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Human visceral leishmaniasis has long been associated with canine leishmaniasis (CL). However, to date, there is no clear information on the status of the disease in dogs in Morocco that could be used by policymakers for the prevention of human cases. This study aims to assess the status of CL in Morocco and its risk factors through an exhaustive literature search. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. The main results showed that the overall prevalence of CL in Morocco is 17% (95% CI: 0.12-0.22), caused by two strains ofThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-022-01521-2.

Assessment of groundwater quality is important for drinking water, especially for rural populations. The aim of this study was to assess the groundwater quality for human consumption by integrating the water quality index with geographic information system (GIS) for the eventual interpretation of Meknes area water quality. Eight wells and two springs were investigated between February 2013 and February 2014. In light of the analysis results, spatial distribution maps of chosen physico-chemical parameters such as pH, O2, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, PO43−, SO42− and HCO3 – were prepared using GIS. Water Quality Index (WQI) approach is utilized with the groundwater parameters and spatial distribution maps have been developed using GIS for the obtained indexes. The anthropogenic activities may be the likely cause of poor water quality. The north and north-west regions are influenced by anthropogenic inputs from the leaching of landfill and wastewater, whereas the south-west region is affected by agricultural runoff due to a quite high level of agricultural activity. The WQI values varied from 28.88 to 187.18. According to WQI classification, 30% of samples are unsuitable for drinking water purposes. These findings indicate the need for serious reflection on the part of the planners and decision-makers for efficient management of the groundwater resources.

Background Sandflies are small midges that are the exclusive vectors of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. These diseases are a public health problem in Morocco. Objective: To determine the composition of the phlebotomine fauna, to study the biodiversity and seasonal distribution of phlebotomine in the province of El Hajeb. Methods A total of six stations were surveyed, five of which had recorded cases of indigenous leishmaniasis in recent years. Bi-monthly captures from April to December 2019 were carried out using adhesive trapping in different biotopes. Results A total of 14590 sand flies were collected of which males represent 80.3%. The activity of the sand fly population started in April and ended at the end of November. The periods of high abundance were in July, September and November. Morphological identification of fasting males and females (14070 specimens) shows the presence of twelve species belonging to the genus Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia: P. longicuspis (79.4%), P. sergenti (7.2%), S. minuta (4.42%), P. perniciosus (2.7%), P. papatasi (2.05%), P. bergeroti (1.1%), S. schwetzi (1%), P. alexandri (0.7%), S. fallax (0.7%), S. dreyfusi (0.5%), P. ariasi (0.2%) and S. antennata (0.1%). The in-depth analysis shows that the leishmaniasis vector species predominate the population of collected sandflies and the risk periods are spread during the summer and autumn seasons. Conclusion The present study is the result of an entomological survey at the level of El Hajeb in central Morocco; it gives information on the captured species of sandflies. Therefore, it offers to the decision-makers an important tool to carry out effective vector control actions to limit the risk of bites and to limit the transmission of leishmaniasis.

Background. Parasitic diseases, in particular leishmaniasis, are still a public health problem in several countries and in Morocco. Methods. The data used are those of epidemiological surveillance collected in the registers of the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC); however, the socioeconomic data were obtained from the High Commissioner for Planning. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the different variables. Results. In total, 70 cases were recorded by the prefectural epidemiology cell (PEC) during the period from 2009 to 2015. 46% of the cases come from rural areas while 54% of the cases come from urban areas. The Pearson test shows the existence of a significant relationship between the number of cases recorded and the type of environment (r = 0.49, p value = 0.02), and population rate (R = 0.849 and p≤0.001). However, in our case, the poverty rate does not influence CL’s distribution. Conclusion. Our results show that the CL affects the majority of the municipalities with predominance of the urban environment, so the distribution of cases of this pathology is not influenced by the poverty; however, the urbanization and the number of inhabitants have a positive impact on the distribution of this scourge.

Phlebotomine sandflies are bloodsucking insects responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis. The average annual incidence in Morocco, of this pathology, was approximately estimated in 2014 as 7.8 per 100.000 inhabitants according to the Moroccan health information service records. The study of the composition of the Phlebotomian community and its seasonal dynamics are essential for determining the appropriate and adequate means of control at the prefecture of Meknes in Central Morocco. It is with this in mind that two capture sessions per month using sticky paper traps were conducted at the sites of sandflies. A total of 982 sandflies were captured. The identification of the specimens found via the Moroccan key revealed a percentage of 73.3% belonging to the subgenus Paraphlebotomus, 6.3% to the Phlebotomus subgenus, 16.2% to Larroussius, and 4.2% of Sergentomia subgenus. Phlebotomus sergenti, vector of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, was found as the more abundant with 73.3% followed by Larroussius longicuspis with 8.2%. The largest number of species was harvested in July and September with, respectively, 44.8 ph/m2/night and 48.7 ph/m2/night. This study also unveiled that the two high-risk Leishmanian months are July and September, hence, the need to strengthen efforts to monitor and control this disease during the vector activity period.

The present study was conducted to better understand the specific contingency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from urban waters of Wadi Ouislane of the city of Meknes, compared to isolates from patients hospitalized in the resuscitation department at Mohamed V Hospital in Meknes, Morocco. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become ubiquitous in effluents, creating increasing concern about their potential impact on human and animal health and the environment. We took four samples of wastewater representative of a day, effluents of the wadi Ouislane. They were analyzed for indicator germs of fecal pollution, namely total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC). Bacteria were enumerated by the dilution-filtration technique and by incorporation in solid medium in supercooling. However, four bacteriological samples, taken for clinical purposes from hospitalized patients, were performed at the medical analysis laboratory of Mohamed V Hospital in Meknes. Analysis of our results showed that ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria isolated from our effluents had the same antibiotic resistance profiles as those from hospitalized patients. Urban wastewater discharges into the environment contribute to the dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli that may pose health risks to the population.

Boufekrane River is an important river that rises in Ain Maarouf, crosses the Municipality of Boufekrane and then the prefecture of Meknes. It receives, on several levels, the discharge of raw domestic wastewater without any prior treatment. The water from this river is used for irrigation of around 300 ha, 60% of which is used for market gardening. This situation constitutes a significant health risk.

Among the major parasitic diseases having major health and socio-economic impacts in the world and in Morocco, are viral hepatitis. These are acute inflammations of the liver caused by a virus. The 3 most frequently encountered viruses are viruses A, B, C. The objective of this study is to map health events, in our case the incidence of viral hepatitis E in the different prefectures of the region of Meknes-Fez by creating a database containing geographic and health parameters in geographic information system (GIS). This database was then used to create the risk map which identifies the high-risk prefectures. This study shows that the average incidence of viral hepatitis H is higher in the prefecture of Meknes during all the years of the study, with a high risk compared to other prefectures and provinces which have an average risk. Indeed, the mapping of health events is a descriptive tool implemented to evaluate the spatial disparities of incidence, which allowed us to perform a spatio-temporal analysis of the epidemic. Spatial technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS), offer a new option for disease prevention, predicting risk locations based on factors favoring the emergence or re-emergence of the epidemic.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the vertical Multi-Soil-Layering filter (V-MSL) to remove indicators of fecal pollution from domestic wastewater under Moroccan conditions. To do this, a V-MSL filter measuring 20 cm deep, 60 cm wide, 78 cm high was installed near the guardian's house of the Razi’s middle school in Meknes to treat domestic wastewater. Three hydraulic loads (250 L/m2/day, 350 L/m2/day and 500 L/m2/day) were tested. This filter showed an average reduction of (97.5 ± 0.3)%, (97.7 ± 0.4)% and (96.0 ± 0.7)%, for total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, respectively. The performance of the filter was not affected a lot when changing the hydraulic head from 250 L/m2/day to 500 L/m2/day. The bacterial load concentrations at the filter outlet are slightly higher than the WHO recommended standard (1000 CFU / 100mL) for reuse of wastewater in irrigation. To remedy this situation, we recommend the adoption of the principle of treatment of excreta at the source by the use of dry toilets and the treatment of gray water only by the V-MSL filter.

The present work investigates the aspects of anthropogenic contamination in the littoral zone of Gabes city (Tunisia). Special interest was addressed to the effects of chemical industries and coastal dynamics on the pollutant input and distribution along the coast. As a first step, 16 superficial sediment samples were collected including 8 items on the beach and 8 in the intertidal zone. Subsequently, geochemical and granulometric analyses were carried out. Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) as well as sulfates, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, calcium, bromine, and the percentage of the fine fraction were quantified in all samples. Two approaches were adopted for the interpretation of results. The first descriptive approach revealed that the coastline is subjected to fairly significant anthropogenic pressure. Results showed that the littoral zone is highly contaminated by various toxic elements, notably heavy metals. It seems that the coastal dynamics have a major contribution in the transport and deposition of several contaminants. The second approach allowed identifying the potential origins of pollutants based on a principal component analysis. Results proved that the impact of releases from chemical industries is the most significant. More efforts are required to investigate the mechanisms of ion transfer and exchange between pollutants and the various media such as sediments, water, and air.

Sand flies are insect vectors of several diseases including leishmaniases. These vector-borne diseases represent a public health problem in several countries around the world, including Morocco. The objective of this study was to assess simultaneously the knowledge of health professionals and inhabitants on sand flies, a cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2019 among 424 people, 34% of whom were health professionals and 66% of whom were inhabitants of the province of El Hajeb in central Morocco, 46.3% of doctors, 50.7% of nurses, 66.7% of midwives and 69.4% of inhabitants showed a low knowledge of sand flies. Most participants believed that sand flies breed in stagnant and polluted waters. Negative attitudes were found among 72.2% of the inhabitants. Factors associated with a high level of knowledge included continuing education among health professionals and information on vector-borne diseases among residents. The conceptual and cognitive gaps in the knowledge of sand flies reflect the lack of information and training on sand flies. The results of the sand fly knowledge review can be integrated into the national leishmaniases control program and the integrated vector management strategy to raise public awareness on the health risks of sand flies.

The Boufekrane River is an important stream which rises west of El Hajeb (Ain Maarouf), located at 740 m above sea level, and crosses the commune of Boufekrane and the city of Meknes. This river, which is used mainly by the population of the region for irrigation and swimming, receives the discharge of raw wastewater without prior treatment. Therefore, the assessment of the quality of its water is a priority. A physico-chemical characterization of the river water was carried out during the period of March 2017 - February 2018. The descriptive analysis of the results showed that the river water undergoes significant physico-chemical variations downstream wastewater discharges, with a slight self-purification during the course of the watercourse but without reaching the initial quality noted at the source. This analysis also defined the spatio-temporal variations. The study also revealed that the average values of the quality parameters (pH, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, Iron, chlorides, turbidity, conductivity and sulfates) of the water at the source are respectively 7.63, 0.01 mg / l, 3.47 mg / l, 5.81 mg/l, 0.14 mg/l, 115.08 mg/l, 0.48 NTU, $726.33 \ \mu\mathrm{s}/\text{cm}$ and 21.88 mg/l. They are thus below the maximum limit values for drinking water which are respectively $6.5 , 50 mg/l, 0.3 mg/l, 750 mg/l, 5 NTU, $2700\ \mu\mathrm{s}/\text{cm}$ and 400 mg/l.

Background. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic dermal disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female sand fly. Morocco hopes to eliminate all forms of leishmaniasis by 2030. These dermatoses pose a real public health problem in the country. Although the information is available on the disease, individual knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly is not yet developed. Exploring people’s beliefs and popular behaviours about cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector allows health officials to know the sociocultural aspects of the disease and to improve prevention and control actions. Objectives. To identify the knowledge of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its vector in the population in central Morocco. Methods. Based on the epidemiological data of leishmaniases in the province of El Hajeb, we conducted a field survey and personal interviews in April and May 2019, among 281 persons belonging to the localities where leishmaniases were registered. Results. Our results show that the participants use the concept of “Chniwla” (61.6%) for sand fly and the concept of “Hboub Chniwla” (50.8%) for cutaneous leishmaniasis; 24.6% of the respondents do not know how the disease is transmitted to humans and 43.7% use traditional treatments and home remedies to cure themselves. 44% of participants believe that sand fly does not transmit the disease to humans and only 6.4% were aware of their responsibility in vector control. Conclusions. The study concluded that there is a need to simplify the scientific terminology in the health education of citizens regarding these dermatoses and their vector by integrating the popular concepts obtained in this study to raise public awareness and facilitate their involvement as active actors in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Sandflies are active vectors of several diseases, including leishmaniasis, which Morocco hopes to eliminate by 2030. Despite efforts to limit their spread, they still remain a public health problem in the country, as the behaviour of individuals in relation to sandflies plays an important role in the sustainability of the epidemiological cycle.To explore and determine the knowledge and behaviours related to sandfly diseases.A quantitative method was adopted using a questionnaire assisted by a personal interview. Based on the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis cases reported in recent years in Al-Hajeb province, we conducted a field survey among 281 persons in April and May 2019 residing in the communities where the cases of the disease are registered.61.6% of Moroccans know sandflies by the name "Chniwla"; 44.1% thought that sandflies do not transmit diseases; 41.3% thought they multiplied in contaminated water; 52.7% thought sandfly bites could not be avoided; and 6.4% recognized the role of individuals in the fight against vectors.The need to raise public awareness of the risks of sandflies, using the popular concepts obtained to simplify scientific terms and formulate targeted health education strategies that make the individual an active player in vector control.مَعارِف وسُلوكيَّات الأفراد تجاه الفَواصِد نَاقِلَت الليشمانيات بمدينة الحَاجب وسَط المَغرِب.كريمة المهدي، محمد فخاوي، مريم رزق، يسرى الناصح، عبد القادر شهلاوي.تُعدُّ الفَواصِدُ نَواقِل نشِيطة لِعدَّة أمْراضٍ، ومنها الليشمانيات التي يَعْتزِمُ المَغرِبُ القضَاءَ عَليْها بِحُلُول 2030. وَرُغمَ الجُهود المَبذُولة للحدِّ مِن انتشارِها، ما زالت تُثل مشكلة صِحِّية عامَّة البِلاد، ذلك أن لِسُلوكِ الأفرَاد تَُاهَ الفَواصِد دَورًا مُهِ في اسْتِمرَارِية حَلقَة الوَبَاء.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى كَشْفُ وتَدِيد المَعارِف والسُّلوكِيَّات المُتَعلِّقَة بالفَواصِد.الاعْتِ دَُ علَ المَنْهَجِ الكَمِّي الاسْتِقْصَائِي بِاسْتِخْدام أُسْلوب المُقابَلة الشَّخصِية، ومُعطَيات الحَالة الوَبائِية للّيشْ نَِيّات بمدينة الحاجب م مَ لإجراء البَحث الميداني خِلال أبريل/ نيسان ومايو/ أيار 2019، وشمِل 281 شخصًا.61.6٪ من المغاربة يُسَمُّون الفَواصِد بِاسْمِ “الشنِيولَة”، و44.1٪ يَعتقِدُون أنَّا غير ناقلة للأمرَاض، وأنَّا تَتَكاثر في المِياه المُلَوَّثة (41.3٪)، و52.7٪ يَظنُّون أنه لا يُمكِنُ تََنُّبُ لَدَغاتِا، و6.4٪ أقرُّوا بِدَوْرِ الأفراد في محَاربة النَّواقِل.ضرورة التَّوعِية الجَماهِيريَّة بمَخَاطر الفواصِد والاستِفَادة مِنَ المَفَاهِيم الشَّعْبِية التي خلص إليها البحث لِتَبْسِيط المُصطلحات العِلْمِية وبَلْوَرَة سِياسَات تَثْقِيفِيَّة صِحِّية هَادِفَة تَْعَل الفَرْدَ طَرَفًا فَاع في مُكافَحة النَّواقِل.Connaissances et comportements des individus envers les phlébotomes vecteurs des leishmanioses au Maroc.Les phlébotomes sont des vecteurs actifs de plusieurs maladies, dont la leishmaniose, que le Maroc espère éliminer à l’horizon 2030. Malgré les efforts déployés pour limiter leur propagation, ils constituent encore un problème de santé publique dans le pays, le comportement des individus face aux phlébotomes jouant un rôle important dans la durabilité du cycle épidémiologique.Examiner et déterminer les connaissances et les comportements liés aux maladies transmises par les phlébotomes.Une méthode quantitative a été adoptée à l’aide d’un questionnaire accompagné d’un entretien personnel. En nous appuyant sur la situation épidémiologique des cas de leishmaniose rapportés ces dernières années dans la province d'Al-Hajeb, nous avons mené une enquête de terrain en avril et mai 2019 auprès de 281 personnes résidant dans les communautés où des cas de la maladie sont enregistrés.Parmi les Marocains, 61,6 % appellent les phlébotomes « Chniwla » ; 44,1 % pensent que les phlébotomes ne transmettent pas de maladies et 41,3 % qu'ils se multiplient dans l'eau contaminée. En outre, 52,7 % pensent que leurs piqûres ne peuvent être évitées. Par ailleurs, 6,4 % reconnaissent le rôle des individus dans la lutte contre les vecteurs.Il est nécessaire de sensibiliser le public aux risques liés aux phlébotomes, en utilisant les concepts populaires recueillis pour simplifier les termes scientifiques et formuler des stratégies d'éducation sanitaire ciblées qui font de l'individu un acteur actif dans la lutte antivectorielle.

In the region of Meknes, the water of Boufekrane River is used for agricultural irrigation. This important river receives the discharge of domestic wastewater from the village of Boufekrane and the city of Meknes.

Despite the recognized state of conservation of RAMSAR sites, the Aguelmam Sidi Ali wetland, especially the pastoral stratum, is frequented by users and over-staffed livestock, thus affecting the quality of its surface waters and therefore the ecological value of the site.

Leishmaniasis is parasitic infestations common to humans and to certain animals (anthropozoonoses). It constitutes a real public health problem despite the progress of research.

Currently, gray water reuse after treatment is emerging as an essential instrument for effective management of water because it promotes preservation of freshwater sources, potentially reduces pollutants in the environment. Appropriate technologies and practices for wastewater treatment for reuse are one way to reduce risks to public health where direct wastewater use is prevalent. One new technology which holds interested of researchers today is called Multi-Soil-Layering system (MSL). This new system is recognized to be efficient, economic, ecological and sustainable technic to treat wastewater. In order to prove his performance in Moroccan conditions, a pilot scale of Vertical Multi-Soil-Layering (V-MSL) was designed and built to treat domestic wastewater (instead of gray water alone) and his performance was investigated. The main treatment performance results showed the high removal rates for the organic matters and nutrients. The quality of the treated wastewater was evaluated according to Moroccan Reject Limit Value (RLV).

The impact of climate factors on the epidemiology of diseases in general and leishmaniasis in particular continues to be a subject of research and analysis. Changes in climatic parameters contribute to the creation of ecological conditions favorable to the multiplication of the vectors of certain diseases. With this in mind, this study presents an entomological survey conducted in Meknes prefecture and the study of the link between the abundance of sandflies, an indicator of the risk of leishmaniasis in a given area, and the climatic factors. Monthly trapping of this fauna was carried out during a year from March 2016 until April 2017 using adhesive traps. Climatic data from the region were used to determine the effect of climate on the distribution of sandflies. A total of 941 leishmaniasis vector specimens were captured. The dominant species is Ph. sergenti (73.32), followed by Ph. longicuspis (8.25%), then Ph. perniciosus (7.94%) and Ph. papatasi (6.31%). The sex ratio study showed that males are more abundant than females for all species. The seasonal fluctuation is bimodal with two peaks, the first in July and the second in September. The results show a positive correlation between temperature and abundance of sandflies (r = 0.99) and a negative correlation with humidity and precipitation with a correlation coefficient of r = −0.87 and r = −0.72. Indeed, the medium-term climatological forecasts are essential tools to develop a warning system for leishmaniasis.

Le present travail est une contribution a l’etude de la qualite bacteriologique des eaux de l’oued Khoumane qui traverse la ville de Moulay Idriss Zerhoun, Maroc. Il a ete realise durant la periode 2010-2011 et a porte sur le suivi mensuel de la contamination fecale au niveau de sept sites d’echan - tillonnage. La variation de la charge en bacteries indicatrices de la contamination fecale (Escherichia coli et enterocoques intestinaux) dans les eaux de l’oued Khoumane est importante et semble etre liee a l’effet des rejets domestiques de la ville. Nous avons enregistre l’existence des fluctuations saisonnieres de ces germes au niveau des eaux de l’oued. Les concentrations elevees enregistrees en ete et en automne pourraient s’expliquer par un bas debit de l’oued et par la predominance des eaux usees dans les stations en aval, alors qu’en hiver, le retour des precipitations coincide avec un rejet important des margines dans les eaux de l’oued. Concernant la recherche des autres germes pathogenes, nous avons enregistre dans les eaux de l’oued l’absence des vibrions choleriques et la presence des salmonelles. Ces dernieres correspondent au serotype Salmonella Butantan. Les tests de sensibilite aux antibiotiques montrent que ces souches presentent un phenotype sauvage aux betalactamines et aux quinolones et ne sont resistantes qu’aux sulfonamides. Ces souches sont positives pour le gene d’invasion invA et le gene de virulence spvC . L’analyse du contenu plasmidique montre que ces souches hebergent deux plasmides de taille respective de 2 et 54 kb. Les eaux etudiees depassent les normes de qualite des eaux destinees a l’irrigation. La forte pression engendree par les eaux domestiques ainsi que les autres rejets contamines (effluents d’elevage) sont a l’origine de cette charge bacterienne importante qui pourrait constituer un vrai risque pour l’environnement et pour la sante des usagers.

The objective of this study was to identify groundwater salinization origins and develop a new geochemical approach based on Lithium and major element concentrations to understand the processes associated to seawater intrusion into the shallow aquifer of Jerba Island, Southeast of Tunisia. An integrated application of geochemical modeling and statistical approaches (Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis)based on a major and trace ions from the Jerba unconfined aquifer was used. The hydrochemistry and the statistical investigations revealed that the groundwater geochemical behavior is controlled by seawater intrusion, rock-water interaction and anthropogenic impact. Seawater intrusion is the mechanism controlling groundwater abnormal salinization and the interaction between groundwater and aquifer materials. In areas where seawater intrudes a fresh coastal aquifer, cation exchange reactions influence groundwater chemistry and Li+ ions released into the solution resulting in a Li+ concentration increase. This result proves that seawater intrusion activates Li+ leaching to groundwater. Taken together, these results suggest Li+ as a groundwater salinization tracer.

1 Among the epidemics, which constitute a real public health problem despite the progress of research, are leishmaniases. Leishmaniasis is parasitic infestations common to humans and to certain animals (anthropozoonoses). In Morocco, as in most countries around the Mediterranean, and despite its adherence to the leishmaniasis control program put in place by the WHO, leishmaniases in these different forms are endemic in many areas and continue to pose a significant public health problem. The purpose of this study is to create a database containing geographic parameters (prefectures) and health data (incidence of leishmaniasis) in a geographic information system (GIS). This database was then exploited by spatio-thematic analyzes, which allows the identification of the places at risk. This spatial representation known as the risk map is essential in the careful identification of high-risk prefectures. This study shows that spatial analysis of impacts is an important tool that helps to eliminate this disease in endemic foci, to anticipate the emergence of possible epidemics and to identify possible "emerging" risk factors that can create epidemiological news.

The present study aims to develop a quality index model of spring waters (WQI-S). Based on the principal component analysis, the potential indicators were calculated. This model has been applied to determine the springs water quality of Taanzoult plain (Aguelmam Sidi Ali RAMSAR site), using physicochemical (13 parameters) and bacteriological analysis results (2 parameters), which are monitored of 4 stations during 12 months (January to December 2017). The compilation of the WQI-S allowed assessing the quality of the waters in Taanzoult plain with quality level compared to the empirical approach of the evaluation grid according to Moroccan standards. Water quality varies with the seasons and kind of use. It can be mainly considered good for spring water of drink with minimum score of 72 and good to medium with minimum score of 65 for source, exclusively, used for livestock watering. The strength of WQI-S lies in its ability to integrate a reduced parameters number deemed relevant for the assessment of water quality in each particular case. It might, therefore, maximize accuracy in determining water quality at lower cost and permit to the regulation authorities the opportunity to maximize the cost-effectiveness of water pollution monitoring missions over time.

Les leishmanioses sont des maladies infectieuses transmises a l’homme par la piqure d’un phlebotome femelle. Elles constituent la deuxieme cause de mortalite mondiale d’origine parasitaire apres le paludisme et elles sont endemiques dans les pays d’Asie et d’Afrique. Au Maroc, elles posent un vrai probleme de sante. L’objectif de cette etude est de determiner leur situation epidemiologique dans la ville d’EL Hajeb situee au centre du Maroc, analyser leur evolution en fonction du sexe et de l’âge et apprecier leur distribution geographique selon le milieu. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectue une etude retrospective durant la periode de 2013 a 2017, colligeant tous les cas des leishmanioses declares au niveau de cette ville. Les donnees ont ete collectees au niveau des registres des cas aupres de la delegation du Ministere de la sante d’El Hajeb. Au total vingt-un nouveaux cas ont ete declares infectes. La coexistence des deux formes des leishmanioses: cutanee (80,95%) et viscerale (19,05%) avec une predominance du milieu rurale (76,47%). Seuls les enfants sont concernes par la leishmaniose viscerale et le plus jeune âge etait de 13 mois. Le sex-ratio femme/homme etait de 1,1. L’âge moyen de contamination est de 3,75 annees pour la forme viscerale et de 25,82 annees pour la forme cutanee. L’elimination des leishmanioses au Maroc d’ici 2030 necessite l’adoption d’une approche globale en agissant sur les foyers de contamination par une surveillance et une prise en charge appropriees, une lutte efficace contre les vecteurs et les reservoirs et une innovation dans les strategies de sensibilisation. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease transmitted to humans by the bite of female sand fly. These parasitic infections are the second most common cause of parasite mortality worldwide after malaria and are endemic Asian and African countries. In Morocco, they pose a real health problem. The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiological situation of these diseases in the city of El Hajeb in central Morocco, analyze their evolution according to sex and age and assess their geographical distribution according to the environment. To do this, we carried out a retrospective study during the period from 2013 to 2017, collecting all the new cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis declared in this city. Data were collected at the register level from the delegation of the Ministry of health of El Hajeb. A total of twentyone new cases were declared infected. The coexistence of the two forms of leishmaniasis: 80.95% of cutaneous forms and 19.05% of the visceral form declared only in children. The rural population is the most concerned (76.47%) the sex ratio between men women was around 1.1. the average age of contamination by the visceral form is 3.75 years by the cutaneous form. The elimination of leishmaniasis in Morocco by 2030 requires the adoption of a global approach by acting on the foci of contestation through regular surveillance, integrated management of actions against vector and reservoirs and an innovation in sensibilisation strategy.

Parasitic diseases are a major public health problem because of the number of cases recorded each year, and also the wide distribution of these scourges on Moroccan territory. The objective of this study is to promote the use of health mapping by focusing on the added value of this tool in the study of the spatial and temporal distribution of the incidence of parasitic disease including leishmaniasis, and to determine the relationship between this epidemic and altitude and draw up a health risk map for this plague in the prefecture of Meknes in central Morocco. To do this we have created a database containing the geographical parameters (the communes of the city), environmental (altitude), and sanitary (level of risk of leishmaniasis) through a field study on the cases of leishmaniasis declared at the level of the municipalities of the city of Meknes and using qgis 2.18 software which is an open source software. We subsequently exploited the database created for thematic analyzes and the creation of thematic maps with a focus on causal links connecting the geographical and environmental factors. This study shows that spatial representation and spatial analysis of impacts is an important tool in identifying risk locations. This spatial representation known as the risk map is essential in the careful identification of high-risk municipalities. Indeed, a risk map is a geographical profile of the incidence that indicates the areas where it is concentrated.

Wastewater and human excreta are threatening the quality of groundwater and watercourses in rural areas of Morocco. The new sanitation approach that has advantage to solve the problems of pathogens of human waste at source and offering the possibility of reusing them after treatment is called Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) could be an alternative solution to the conventional one. It is in this perspective that our study made an investigation on economic, ecological, sustainable sanitation techniques adapted to the Moroccan context. Indeed, a survey was carried out at Dayet Ifrah village to assess the population appreciation of the EcoSan structures installed. Survey results showed that these structures have been generally accepted by almost all users and non-users (95%). On the other hand, a pilot-scale system composed by two types of filters (vertical constructed wetland and vertical Multi-Soil-Layering) have been installed in order to treat domestic wastewater coming from a single household and their performance was evaluated. The filters showed good performance to remove organic pollution (> 84.5%) and orthophosphate (> 68%). The reduction of ammonium were 84.5% and 35.3% for vertical Multi-Soil-Layering and vertical constructed wetland, respectively. The quality of the wastewater treated was evaluated in accordance with the standard of the rejection limit value adopted by Morocco.

Detailed hydrogeochemical and isotopic data of groundwaters from Jerba unconfined aquifer are used to provide a better understanding of the natural and anthropogenic processes that control the groundwater mineralization as well as the sources of different groundwater bodies. The total dissolved solid contents of groundwaters are highly variable (0.5–20.3 g.L−1). Groundwaters with Na-K-Cl and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 facies, are mainly influenced by the dissolution of evaporites (especially in the central area of the island, where the substrate is mainly made of gypsum), the cation-exchange process in the southern parts of the study area, and seawater intrusion due to overexploitation of the aquifer, especially in the northern, western and southwestern coastal areas where the topographic and piezometric levels are the lowest, and complementary by anthropogenic processes in relation with sewage waters and uncontrolled tanks (in the northern part of Jerba island). Hydrogeochemical characteristics based on bivariate diagrams of major and minor ions show that changes in the chemical composition of groundwater are mainly controlled by the salinization process followed by cation-exchange reactions. Molar Li+/SO42− and Sr2+/Cl− ratios for the analysed samples strongly suggest that the source of salinity is seawater intrusion coupled to the dissolution of evaporites. The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into two different groups. Evaporated groundwaters with enriched δ18O and δ2H, are mainly encountered in the central areas of the Island Jerba. Saline water, from coastal areas, results from mixing of groundwater with seawater.

The Plio-Quaternary aquifer of Jerba Island (Tunisia), the Upper Miocene-Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer of Tripoli (Libya), the Plio-Quaternary aquifer of Nador plain (Algeria), the Bou Areg Plio-Quaternary aquifer (Morocco), the Miocene carbonate aquifer of Porto Torres (NW Sardinia, Italy) and the Pleistocene oolitic aquifer of the Baghoush area (Egypt), are essential contributor sources of drinking water and irrigation water for agricultural needs. They are increasingly being degraded by salinization processes, essentially allied with groundwater over-exploitation. In this study, a hydrogeochemical investigation, by interpretations of conservative dissolved ions was used to probe the main mechanisms controlling groundwater salinization and to characterize the associated hydrogeochemical processes occurring in Mediterranean coastal aquifers. Groundwaters of the different aquifers are of meteoric origin and they mostly flow toward the coast. Based on EC and ionic ratios, a hydro-chemical zonation of water types (ranging from Ca-HCO3, Na-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, Ca-Cl to Na-Cl) from recharge areas toward the coast is revealed. This zonation is mainly controlled by migration and mixing of saline waters with regional groundwaters. The behaviour of the major ions, the adherence of the majority of ion/Cl ratios and molar ratios characterising salinity in function of [Cl−] indicate that besides mixture with seawater, groundwater chemistry of the six aquifers is also influenced by evaporation, weathering of silicates, cation exchange and anthropogenic pollutants. The study provides insights into the hydrodynamic and geochemical relationships between freshwater and seawater at different Mediterranean coastal aquifers and provides regional authorities with a basic tools for sustainable water management aiming to limit seawater intrusion.

This study aimed to assess the bacteriological water quality of the reservoir dam Sidi Chahed and these emissaries (wadisMellal and Mikess). Sources of water pollution from these reservoirs have been identified and their quality was assessed by bacteriological analysis between December 2012 and November 2013.les major microbial indicators of water quality were enumerated by membrane filtration from specific media agar culture. The dam them, those two wad is in the measurements are contaminated by fecal coliform concentrations in 100mL are sometimes higher than 9590 CFU. The presence of faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci at both oeuds and Dam indicate human or animal faecal contamination related to the practice of farming in the study area, as well as anthropogenic pressure. The interpretation of the data, the correlation between the different parameters and the distribution of stations group study according to the degree of contamination are conducted by the principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, the degree of pollution varies from site to site depending on the distance of remoteness of the source of pollution.