio-demographic factors with adiposity among immigrants. Results Approximately 53% of the sample was overweight/obese. There was a significant difference in overweight/obesity by gender, age, country of origin and marital status. Overall immigrant men were almost 52% more likely to be overweight/obese than women. Women from Somalia had the highest odds (13.1; CI: 7.4–23.1) of being overweight/obese, followed by Iraq (8.6; CI: 4.9–14.9), Pakistan (7.5; CI: 4.2–13.4), Kosovo (7.0; CI: 4.1–12.1), and Turkey (6.8; CI: 4.0–11.6) as compared to the women from Vietnam (reference). Whereas men from Turkey had the highest odds (5.2; CI: (3.2–8.3)) of being overweight/obese, followed by Poland (4.2; CI: 2.7–6.1), Bosnia (4.1; CI: (2.6–6.5) and Kosovo (3.9; CI: 2.5–6.1). The odds for obesity increased with age and odds were highest in the eldest group 45–66 years (4.3; CI: 3.2–5.8) as compared to reference group16–24 years. The odds of being overweight/obese was higher among married (1.6; CI: 1.3–1.9) and divorced/separated/widowed (1.5; CI: 1.1–2.0) as compared to singles. Education, employment status, physical activity and length of residence were not associated with the odds of being overweight/obese. Conclusion The findings of this study call attention to the importance of a greater understanding of the processes leading to obesity among certain immigrant groups in Norway. Moreover, there is a need for culturally adapted prevention strategies targeting immigrant men and women with high rates of overweight/obesity.

Akram Ghobadi,1 Pegah Ahmadi Sarbarzeh,2 Milad Jalilian,2 Alireza Abdi,1 Sara Manouchehri3 1Nursing Department, Nursing and Midwifery School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Nursing Department, Nursing and Midwifery School, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 3Biostatistics Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Pegah Ahmadi SarbarzehNursing Department, Nursing and Midwifery School, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranTel +98 930 1946547Email Ahmadi.pegah554@yahoo.comIntroduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar (BS) levels and the change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and insulin resistance, and is one of the main causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Among the different types of complications, which have many negative effects on personal and social life, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is very important. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the severity of DFU among patients with diabetes.Methods: The study participants included 190 diabetic patients with a diagnosis of DFU. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire for self-care awareness and functions in diabetic patients and Wagner’s scale. The questionnaire was answered in cooperation with patients and the Wagner’s score was estimated by a wound supervisor in the diabetes center.Results: There was 109 women (57.4%). Twenty-six patients had other diabetic complications as well as DFU. The average score of awareness in patients was 6.99± 2.76 and the function was 62.22± 9.92. The results found a direct relation between the age and the duration of illness with the score of the patient’s awareness (P=0.008, P=0.000). There was also a direct relation between the level of education with score of awareness and the score of function in self-care (P=0.000, P=0.000), but the statistical results did not find any relation between awareness and the function in self-care of patients with the severity of DFU (P> 0.05).Discussion: There was no relation between the self-care awareness and function with severity of DFU (P> 0.05) that can be due to the more relation between DFU severity with hygiene and physical factors after the disease and the effect of awareness and function would be only in the incidence of the DFU.Conclusion: Awareness and function of patients in self-care is less than average. Increasing awareness of patients and empowering them through appropriate training can be effective in preventing diabetic foot ulcers.Keywords: diabetes, diabetic foot ulcer, diabetes complications