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This study examines the morphosyntactic constraints on Cree-English intrasentential codeswitching involving mixed nominal expressions to test the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model. The MLF model is one of the most influential frameworks in the field of contact linguistics used in the study of grammatical aspects of codeswitching and other contact-induced phenomena. The three principles associated with MLF, viz., the Matrix Language Principle, the Asymmetry Principle and the Uniform Structure Principle, were tested on data consisting of 10 video recordings (constituting of 323 tokens of English nouns in mixed utterances) collected from the speech of a Cree child, aged 04;06 - 06;00. The data is drawn from Pile’s (2018) thesis which is based on the data collected from the Chisasibi Child Language Acquisition Study (CCLAS). The results of the analyses suggest general support for the three principles since, in the entire data set, not a single counter example has been recorded. The Cree-English bilingual data appears asymmetrical in structure, where the Matrix Language, namely Cree, provides morpheme order and outsider late system morphemes, and consequently, is responsible for the well-formedness and morphosyntactic frame of bilingual clauses..

Gouty arthritis is a prevalent inflammatory illness. Gout attacks begin when there is an imbalance in the body's uric acid metabolism, which leads to urate buildup and the development of the ailment. A family of conserved, short non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate post-transcriptional protein synthesis by attaching to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA). An increasing amount of research is pointing to miRNAs as potential players in several inflammatory diseases, including gouty arthritis. miRNAs may influence the progression of the disease by regulating immune function and inflammatory responses. This review mainly focused on miRNAs and how they contribute to gouty arthritis. It also looked at how miRNAs could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and potential therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval Not applicable. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are an array of tumors originating from the pituitary gland. PAs are sorted as functional or nonfunctional according to their hormonal activity and classified according to size into microadenomas and macroadenomas. Still, the cellular events that trigger the transformations in pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, and the current classification methods do not precisely predict clinical behavior. A rising number of researches have emphasized the role of miRNAs, that drawn more attention as oncogenic molecules or tumor suppressors. The etiopathological mechanisms of PAs include multiple molecular cascades that are influenced by different miRNAs. miRNAs control the cell cycle control, pro- or antiapoptotic processes, and tumor invasion and metastasis. miRNAs offer a novel perspective on tumor features and behaviors and might be valuable in prognostication and therapeutic plans. In pituitary adenomas, miRNAs showed a specific expression pattern depending on their size, cell origin, remission, and treatments. Screening miRNA expression patterns is promising to monitor and evaluate recurrence, as well as to investigate the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy for PAs exhibiting aggressive behavior. Thus, the current review investigated the interplay of the miRNAs' pivotal role in offering new opportunities to translate these innovative epigenetic tools into healthcare applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Preeclampsia (PE) is often associated with multiple organ damage that remains noticeable postnatally. Here, we tested the hypotheses that antenatal therapy with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) refashions liver damage induced by PE in weaning rats and that the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling modulates this interaction. PE was induced by pharmacologic nitric oxide deprivation during the last week of gestation (N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day, oral gavage). Compared with control rats, weaning PE rats revealed substantial rises in serum transaminases together with histopathological signs of hepatic cytoplasmic changes, portal inflammation, and central vein dilation. While gestational NSAIDs reversed the elevated transaminases, they had no effects (celecoxib, naproxen) or even worsened (diclofenac) the structural damage. Molecularly, celecoxib was the most effective NSAID in (i) reversing PE-evoked upregulation of hepatic HMGB1 gene expression and concomitant increments and decrements in mitogen-activated protein kinases MAPK ERK and MAPK p38 expression, respectively, and (ii) elevating and suppressing serum interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α, respectively. Alternatively, rises in serum interleukin-1β and shifts in macrophage polarization towards an inflammatory phenotype caused by PE were comparably diminished by all NSAIDs. The data disclose an advantageous therapeutic potential for gestational celecoxib over diclofenac or naproxen in controlling hepatic dysfunction and HMGB1-interrelated inflammatory and oxidative sequels of PE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Statement of Problem: Custom healing abutments made of flowable composite resin have gained popularity, although the soft tissue response to composite resin has not been adequately studied., Purpose: The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the soft tissue response to titanium stock healing abutments and custom composite resin healing abutments by assessing clinical indices and the level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF)., Material and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 42 osseointegrated implants. The implants were divided into 2 groups: a test group comprising 21 custom composite resin healing abutments that were attached to the implants at second stage surgery and a control group comprising 21 stock titanium healing abutments. Plaque index (PL), bleeding on probing (BOP), modified gingival index (MGI), and level of MMP8 were measured at the second and fourth week after second stage surgery. Peri-implant crevicular fluid was collected by paper points at each follow-up, and the level of MMP8 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. For statistical analysis, group comparisons used the Mann-Whitney U test, and comparisons within each group at 2 and 4 weeks used the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. Group differences were analyzed with the Fisher exact test, and the McNemar test was used to compare percentages at 2 and 4 weeks. All tests were two-tailed (α=.05)., Results: For the PI, no statistically significant differences were found within groups or between groups (P>.05). Bleeding on probing was positive in 14.3% of titanium abutments versus 20% of composite resin abutments at 4 weeks, with no significant difference between groups (P>.05). Similarly, the mean MGI was 0.38 ±0.5 in the control group while it was 0.4 ±0.5 in the test group, with no significant differences between groups (P>.05). The MMP8 level at 2 weeks was 11.1 ±8.65 and 13.11 ±9.29 for the control and test groups, respectively while it was 16.35 ±8.31 and 19.80 ±8.44 at 4 weeks, showing a statistically significant increase within groups (P<.05). No significant difference between groups was detected at either follow-up time point regarding MMP8 level (P>.05)., Conclusions: The clinical and biochemical soft tissue response to composite resin healing abutments and titanium stock healing abutments were comparable, suggesting the clinical safety of custom composite resin healing abutments., (Copyright © 2024 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Prevention of transfusion-transmitted viral infections and insurance of safe blood transfusion are the main goals of all blood banks worldwide. Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of currently used enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, viral transmission could still occur during the window period. Introducing viral individual donation nucleic acid testing (ID-NAT) can greatly decrease such risk providing an additional layer in securing blood transfusion. We aimed to assess the clinical significance of viral markers testing by ELISA and ID-NAT for blood screening in the Blood Bank of Suez Canal University Hospital. We studied all donations (2132) collected during a two-months period. Blood donor samples were screened by ELISA and ID-NAT tests for HBV, HCV, and HIV. Serological testing results for HCV by ELISA revealed 2,122 (99.5 %) negative donations compared to 2,131 (99.95 %) negative donations by ID-NAT testing. Of the positive ELISA samples, only one was NAT positive. For HBV ELISA testing, 2,115 (99.2 %) donations were negative, also by ID-NAT testing 2,115 (99.2 %) donations were HBV DNA negative. Out of the negative ELISA samples, two samples were ID-NAT reactive donors which were missed by serology assay being in the window period. HIV ELISA testing revealed negative 2,130 (99.9 %) donations while ID-NAT testing showed 2,131 (99.95 %) negative donations and one positive donation. In conclusion, this is the first study carried out in the Suez Canal and Sinai region, Egypt to assess the importance of ID-NAT implementation. The introduction of ID-NAT in blood banks is an effective method for increasing safety of the blood transfusion., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic illness of immune origin that is typically treated with corticosteroids as a gold standard therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) may represent an alternative remedy that has the potential to treat a variety of pathological conditions by alleviating pain, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue healing without the drawbacks of steroid therapies. Thus, the aim of the current study was to compare the effect of photobiomodulation to topical 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide on erosive oral lichen planus., Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial involved 44 patients complaining of erosive oral lichen planus. Patients were assigned to one of two groups: control group (n = 22) received 0.1% topical triamcinolone acetonide three times daily with miconazole oral gel once daily for 4 weeks, and photobiomodulation group (n = 22) received laser therapy by 980 nm diode laser utilizing output power 300 mW twice weekly for 5 weeks (a total of 10 sessions). The evaluation of patients was performed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively in terms of pain, clinical scores, and biochemical evaluation of salivary malondialdehyde levels. All recorded data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test to compare the two studied groups regarding pain, lesion size, and salivary levels of malondialdehyde. Friedman test, followed by post hoc test, was used for comparison of the data within the same group along the 3 periods at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks., Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in pain and clinical scores, with no statistical difference between them. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in salivary malondialdehyde levels for both groups, with no significant difference between them., Conclusions: Photobiomodulation could be a promising therapeutic modality for management of erosive oral lichen planus without the side effects of steroid therapy. The salivary malondialdehyde level could be used as a biomarker to evaluate the disease severity and its response to the treatment., Trial Registration: The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05951361) (19/07/2023)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Epilepsy is a medical condition characterized by intermittent seizures accompanied by changes in consciousness. Epilepsy significantly impairs the daily functioning and overall well-being of affected individuals. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from various dysfunctions in brain activity. The molecular processes underlying changes in neuronal structure, impaired apoptotic responses in neurons, and disruption of regenerative pathways in glial cells in epilepsy remain unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the body's regenerative and immune responses. miRNAs have been shown to influence many pathogenic processes in epilepsy including inflammatory responses, neuronal necrosis and apoptosis, dendritic growth, synaptic remodeling, and other processes related to the development of epilepsy. Therefore, the purpose of our current analysis was to determine the role of miRNAs in the etiology and progression of epilepsy. Furthermore, they have been examined for their potential application as biomarkers and therapeutic targets., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Skin cancer is considered the fifth most commonly occurring cancer worldwide hampering both health and economy. Piperine had proven efficacy in fighting skin cancer cells. Unfortunately, this natural agent had limited ability to penetrate the skin. The aim of the current study was to formulate piperine-loaded limosomes and hyalurolimosomes incorporating limonene as an edge activator and hyaluronic acid as bioactive gelling agent for managing skin cancer. Titration method followed by homogenization was adopted to prepare the nanoliposomal formulations. Characterization involved size, & zeta potential measurements, examination using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and stability study. Biological evaluation of the antitumor activity of piperine nanoliposomal formulations against Ehrlich's (EAC) solid tumor was also performed. Drug loaded limosomes and hyalurolimosomes had particle size; 346.55 ± 8.55 & 372.70 ± 10.83 nm, respectively. Zeta potential was high enough to ensure their stability. TEM micrographs detected the surrounding layer of Hyaluronic acid formed around the spherical limosomal nano-carrier ensuring the formation of Hyalurolimosomes. All stored formulations showed non-significant differences compared with freshly prepared ones at p < 0.05. In addition, A DAD-HPLC method was developed and validated for Piperine analysis in the skin. Upon application of this method, it was found that hyalurolimosomes deliver double the concentration delivered by limosomes. The piperine hyalurolimosome group showed a significant reduction in tumor size with a smaller AUC compared to piperine gel, which was confirmed by in vivo studies. Consequently, hyalurolimosomes loaded with piperine is considered a promising nanocarrier system and a step forward better management of skin cancer introducing new hope in beating this deadly disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oral cancer (OC) is the predominant type originating in the head and neck region. The incidence of OC is mostly associated with behavioral risk factors, including tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol intake. Additionally, there is a lower but still significant association with viral infections such as human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, it has been observed that heritable genetic variables are linked to the risk of OC, in addition to the previously mentioned acquired risk factors. The current absence of biomarkers for OC diagnosis contributes to the frequent occurrence of advanced-stage diagnoses among patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been observed to exert a significant effect on the transcriptional control of target genes involved in cancer, either through direct or indirect mechanisms. miRNAs are a class of short ncRNAs that play a role in regulating gene expression by enabling mRNA degradation or translational repression at the post-transcriptional phase. miRNAs are known to play a fundamental role in the development of cancer and the regulation of oncogenic cell processes. Notch signaling, PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis, KRAS mutation, JAK/STAT signaling, P53, EGFR, and the VEGFs have all been linked to OC, and miRNAs have been shown to have a role in all of these. The dysregulation of miRNA has been identified in cases of OC and is linked with prognosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Although nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for fever and pain during pregnancy, their possible interaction with perinatal renal injury induced by preeclampsia (PE) has not been addressed. Here, studies were undertaken in the N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) PE model to assess the influence of gestational NSAIDs on renal damage in weaning dams. PE-evoked increments and decrements in urine protein and creatinine clearance, respectively, were intensified by celecoxib and weakened by diclofenac or naproxen. Naproxen also improved renal cloudy swelling, necrosis, and reduced glomerular area evoked by PE. The concomitant rises in renal expression of markers of oxidative stress (NOX2/4), extracellular matrix metaloproteinase deposition (MMP9), and prostanoids (PGE 2 , PGF2α, TXA2) were all more effectively reduced by naproxen compared with celecoxib or diclofenac. Western blotting showed tripled expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; p-p38, p-JNK1, p-ERK1, p-ERK2) in PE kidneys that was overturned by all NSAIDs, with naproxen producing the largest drop in p-ERK2 expression. The PE-provoked elevation in renal expression of autophagic marker LC3 was reduced by naproxen and diclofenac, but not celecoxib. The data suggests superior effect for naproxen over other NSAIDs in rectifying preeclamptic renal injury and predisposing inflammatory, oxidative, autophagic, and fibrotic signals., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. In the first two years of the pandemic, nearly 15 million people died worldwide. Accurate and rapid laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 infection is one of the milestones of pandemic control. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of mainly used laboratory biomarkers (CRP, ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, procalcitonin, and LDH) in the sera of severe COVID-19 Egyptian patients, to assess the most appropriate biomarker used in severe COVID-19 patients. A total of 120 COVID-19 patients and 50 normal controls were enrolled into our study. Demographic data, hospitalization time, medical history, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, oxygen supply, laboratory findings and thorax tomography of the patients were obtained from the hospital electronic information system retrospectively. Our results revealed that the serum levels of CRP, ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, PCT and LDH were highly significantly increased in severe COVID-19 patients as compared to normal controls (p < 0.001), and in non-survivors as compared to survivors (p < 0.001). By using ROC curve analysis, IL-6 appeared to be the most sensitive and specific marker with 80.9% sensitivity and 84.9% specificity; followed by LDH with 85.1% sensitivity and 82.8% specificity in the prediction of death. In conclusion CRP and IL-6 could be the most appropriate biomarkers in the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 disease, while IL-6 and LDH may be good predictors of mortality between severe COVID-19 patients., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

Given the serious threats posed by the COVID-19 virus, preventive measures and coping strategies are critical in lowering infection rates, managing disease transmission, and improving people's psychological well-being. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of telehealth nursing intervention on psychological status and coping strategies among parents during the second wave of COVID-19. A quasi-experimental (one group pre-/posttest) design was used. A purposive sample of 209 parents in Menoufia governorate, Egypt, was collected using Google Form. Tools: (1) Structured questionnaire for parents (a) Demographic data (b) Parents' knowledge regarding COVID-19. (2) Parents' preventive practices of the COVID-19 questionnaire. (3) Parents" coping strategies with COVID-19 pandemic questionnaire. (4) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Arabic DASS-21). Approximately 82.8% of the participants had normal to mild depression after the telehealth nursing intervention compared with 62.6% before the telehealth nursing intervention. Approximately 55.4% of them had moderate to extremely severe level of anxiety before the telehealth nursing intervention compared with (21.6%) after the telehealth nursing intervention. Approximately 85.2% reported a normal level of stress after the telehealth nursing intervention compared with (62.7%) before the telehealth nursing. Telehealth nursing intervention was effective for improving parents' knowledge, preventive practice, and coping strategies during the second wave of COVID-19., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Considering the role of cyclooxygenases (COX) in placental programming induced by preeclampsia (PE), we investigated whether gestational exposure to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with different COX-1/2 selectivity would variably modulate pre- and postnatal (weaning time, i.e. 3 weeks after delivery) cardiovascular manifestations of PE., Materials and Methods: PE was induced by oral administration of N ω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to pregnant rats starting from day 14 of gestation. Rats were treated simultaneously with celecoxib (10 mg/kg/day), diclofenac (0.5 mg/kg/day), or naproxen (1 mg/kg/day)., Key Findings: Tail-cuff measurements revealed a higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) in PE mothers at gestational day 20 (GD20). More exaggerated rises in prenatal SBP were noted in PE rats treated with celecoxib but not diclofenac or naproxen. Higher levels of serum creatine and kinase MB (CK-MB), a biomarker of cardiac damage, were demonstrated in weaning PE rats and this effect was suppressed by naproxen only. Additionally, naproxen was the most effective among all 3 NSAIDs in diminishing the PE-induced surges in (i) cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, (ii) cardiac COX-1/COX-2 activities, (iii) arachidonate metabolites (PGE 2 , PGF2α, and TXA2), (iv) caspase-3 and beclin-1 expressions. By contrast, the PE-related increments in cardiac expression of antiangiogenic (sFlt-1, and endoglin-1) and inflammatory (nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB) factors were indiscriminately reduced by all NSAIDs., Significance: Compared with celecoxib or diclofenac, naproxen appears to be the most advantageous in minimizing cardiac damage in weaning PE rats due to its synchronized downregulatory effects on cyclooxygenase, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Early risk classification of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted to hospital is a critical key for providing optimal interventions. We investigated whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels and other inflammatory and coagulation markers could be predictors for the severity and mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This cross-sectional study included 155 COVID-19 patients diagnosed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using oropharyngeal swabs. All patients had clinical examination, routine laboratory investigation, and chest computerized tomography scan. O2 saturation, serum D dimer, C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum ferritin were assessed. NLR can predict the adverse outcome (e.g., disease deterioration and shock) at cut-off 6.65, with 92% sensitivity and 20.7% specificity. LDH at cut-off value of 364.5 had 79.3% sensitivity and 47% specificity. Ferritin at a cut-off value of 1036 had 60.9% sensitivity and 60.6% specificity. NLR alone was not an independent predictor for ICU, however, combining NLR with ferritin and LDH predicted the need for ICU. Total leucocytic count (TLC), neutrophil count, lymphocytic count, D dimer, and CRP were independent predictors for the need of ICU admission (P < 0.05). Admitted patients to ICU and dead patients had higher COVID-19 Reporting and Data System, length of stay, LDH, and ferritin and lower O2 saturation than non-admitted and alive ones. We concluded that NLR with ferritin and LDH markers had higher degree of sensitivity and specificity in detecting adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Other inflammatory biomarkers such as TLC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, D dimer, and CRP were predictive in this case., (Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.)

Morbidity and mortality risks are enhanced in preeclamptic (PE) mothers and their offspring. Here, we asked if sexual dimorphism exists in (i) cardiovascular and renal damage evolved in offspring of PE mothers, and (ii) offspring responsiveness to antenatal therapies. PE was induced by administering N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day, oral gavage) to pregnant rats for 7 days starting from gestational day 14. Three therapies were co-administered orally with L-NAME, atrasentan (endothelin ETA receptor antagonist), terutroban (thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, TXA2), or α-methyldopa (α-MD, central sympatholytic drug). Cardiovascular and renal profiles were assessed in 3-month-old offspring. Compared with offspring of non-PE rats, PE offspring exhibited elevated systolic blood pressure and proteinuria and reduced heart rate and creatinine clearance (CrCl). Apart from a greater bradycardia in male offspring, similar PE effects were noted in male and female offspring. While terutroban, atrasentan, or α-MD partially and similarly blunted the PE-evoked changes in CrCl and proteinuria, terutroban was the only drug that virtually abolished PE hypertension. Rises in cardiorenal inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα) and oxidative (isoprostane) markers were mostly and equally eliminated by all therapies in the two sexes, except for a greater dampening action of atrasentan, compared with α-MD, on tissue TNFα in female offspring only. Histopathologically, antenatal terutroban or atrasentan was more effective than α-MD in rectifying cardiac structural damage, myofiber separation, and cytoplasmic alterations, in PE offspring. The repair by antenatal terutroban or atrasentan of cardiovascular and renal anomalies in PE offspring is mostly sex-independent and surpasses the protection offered by α-MD, the conventional PE therapy., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Early diagnostic methods help in therapeutic success and higher survival rate. Golgi protein 73 (gp73) could help in diagnosis of colorectal cancer at an earlier stage., Aim: A case-control study aimed to assess serum level of golgi protein 73 (gp73) as a liquid biopsy marker in Egyptian colorectal cancer patients., Methods and Results: In the current study, ninty (90) patients were included and classified into three groups; thirty (30) patients with Colorectal cancer (CRC) as study group; 30 patients (20 patients with irritable bowel disease and 10 patients with rectal polyps) as pathological control and 30 healthy adult individuals as normal control. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and histological data. Golgiprotein 73 (GP73) was measured by ELISA immunoassay Kit. Serum GP73 level was higher in CRC patients than pathological control group and normal control group with high sensitivity and specificity p < .005., Conclusion: GP73 alone or combined with Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may be good diagnositic marker in CRC. However large studies are warranted on different stages of the disease to assess its diagnostic and prognositic value., (© 2021 The Authors. Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective and Design: Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, exhibits antiinflammatory action. We tested whether exposure to montelukast plus nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) elicits better control of paw inflammation in the rat formalin test and improves associated gastric damage., Materials: A total of 46 adult male rats were used in the study., Treatments: We evaluated separate and combined effects of montelukast (20 mg/kg), celecoxib (COX2 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), and diclofenac (nonselective COX1/COX2 inhibitor, 10 mg/kg) on paw and gastric damage in the rat formalin test., Results: Individual pretreatments of rats with montelukast, diclofenac, or celecoxib partly reduced formalin-induced increases in (i) paw edema, fibrosis, and inflammatory cells, (iii) serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukotrienes (LTB4 and LTD4), and (iv) paw expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX2. These effects were accentuated in rats treated with montelukast plus diclofenac or montelukast plus celecoxib. Alternatively, montelukast or celecoxib, but not diclofenac, alleviated formalin-evoked gastric damage and increments in tumor necrosis factor-α and decrements in prostaglandin-E 2 . These advantageous gastric influences were potentiated in rats treated with montelukast plus celecoxib., Conclusions: While montelukast equally enhances antiinflammatory action of diclofenac or celecoxib via downregulating iNOS/COX2/LTs/IL-6 signaling, its gastroprotective action is preferentially potentiated by celecoxib., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Current therapies for preeclampsia (PE) and its complications are limited and defective. Considering the importance of endothelin (ET) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) signaling in PE pathophysiology, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal blockade of endothelin ETA or thromboxane TXA2 receptors favorably reprograms preeclamptic cardiovascular and renal insults. PE was induced by daily oral administration of L-NAME (50 mg/kg) to pregnant rats for 7 consecutive days starting from gestational day 14. The effects of co-exposure to atrasentan (ETA receptor blocker, 10 mg/kg/day) or terutroban (TXA2 receptor blocker, 10 mg/kg/day) on cardiovascular and renal anomalies induced by PE were assessed on gestational day 20 (GD20) and at weaning time and compared with those evoked by the sympatholytic drug α-methyldopa (α-MD, 100 mg/kg/day), a prototypic therapy for PE management. Among all drugs, terutroban was basically the most potent in ameliorating PE-evoked increments in blood pressure and decrements in creatinine clearance. Cardiorenal tissues of PE rats exhibited significant increases in ETA and TXA2 receptor expressions and these effects disappeared after treatment with atrasentan and to a lesser extent by terutroban or α-MD. Atrasentan was also the most effective in reversing the reduced ETB receptor expression in renal tissues of PE rats. Signs of histopathological damage in cardiac and renal tissues of PE rats were mostly improved by all therapies. Together, pharmacologic elimination of ETA or TXA2 receptors offers a relatively better prospect than α-MD in controlling perinatal cardiorenal irregularities sparked by PE., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Oral lichen planus is an autoimmune disease in which topical steroids are the first line of treatment. The adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids prescribed for resistant oral lichen planus cases advocate alternative modalities. Lycopene is an antioxidant with a wide range of beneficial properties. This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of pure lycopene as compared to systemic corticosteroids (Prednisolone) on the symptoms, signs and oxidative stress in patients with erosive oral lichen planus recalcitrant to topical steroids., Methods: Twenty patients were randomly divided into the test (lycopene) and control (corticosteroids) groups. Numeric rating scale and Escudier et al. (Br J Dermatol 4:765-770, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08106.x ) lesion scores were assessed at baseline and weeks 4 and 8 from baseline. Serum levels of 8-isoprostane were measured in all patients at baseline and at the end of treatment (week 8)., Results: There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms after the end of treatment in each group. However, no significant difference was found between the lycopene and the corticosteroids group. Moreover, a significant reduction in 8-isoprostane levels was observed in the lycopene group from baseline and as compared to the control group., Conclusions: Based on the study results, lycopene is a safe and effective therapeutic modality for resistant oral lichen planus. 8-isoprostane is a biomarker of lipid peroxidation that can be reduced by lycopene. Trial registration ID: PACTR202003484099670. 'Retrospectively registered on 11/3/2020'., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: The gold standard in treatment of periodontitis is mechanical removing of dental biofilm but using local delivery drugs as adjunctive to SRP is widely used to modulate inflammatory host and eradicate microbes. Tea tree oil (TTO) has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant effect. This study aimed to assess clinically and biochemically the effect of intrapocket application of TTO (Melaleuca alternifolia) gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of stage 2 (moderate) periodontitis and to correlate the biochemical levels with clinical response., Methods: A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on thirty patients with stage 2 periodontitis. Patients were equally divided into two groups: Control Group treated with (SRP) alone and Test Group treated with SRP and locally delivered 5% TTO gel. Clinical assessment included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. The level of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was also assessed at baseline and after1, 3 and 6 months by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Chi-square, Student t- tests, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation were the statistical tests used in the study., Results: An improvement of all clinical and biochemical parameters was observed (at p < 0.001) in both groups. A significant difference between the two groups was found in both clinical and biochemical parameters., Conclusion: The local delivery of TTO gel adjunctive to SRP proved to be effective in the treatment of stage II periodontitis. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT04769271, on 24/2/2021.

Aim: To assess the probable role of +49AG polymorphism in susceptibility to SLE in an Egyptian population., Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a compound inflammatory chronic disease distinguished through the release of autoantibodies. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 is a main down controller of T-cell response; its dysregulation could affect SLE pathogenesis by altered T cells activation to self-antigens., Objectives: To evaluate the CTLA-4 +49AG allelic and genotype frequency in a sample of the Egyptian population and correlate them with disease susceptibility and clinical severity., Materials and Methods: Including 100 patients with SLE and 100 healthy controls (age and gender matched), CTLA-4 exon 1 49 A>G Genotyping was done using Real-Time PCR., Results: No difference was noticed in genotype or allele distributions of the studied polymorphism between both groups. Similar genotypes and allele frequencies were established for the 2 groups after their stratification by the age of disease onset, clinical course, or severity., Conclusion: CTLA-4 +49AG gene polymorphism is not linked with the liability to develop SLE in the studied Egyptian population. Yet it is significantly related to disease severity., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a multifactorial etiology and significantly increasing incidence during the last decade. Hence, developing an effective therapy is crucial for public health. The current study aimed to examine the dual prophylactic/therapeutic potential of a nutraceutical formula based on aqueous extract of roasted date seeds, and nigella and virgin-olive oils against experimentally-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. Alzheimer's disease-like pathology was induced in male Wistar rats using oral CuSO 4 (200 mg/Kg/day for two months). The nutraceutical formula was given orally to experimental animals (10 mL/kg/d) for 14 days before (as prophylaxis) and after Alzheimer's disease induction and its therapeutic effect in both cases is tested in comparison to donepezil (0.5 mg/kg/d). The nutraceutical formula was found to ameliorate the CuSO 4 -induced neuronal damage and regenerate the affected hippocampus tissue and significantly improvemed in learning ability. The formula was also effective in decreasing brain amyloid-β, tau protein, TNF-α level, iNOS level in hippocampus, oxidative stress level, and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and expression in brain and hippocampus, respectively. Further, an increase in GSH levels, activities of SOD, and GST and levels of hippocampus ADAM 17 and brain phospholipids was observed. In conclusion, the studied nutraceutical formula is proved to be effective in ameliorating Alzheimer's neurodegenerative progression with added-prophylactic potential., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of idiopathic etiology that triggers inflammatory cytokines compromising the joint mobility. Epidemiological evidences recommend the utilization of galantamine (GH) to reverse the anti-inflammatory reactions induced RA. Oral administration of GH is non-selectivity due to its association with serious gastrointestinal symptoms which, could hinder its therapeutic success. Therefore, the present study aimed to validate the therapeutic potential of GH transdermal patches as a novel application to constitute an effective and tolerable delivery system for managing RA in adjuvant arthritis model. RA was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats intradermally by Heat-killed M (0.12 ml/day). Oral GH (1.25 mg/kg/day) and GH transdermal patch (2.5 mg/kg/2 days) were administrated for 14 days, during which the hind paw and body weight (BW) were assessed. Effects of C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1β) and Janus kinase (JAK-2) were evaluated. Oral- and transdermal GH significantly improved the hind paw edema in arthritis animal model and offered a protective impact against RA. Oral GH group showed marked decrease in BW than that of transdermal patches group. Transdermal patch group showed a significant decrease in the level of IL-1β more than the oral group. However, no significant difference was detected in the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 between the two groups. It is concluded that GH transdermal patch can be a promising drug delivery system that copes with side effects better than oral GH consequently represents novel strategy in management of RA.

Background : Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that remarkably affects the quality-of-life of patients. Chamomile oil is used to treat skin inflammations. We evaluated the efficacy of chamomile oil and nanoemulgel formulations as a natural alternative therapeutic option for atopic dermatitis. Research design and methods : Formulations were developed comprising chamomile oil: olive oil (1:1), Tween 20/80 or Gelucire 44/14 as surfactant-cosurfactant mixtures, propylene glycol (10%w/w), water and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (3%w/w). In-vitro physicochemical characterization, stability testing and in-vivo assessment of inflammatory biomarkers and histopathological examination of skin lesions were conducted in rats induced with atopic dermatitis. Results : Nanoemulgels G 1 and X 1 which displayed the smallest particle size of 137.5 ± 2.04 and 207.1 ± 5.44 nm, good homogeneity and high zeta-potential values of -26.4 and -32.7 mV were selected as the optimized emulgel. Nanoemulgels were nonirritating of pH value 5.56, readily spreadable, and were physically stable following 10 heating-cooling cycles. Treatment with nanoemulgels showed a two-fold decrease in duration of skin healing and no spongiosis compared to chamomile oil. Levels of biomarkers were reduced after topical application of both nanoemulgels and chamomile oil. Conclusion : Nanoemulgels are a potential cost effective, safe topical carrier system for chamomile in treating atopic dermatitis.