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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a worldwide major health challenge, and it is a strong predictor of mortality and morbidity. The advances in PAD treatment have resulted in many therapeutic options or endovascular interventions (EVIs) for endovascular revascularization if drug therapy does not lead to substantial improvement. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported the efficacy of various EVIs such as atherectomy, stents, and medicated balloons over the traditional transluminal angioplasty; however, the standard treatment for PAD remains unclear due to the lack of head-to-head comparative studies between different EVIs. Additionally, the variable outcomes between clinical trials regarding the functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) make it difficult to ascertain the superiority of one particular EVI over another. Therefore, the latest PAD clinical trials should include head-to-head comparisons between different EVIs, and this review aimed to highlight the femoro-popliteal EVIs, evidence supporting each intervention and why those EVIs are used., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2024 Fundacja Videochirurgii.)

Introduction: To detect the relationship between 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and adolescents' parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone mineral density (BMD)., Material and Methods: Two hundred adolescent girls were recruited for this cross-sectional comparative study. After detailed evaluation, a pelvic sonography was performed for the studied adolescents to rule out any pelvic pathology. Adolescents' blood samples were collected to measure the thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1C ), PTH, and 25(OH)D. The studied adolescents' BMD and the T-score were evaluated at 2 anatomical sites. The studied adolescents were classified according to their serum 25(OH)D into 2 groups: a 25(OH)D-deficient group (study group; 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml) and normal controls (25(OH)D > 30 ng/ml). Student's t-test was used for analysis of the studied adolescents' variables, and correlation analysis (Pearson`s correlation) was used to detect the relationship between 25(OH)D and adolescents' PTH and BMD., Results: The parathyroid hormone was statistically higher in the 25(OH)D-deficient group than in the normal controls (41.3 ±3.4 pg/ml vs. 21.1 ±2.8) ( p = 0.02), and the BMD was statistically lower in the 25(OH)D-deficient group than in the normal controls (-1.25 ±0.5 vs. 0.3 ±0.4) ( p = 0.01). The 25(OH)D had a significant negative correlation with the adolescents' PTH ( r = -0.9175; p < 0.00001) and a significant positive correlation with the adolescents' BMD ( r = 0.756; p < 0.00001). The parathyroid hormone had a significant negative correlation with the adolescents' BMD ( r = -0.7006; p < 0.00001)., Conclusions: The parathyroid hormone in this study had significant negative correlations with both 25(OH)D and BMD. The 25(OH)D had a significant positive correlation with the studied adolescents' BMD., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: To detect the relationship between 25(OH)D and hypothyroidism in adolescents., Material and Methods: A total of 180 adolescents were included in the current study, which was conducted in West Kazakhstan (Aktobe) over 2 years. After thorough evaluation, blood samples were collected from the studied participants to measure the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), prolactin, glycosylated haemoglobin, and 25(OH)D. Participants were classified into a 25(OH)D-deficient group (study group) and controls. MedCalc and correlation analysis (Pearson's correlation) were used to detect the odds of hypothyroidism and the relationship between 25(OH)D and adolescents' hypothyroidism, respectively., Results: Thyroid-stimulating hormone was statistically higher in the 25(OH)D-deficient group than in the normal controls (3.71 ±1.4 mIU/ml vs. 2.67 ±0.99) ( p = 0.0006), and the free T4 was statistically lower in the 25(OH)D-deficient group than in normal controls (1.4 ±0.56 ng/ml vs. 1.5 ±0.4) ( p = 0.0008). The 25(OH)D deficient group had higher odds of subclinical (OR 4.89; p = 0.016), and clinical hypothyroidism (OR 4.3; p = 0.013) compared to controls. A significant negative correlation between the 25(OH)D and TSH ( r = -0.793; p < 0.00001), and a significant positive correlation between the 25(OH)D and free T4 ( r 0.55; p < 0.00001) were detected in this study., Conclusions: The thyroid-stimulating hormone was statistically higher and the free T4 was statistically lower in the 25(OH)D-deficient group than in normal controls. The 25(OH)D-deficient group had higher odds of both subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism compared to controls. A significant negative correlation between the 25(OH)D and TSH, and a significant positive correlation between the 25(OH)D and the free T4 were detected in this study., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Introduction: The aim of the study was to detect the relationship between routine urinary catheterization and postoperative urinary symptoms and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women undergoing elective caesarean sections (ECSs)., Material and Methods: One hundred women undergoing ECSs were included in this observational study and randomized into a catheterized (C) group, including women who underwent ECS after insertion of indwelling Foley's catheter, and a non-catheterized (NC) group, including women who underwent ECS without Foley's catheter. The Foley's catheters were removed from all participants in the C group once they were freely ambulant and had recovered from the effect of the spinal anaesthesia. Participants were asked about any abnormal postoperative urinary symptoms (dysuria, frequency, urgency, and/or urinary retention), and to collect urine samples (mid-stream) once they were freely ambulant for urine cultures., Results: The postoperative dysuria, frequency, and urgency were significantly higher in the C group compared to the NC group [36% (18/50), 40% (20/50), and 34% (17/50) vs. 8% (4/50), 6% (3/50), and 6% (3/50), respectively], ( p = 0.006, 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). The urinary tract infections and the postoperative antimicrobials used were significantly higher in the C group compared to the NC group [40% (20/50) and 40% (20/50) vs. 6% (3/50) and 6% (3/50), respectively], ( p = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). The postoperative hospital-stay after the ECSs was significantly higher in the C group compared to the NC group (5.4 ±1.8 days vs. 3.8 ±1.15, respectively), ( p = 0.001)., Conclusions: Routine urinary catheterizations in women undergoing ECS significantly increase the odds of postoperative dysuria, frequency, urgency, UTIs, and the postoperative antimicrobials used., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Introduction: To detect the menstrual changes after the thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants used during the COVID-19 infection., Material and Methods: A total of 176 diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, were included in this retrospective study after giving informed consent. Participants were asked to complete an online questionnaire, and the collected participants` data were analysed using the χ 2 test to detect the menstrual changes after the thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants used during the COVID-19 infection., Results: The number of participants` number who reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and menstrual flow > 7 days after the COVID-19 infection [31/176 (17.6%), and 42/176 (23.9%), respectively] was significantly higher compared to the number of participants` who reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and menstrual flow > 7 days before the COVID-19 infection [12/176 (6.8%), and 15/176 (8.5%), respectively], ( p = 0.005, and 0.0009, respectively). The use of thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants during the COVID-19 infection was also associated with significant menstrual pattern changes (37.8% increased menstrual flow, 18.5% menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, 59.7% menstrual flow > 7 days, 5.9% contact bleeding, and 6.7% abnormal menstrual pattern for one cycle)., Conclusions: Significant menstrual changes were observed in this study after the COVID-19 infection infection (17.6% reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and 23.9% reported menstrual flow > 7 days). The use of thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants during the COVID-19 infection infection was associated with significant menstrual changes (37.8% increased menstrual flow, 18.5% menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, 59.7% menstrual flow > 7 days, 5.9% contact bleeding, and 6.7% abnormal menstrual pattern for one cycle)., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Introduction: To detect whether there is a relation between vitamin D (Vit. D) and adolescents' serum prolactin (PRL) or not., Material and Methods: Hundred and seventy-six adolescent girls were recruited for the current study, which was conducted in West Kazakhstan (Aktobe) over two years. After thorough evaluation, blood samples were taken from adolescents to measure thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), PRL, glycosylated hemoglobin and 25(OH)D. The studied adolescents were classified into study group [25(OH)D deficient] and controls [normal 25(OH)D]. The acquired adolescents' variables were analyzed using the Student t -test and Pearson's correlation., Results: The serum TSH and PRL were statistically higher in the study group than normal controls (3.73 ±1.45 mIU/ml and 47.5 ±7.6 ng/ml vs. 2.67 ±1.0 and 10.8 ±5.1, respectively), ( p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0001, respectively). The free T4 was statistically lower in the study group than normal controls (1.4 ±0.6 ng/ml vs. 1.5 ±0.4), ( p = 0.0001). Strong negative associations between the serum PRL and 25(OH)D [ r = -0.803 ( p < 0.00001)], and between the serum PRL and free T4 [ r = -0.6959 ( p < 0.00001)] were detected in this study. Additionally, there was a strong positive association between the serum PRL and TSH [ r = 0.8137 ( p < 0.00001)]., Conclusions: A strong negative association between the serum PRL and 25(OH)D and a strong positive association between the serum PRL and TSH were detected in this study. This study recommends further studies to confirm the relation between Vit. D and PRL and screening Vit. D deficient adolescents for PRL and thyroid disorders., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events. About 1,228 cases of severe COVID-19 were hospitalized in the West Kazakhstan Medical University Hospital, in Aktobe, Kazakhstan, 1.22% (N=15) of whom were clinically diagnosed with acute cerebrovascular events and were included in the current study. COVID-19 was diagnosed using a nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, blood count, inflammatory markers, and chest computerized tomography. The diagnosis of acute cerebrovascular events was based on the clinical manifestation. The participants' data were reviewed to detect the prevalence of acute cerebrovascular events and the inflammatory markers associated with COVID-19 infection. The mean age of the participants was 66.9 years (±11.07), 53% (N=8) of them were male, while 47% (N=7) were female. Moreover, 13% (N=2) presented a history of cerebrovascular events, 87% (N=13) of the participants had hypertension, 47% (N=7) had coronary heart disease, 33% (N=5) had diabetes mellitus (DM), 13% (N=2) had cardiac arrhythmia, and 13% (N=2) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The C-reactive protein was high in 100% (N=15) of participants, D-dimer in 87% (N=13) of them, and both the ferritin and interleukin-6 were high in 60% (N=9) of the participants. SARS-CoV-2 causes a systemic inflammatory response, and the presence of comorbidities increases the risk of acute cerebrovascular events in COVID-19-infected individuals. The elevated inflammatory markers in severely COVID-19-infected individuals support the inflammatory "cytokine storm" response theory., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has been associated with several neurological symptoms. This review aimed to highlight the possible mechanism of central nervous system (CNS) targeting and the neurological symptoms that may occur with the COVID-19 infection. The case reports containing the keywords "neurological symptoms" and "COVID-19" were thoroughly reviewed to identify possible mechanisms of CNS targeting and neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. The angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors have been identified as the functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 can affect the CNS through the following mechanisms: 1) Direct infection. 2) Blood pathway. 3) Neuronal pathway. 4) Immune-mediated injury/pathway (Cytokine Storm Syndrome). COVID-19 virus, a neurotropic virus, was isolated from the cerebral fluid (CSF) and responsible for several neurological manifestations. The COVID-19 infection primarily affects CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and it induces a surge of inflammatory cytokines, known as Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS). The Interlukine-6 (IL-6) is the primary CSS component. The IL-6, interferon-γ and endothelial growth factor were significantly higher in COVID-19 infected compared to non-infected individuals. The improvement of the COVID-19 patients after interleukin receptor blockers supports the CSS theory. The spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations includes encephalitis, viral meningitis, post-COVID-19 infectious acute disseminated encephalitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) and acute cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Several COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been reported. Thus, it is important to identify and treat neurological symptoms as soon as possible to avoid long-term effects. The care providers should take the appropriate preventive precautions because patients can present with neurological manifestations of COVID-19 without any respiratory symptoms. Future research is warranted to confirm the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the development of neurological manifestations.

Objective: The conflicting results of the previous studies regarding the serum cortisol through the menstrual cycle warranted further research. We aimed to detect the cortisol levels in the follicular and luteal phases of healthy menstruating women., Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted by two independent authors according to PRISMA criteria over PubMed, Web of Science and Psych-Info to retrieve the articles published in English from 1990 until 2020 and containing the keywords, Cortisol, Menstrual, Follicular, or Luteal. The quality assessment of the articles/studies was done using the CONSORT and STROBE checklists. The risk bias was assessed by two independent authors using Cochrane risk-bias assessment tool., Results: Twenty-eight (28) articles were included in this meta-analysis. The cortisol levels were significantly higher in the studied-participants' follicular phase compared to the luteal phase (p<0.01). The cortisol levels sub-analysis showed a significant effect of plasma cortisol over the salivary cortisol (p=0.04). The cortisol assay time showed a significant effect of the morning cortisol over the afternoon cortisol (p=0.005)., Conclusions: This meta-analysis found the cortisol levels were significantly higher in the studied-participants follicular phase compared to the luteal phase. The cortisol sub-analysis showed a significant effect of plasma and morning cortisol over the salivary and afternoon cortisol, respectively.

Introduction: The aim was to assess the relation between primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents and body mass index (BMI)., Material and Methods: Two-hundred and ten adolescents were recruited for this cross-sectional research. After detailed evaluation, pelvic sonography was performed for the studied adolescents to rule out any pelvic abnormalities and/or lesion(s). The severity of the studied adolescents' dysmenorrhea was assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS). The studied adolescents were divided into underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescent groups based on their BMI (kg/m 2 ). Collected data were analyzed using the ANOVA test, and correlation analysis (Pearson's correlation) to assess the relation between primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents and BMI., Results: The visual analogue scale of dysmenorrhea was statistically higher in the underweight adolescent group (8.7 ±0.8) compared to normal-weight (6.5 ±0.5) ( p = 0.000001), and overweight (6.3 ±0.6) ( p = 0.000001) adolescent groups. The visual analogue scale of dysmenorrhea was also statistically higher in the obese adolescent group (9.4 ±0.6) compared to underweight (8.7 ±0.8) ( p = 0.000001), normal-weight (6.5 ±0.5) ( p = 0.000001), and overweight (6.3 ±0.6) ( p = 0.000001) adolescent groups., Conclusions: The visual analogue scale of dysmenorrhea was statistically higher in the underweight adolescent group compared to normal-weight, and overweight adolescent groups, and there was a strong negative relation between the VAS and BMI in the underweight adolescent group. In addition, the VAS of dysmenorrhea was statistically higher when the obese adolescent group was compared with the overweight, normal-weight and underweight adolescent groups, and there was a moderate positive relation between the VAS and BMI in the obese adolescent group., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Introduction: Obesity is the most common medical problem affecting reproductive-age women. To detect the prevalence of obesity, and bariatric surgeries (BSs) in reproductive-age women, and the impact of obesity vs. BSs on the subsequent pregnancy outcomes., Material and Methods: Obese-pregnant women, and women underwent BSs before the current pregnancy, with complete antenatal, and delivery records were included in the current study. Collected data were analyzed using MedCalc 20.106 to calculate the odd ratio (OR), and relative risk (RR) of adverse maternal, and fetal outcomes in relation to maternal obesity vs. BSs., Results: Data of 14,474 pregnant women were collected during this study; 33.94% (4912/14474) of them were obese, and 3.8% (546/14474) of them had previous BSs before the current pregnancy. The obese group has significantly higher odds, and RR of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [OR 1.9 ( p = 0.0001), and RR 1.79 ( p = 0.0001)], gestational hypertension [OR 1.7 ( p = 0.0002), and RR 1.6 ( p = 0.0003)], and preeclampsia (PE) [OR 1.7 ( p = 0.0001), and RR 1.6 ( p = 0.0001)] compared to BSs group. The obese group has also significantly higher odds, and RR of cesarean sections (CSs) [OR 1.3 ( p = 0.008), and RR 1.25 ( p = 0.01)], and large for gestational age [OR 1.39 ( p = 0.01), and RR 1.3 ( p = 0.02)] compared to BSs group., Conclusions: About 33.94% of the reproductive-age women in Kuwait are obese, and 3.8% of them had previous BSs. Obese-pregnant women are at increased risks of GDM, gestational hypertension, PE, and CSs. Bariatric surgeries reduced the rates of GDM, gestational hypertension, PE, and CSs significantly., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Introduction: There are conflicting data regarding the relation between serum uric acid (SUA) and severity of preeclampsia (PE). The aim of the study was to assess the relation between SUA and the severity of PE., Material and Methods: A total of 110 pregnant women were studied; 55 with mild PE were compared to 55 women with severe PE in this cross-sectional study, which was conducted in Maternity Hospital. After thorough evaluation and renal function tests, spot urine samples were taken from participants for the protein/creatinine ratio. The urine proteins were measured by the Biuret colorimetric method. The urine creatinine was measured by the modified Jaffe test. The serum uric acid was measured by the enzymatic method. The collected participants' data were statistically analysed, and Pearson's coefficient was used to detect the relation between SUA and severity of PE., Results: The serum uric acid was significantly higher in the severe PE group (7.65 ±0.61 mg/dl) compared to the mild PE group (5.26 ±0.79 mg/dl), ( p = 0.04). There were significant positive relations between the SUA and both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures [ r = 0.27 ( p = 0.045) and r = 0.483 ( p < 0.001), respectively] in the severe PE group. There were also significant positive relations between the SUA and both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures [ r = 0.359 ( p = 0.007) and r = 0.429 ( p = 0.001), respectively] in the mild PE group., Conclusions: There were significant positive relations between the SUA and both the systolic and dia-stolic blood pressures in the severe PE group. This study recommends the use of SUA as a reliable marker of the severity of PE., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

Background: The expression of vitamin D receptor in the normal endometrium and ovaries supports the role of vitamin D in local immunity and inflammatory cytokines regulation., Objective: This study aimed to detect the relation between serum 25(OH)D and primary dysmenorrhea in Asian Adolescents., Methods: Two hundred and five (205) adolescents complaining of primary dysmenorrhea (study group) were compared in this prospective study to matched controls (210 controls) after informed consent following the Helsinki Declaration. After thorough evaluation, including a thorough history and pelvic ultrasound examination, blood samples were collected from the studied adolescents to measure serum 25(OH)D and for vitamin D receptor TaqI (rs731236) genotyping. The studied adolescents' data were analyzed using the Pearson's correlation to detect the relation between serum 25(OH)D and primary dysmenorrhea (primary outcome). The secondary outcome measures the odds of primary dysmenorrhea in Asian adolescents with vitamin D receptor TaqI (rs731236) polymorphism., Results: The serum 25(OH)D was significantly lower in the studied-dysmenorrhea group compared to controls (16.17 ± 7.36 versus 17.65 ± 6.36 ng/ml, respectively), (P = 0.01). The correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the serum 25(OH)D and visual analogue scale of dysmenorrhea (r = -0.9003, P < 0.0001). The studied-dysmenorrhea cases with vitamin D receptor T/t and t/t genotypes had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D (16.7 ± 8.05 and 14.4 ± 4.1 ng/ml, respectively) compared to controls (18.97 ± 6.7 and 21.4 ± 2.45 ng/ml, respectively), (P = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). The VDR T/t and t/t polymorphisms significantly increase the odds of primary dysmenorrhea (OR 1367.2, P < 0.0001 and OR 106.2, P = 0.001, respectively)., Conclusion: The serum 25(OH)D was significantly lower in the studied-dysmenorrhea group compared to controls. The studied-dysmenorrhea cases with VDR T/t and t/t TaqI genotypes had significantly lower serum 25(OH)D compared to controls. The VDR T/t and t/t polymorphisms significantly increase the odds of primary dysmenorrhea., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the effect of vitamin D (Vit. D) intake on the mid-luteal estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P), and the relation between vit. D, and the adolescents' mid-luteal E2, and P., Patients and Methods: Eighty-five (85) adolescents were recruited for this cohort study after obtaining informed consent. After a detailed history and clinical examination, the body mass index (BMI) of the studied participants was calculated, followed by pelvic sonography to exclude any pelvic pathology. Participants' blood samples were collected on days 21-22 of the menstrual cycle (mid-luteal) to measure the thyrotropin (TSH) (i.e., to exclude hypothyroidism), prolactin (i.e., to exclude hyperprolactinemia), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), (i.e., to exclude diabetes), E2, P, and 25(OH)D.  Participants received 50,000 IU of vit. D weekly for two months, and on the 3rd month, the mid-luteal E2, P, and 25(OH)D were measured. The mid-luteal E2, P, and 25(OH)D were compared before and after the vit. D intake to detect the effect of vit. D intake (50,000 IU weekly for 2 months) on the mid-luteal E2 and P (primary outcome). Additionally, the relations between vit. D and the adolescents' mid-luteal E2 and P were detected as secondary outcomes using the correlation analysis (Pearson's correlation)., Results: The mid-luteal E2 and P statistically decreased from 109.3±15.7 pg/mL and 9.8±1.01 ng/mL, respectively to 40.7±10.52 pg/mL, and 5.2±0.73 ng/mL, respectively, after vit. D intake (p=0.00015; 95% CI: 64.5, 68.6, 72.7, and p=0.0016; 95% CI: 4.3, 4.6, 4.87, respectively). Significant negative correlations between the 25(OH)D, and both the mid-luteal E2 (r -0.661; p<0.00001), and P (r -0.521; p<0.00001) were detected in this study., Conclusions: The mid-luteal E2 and P statistically decreased after vit. D intake (50,000 IU of vit. D weekly for 2 months). Significant negative correlations between the 25(OH)D, and both the mid-luteal E2 and P were detected in this study. The relation between vit. D and ovarian steroids, and the effect of vit. D intake on ovarian steroids need further larger studies.

Objective: The double-stranded breaks (DSBs) of the DNA can predispose to cancer development. The γH2AX foci have been proposed for prediction of tumor growth and response to radiotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the γ-H2AX foci as an indicator for DSBs and response to ongoing chemotherapy in breast cancer women., Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine (29) breast cancer women, scheduled for adjuvant chemotherapy were included in this pilot study after obtaining written informed consent and approval of the study by the WKMU ethics committee. Participants received adjuvant chemotherapy, according to the treatment protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A peripheral blood sample was collected from each studied participant for analysis of the γ-H2AX foci in the participants' lymphocytes using the immunofluorescent staining kit. Data of the Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) rupture, and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) repair channels were analyzed to evaluate the γ-H2AX foci as an indicator for DSBs, and response to ongoing chemotherapy., Results: About 10.3% (3/29) of the studied breast cancers were luminal A, 72.4% (21/29) were luminal type B, 13.8% (4/29) were basal-like, and 3.5 (1/29) were HER2 positive. The FITC rupture channel during the ongoing chemotherapy showed significantly decreased foci intensity means (p=0.0075), and significantly increased colocalization (p=0.02). The APC repair channels during the ongoing chemotherapy showed significantly increased nuclei intensity (p=0.046), foci overall (p=0.0007), clusters (p=0.002), foci mean (p<0.0001), and foci mean + clusters (p=0.0003). It also showed significantly increased clusters positive cells (p<0.0001), foci low intensity (p<0.0001), foci low intensity + clusters (p=0.0003), and clusters of low-intensity positive cells (p=0.002)., Conclusions: The γ-H2AX foci, the changes in the FITC rupture, and APC repair channels can serve as real-time indicators for the response to ongoing chemotherapy in breast cancer women. The γ-H2AX foci as an indicator for DSBs/repair pathway, and for the response to ongoing chemotherapy in breast cancer should be evaluated in further studies.

Introduction: To evaluate the efficacy of ferric carboxy maltose (FCM) in the treatment of iron deficiency/iron deficiency anaemia (ID/IDA) during pregnancy., Material and Methods: Pregnant women ≥ 20 years old diagnosed with ID (serum ferritin < 15 µg/l) and moderate IDA were included in this study for correction of their ID/IDA. The participants received an FCM infusion for correction of their ID/IDA. The pre-treatment ferritin, haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) indices were compared with the 6- and 12-week post-treatment values to evaluate the efficacy of FCM in the treatment of ID/IDA during pregnancy., Results: The pre-treatment ferritin and Hb significantly increased from 10.3 ±2.3 µg/l and 7.99 ±0.6 g/dl, respectively, to 139.5 ±1.9 and 14.04 ±0.45, respectively, 6-weeks after FCM infusion ( p = 0.02 and 0.001, respectively), and to 128.9 ±1.7 and 13.02 ±0.5, respectively, 12-weeks after FCM infusion ( p = 0.0008 and 0.02, respectively). In addition, the pre-treatment RBCs mean corpuscular volume and RBCs mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased from 72.02 ±3.5 fl and 23.9 ±1.9 pg, respectively, to 90.6 ± 2.8 fl and 29.98 ±1.5 pg, respectively, 6 weeks after FCM infusion ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.007, respectively), and to 89.5 ±2.9 fl and 30.2 ±1.5 pg, respectively, 12 weeks after FCM infusion ( p = 0.02 and 0.007 respectively)., Conclusions: The ferric carboxy maltose was safe and effective for the treatment of ID/IDA during pregnancy within 6 weeks. The serum ferritin and Hb levels and the RBC indices remained significantly high 12 weeks after FCM infusion compared to the pre-treatment values., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Termedia.)

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is 1.3-2.4%. Suspicion of EP starts after a positive serum pregnancy test and failure to visualize the intrauterine gestational sac (GS) by transvaginal sonography (TVS). About 88% of tubal EPs are diagnosed by absent intrauterine GS and the presence of an adnexal mass during TVS. Medical treatment of EP using methotrexate (MTX) is cost-effective with a similar success rate to surgical treatment. The presence of fetal heart beats, β-human chorionic gonadotropin >5000 mIU/mL, and EP size >4 cm are relative contraindications for using MTX in the treatment of EP., (© 2022 Mariam Obaid et al., published by Sciendo.)

Introduction: The morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) is usually associated with maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the uterine cavity after uterine preservation surgeries for MAP., Material and Methods: The study group comprised women ≥ 28 weeks pregnant with confirmed MAP, with a desire for future fertility, and who agreed to uterine preservation surgery for MAP. The uterine preservation surgeries done for MAP include the following: uterine artery ligation, placental-myometrial en bloc excision, and/or internal iliac artery (IIA) ligation. Participants managed by uterine preservation surgeries for MAP were evaluated 3-6 months after the surgeries using office hysteroscopies to evaluate the uterine cavity after uterine preservation surgeries (primary outcome). The secondary outcome measures the pregnancy outcome after uterine preservation surgery., Results: The hysteroscopic examination of the uterine cavity after uterine preservation surgery for MAP showed normal uterine cavity in 36 participants (90%), while it showed abnormal uterine cavity in 4 participants (10%). The abnormal hysteroscopic findings were a single abnormal hysteroscopic finding (endometrial polyp) in 2 participants (5%) and 2 abnormal hysteroscopic findings (incompletely healed scar with unilateral tubal ostial occlusion) in 2 participants (5%). The incidence of pregnancy after uterine preservation surgeries for MAP was 7.5% (3/40)., Conclusions: The uterine preservation surgeries for MAP in this study had no effect on menstrual pattern, uterine cavity, or future fertility. The effect of uterine preservation surgeries for MAP on menstrual pattern, uterine cavity, and future fertility should be evaluated in future larger studies., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Termedia.)

Objectives: Many women experience pain and discomfort after hysteroscopic procedure. Pain and discomfort after hysteroscopic procedures can be explained by the cervical dilatation, intrauterine manipulation, and/or hydrodistension. This study designed to evaluate the efficacy of intrauterine levobupivacaine instillation for pain control in women undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy., Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty (120) women scheduled for diagnostic hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy due to uterine bleeding were included in this study and randomized either to levobupivacaine group or controls. At the end of hysteroscopy, 5 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine was instilled intrauterine in levobupivacaine group, while 5 mL of 0.9% saline was instilled intrauterine in controls. Participants were kept in the hospital for 12 h after diagnostic hysteroscopy to detect the postoperative (PO) pain intensity using visual analog scale (VAS), and PO required analgesics., Results: The VAS was significantly lower in levobupivacaine group compared to controls 3 h. PO (1.31 ± 1.02 vs. 1.62 ± 0.76, respectively), ( P = 0.01), 6 h. PO (0.81 ± 1.24 vs. 1.53 ± 0.88, respectively), ( P = 0.004), and 9 h. PO (0.55 ± 1.25 vs. 1.12 ± 0.95, respectively), ( P = 0.01). The total PO required analgesics were significantly lower in levobupivacaine group compared to controls ( P = 0.005)., Conclusion: The intrauterine levobupivacaine instillation was simple, and effective for pain relief after diagnostic hysteroscopy, it significantly decreased pain score assessed by VAS at 3, 6, and 9 h., PO, and it significantly decreased PO required analgesics., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Gynecology and Minimally Invasive Therapy.)

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative aging disorder. Oestrogen has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against PD in animal models.This study aimed to detect the risk of PD in women who underwent hysterectomy before the age of menopause., Material and Methods: Seventy-six women with PD (study group) were recruited for this retrospective study and compared to 80 controls. Collected data included the education level, smoking, age of menopause, type of menopause (natural or surgical), past surgical history of hysterectomy, type of hysterectomy (hysterectomy only or hysterectomy with oophorectomy [unilateral, bilateral]), and use of postmenopausal oestrogen replacement therapy. The collected data were analysed to detect the risk of PD in women who underwent hysterectomy before the age of menopause., Results: The odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) of PD was significantly higher after surgical menopause in the study group (30 [39.5%]) compared to controls (17 [21.25%]), (OR 2.4 [95% CI: 1.19-4.8]; p = 0.01, RR 1.9 [95% CI: 1.12-3.1]; p = 0.016). In addition, the OR and RR of PD was significantly higher after bilateral oophorectomy in the study group (19 [25%]) compared to controls (8 [10%]), (OR 3.0 [95% CI: 1.22-7.4]; p = 0.016, RR 2.5 [95% CI: 1.16-5.4]; p = 0.01)., Conclusions: The risk of PD increased in women who underwent hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy before the age of menopause, and the risk of PD did not increase whether the menopause, either natural or surgical, occurred before 48 years of age., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2022 Termedia.)

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is a major cause of foetal and maternal morbidity. Currently, there is no reliable diagnostic test to predict PE.To evaluate the accuracy of the calcium-creatinine ratio (CCR) in a spot urine sample for the prediction of PE., Material and Methods: Two hundred and forty-six pregnant women, attending the ante-natal clinic after 20 weeks` gestation were included in this study. After exclusion of pre-existing chronic renal disease affecting calcium and/or creatinine excretion, spot urine samples were taken from participants to detect the CCR. Participants were followed up until delivery; the women who developed PE were included in the PE group and compared with normotensive controls to evaluate the accuracy of CCR in a spot urine sample for the prediction of PE., Results: The gestational age at delivery and parity were significantly lower in the studied PE group compared to normotensive controls (36.1 ±4.3 weeks and 1.7 ±2.6 vs. 39.1 ±3.1 and 3.4 ±1.9; respectively), ( p = 0.0002 and 0.0003; respectively). The body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the studied PE group compared to normotensive controls (29.3 ±4.1 vs. 24.6 ±3.3 kg/m 2 ; respectively), ( p = 0.01). The calcium-creatinine ratio ≤ 0.04 had 79.3% sensitivity, 96.3% specificity, 91.5% positive predictive value (PPV), 90.3% negative predictive value (NPV), and 90.7% overall accuracy in prediction of PE., Conclusions: The calcium-creatinine ratio ≤ 0.04 had 79.3% sensitivity, 96.3% specificity, 91.5% PPV, 90.3% NPV, and 90.7% overall accuracy in predicting PE. This study suggests the use of CCR in spot urine sample for screening and early detection of PE., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Termedia.)

Introduction: To detect the morphological parameters of ovarian masses and the accuracy of the risk of mali-gnancy index (RMI) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy., Material and Methods: 264 women in 3 groups (reproductive, premenopausal, and postmenopausal) presented with ovarian masses and scheduled for surgery were included in this study. The participants' preoperative RMI was compared to the postoperative histology (gold standard) to detect the accuracy of RMI in diagnosing ovarian malignancy., Results: The incidence of malignant and benign ovarian tumours in the reproductive group was 9.1% and 90.9%, respectively, while it was 35.2% and 64.8%, respectively, in the premenopausal group, and 35.2%, and 64.8%, respectively, in the postmenopausal group. The incidence of malignant ovarian tumours was significantly higher in the premenopausal (35.2%) and postmenopausal (35.2%) groups compared to the reproductive group (9.1%), ( p = 0.0008, and p = 0.0008, respectively).The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that RMI at cut-off value > 247.5 had 82.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), and 98.1% negative predictive value (NPV) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy in the 3 studied groups (AUC 0.955, p < 0.001). There was significant positive correlation between the participants' age, and RMI ( p = 0.001), and between participants' cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) and RMI ( p < 0.0001) in the ovarian malignancy group., Conclusions: The multimodal RMI is an effective tool for primary evaluation of suspected ovarian masses. Risk malignancy index at cut-off value > 247.5 had the best performance (82.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 98.1% NPV) in diagnosing ovarian malignancy in the 3 studied groups. There was significant positive correlation between participants' age, and RMI, and between participants' CA-125 and RMI, in the studied malignant ovarian tumours., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Termedia.)

Introduction: To evaluate sildenafil citrate as an adjuvant to clomiphene citrate (CC) for ovulation induction (OI) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)., Material and Methods: A total of 595 infertile PCOS women were randomly assigned into either clomiphene/sildenafil (C/S) group or CC group. Transvaginal (TVS)-Doppler studies were done for participants when the dominant follicle reach 16 mm, to measure the resistance index, pulsatility index, and maximum velocity of sub-endometrial, uterine, and ovarian vessels. Participants were examined using TVS on the 21 st day of the cycle to detect ovulation or, after a positive pregnancy test, for documentation of pregnancy. Participants with negative pregnancy tests were given 2 months' rest without OI, followed by crossover of OI medication between the 2 studied groups. The crossover results were assessed by TVS, TVS-Doppler, and pregnancy test., Results: The endometrial thickness was significantly higher among the C/S than the CC group during the first 3 months (9.6 ±1.2 vs. 8.7 ±1.0 mm, respectively, p = 0.003) and after crossover of OI (9.1 ±1.3 vs. 8.2 ±1.0 mm, respectively, p = 0.007).The chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were significantly higher among the C/S compared to the CC group (39.8% and 36.6% vs. 25% and 18.98%, respectively) ( p = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively) during the first 3 months and after crossover of OI (36.6% and 33.1% vs. 23.8% and 20.6%, respectively) ( p = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively)., Conclusions: SC as an adjuvant to CC for OI in PCOS women increases the chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. It also improves the endometrial thickness and ovulation rate through improved endometrial and ovarian Doppler indices., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Termedia.)

Objectives: Proteinuria is one of the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia (PE). Measurement of 24-hour urine protein is the gold standard method for detection of proteinuria in PE. The 24-hour urine sampling is time-consuming, and inconvenient. To evaluate the accuracy of protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio in detection of significant proteinuria (> 1 g/24-hours urine) in PE., Material and Methods: One hundred and ten (110) preeclamptic women were included in this study and admitted for blood pressure monitoring, 24-hour urine collection, fetal well-being assessment and spot urine sample for measuring of P/C ratio. After thorough history and clinical examination, routine antenatal investigations were done for the women included in the study according to the hospital`s protocol, and to exclude pre-existing chronic renal disease. Twenty-four-hour urine collection started on the morning following hospital admission. Spot urine samples were obtained shortly before the 24-hour urine collection for measuring of P/C ratio. Collected data statistically analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of P/C ratio in detection of significant proteinuria in PE., Results: The P/C ratio of 1.35 ± 2.54 had 94.4% sensitivity, 94.9% specificity, 97.1% positive predictive value (PPV), 90.2% negative predictive value (NPV), and 94.5% overall accuracy in detection of significant proteinuria (> 1 g/24-hour urine) in PE., Conclusions: The P/C ratio of 1.35 ± 2.54 had 94.4% sensitivity, 94.9% specificity, 97.1% PPV, 90.2% NPV, and 94.5% overall accuracy in detection of significant proteinuria (> 1 g/24-hour urine) in PE. This study suggests the use of P/C ratio as an alternative to 24-hour urine protein to detect significant proteinuria in PE.

Objectives: About 30-80% of preterm deliveries following preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM) are complicated by histological chorioamnionitis. To evaluate the accuracy of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) bedside test in detecting chorioamnionitis in women with PPROM., Material and Methods: One hundred and ten (110) pregnant women with PPROM > 24 and < 34 weeks' gestation, admitted for conservative management were included in this study. Participants were examined on admission using sterile speculum examination for assessment of IL-6 in the cervico-vaginal secretions using the IL-6 bedside test. The IL-6 bedside test was repeated for all participants once termination of pregnancy (TOP) decided. After TOP, placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal membranes samples were examined for histologic detection of chorioamnionitis (gold standard). The histological results were compared with IL-6 bedside test results to evaluate the accuracy of IL-6 bedside test in detecting chorioamnionitis in women with PPROM., Results: The IL-6 bedside test had 98.6% sensitivity, 94.7% specificity, 97.3% positive predictive value (PPV), 97.3% negative predictive value (NPV) and 97.3% overall accuracy in detecting chorioamnionitis. The sensitivity, specificity, NPV and overall accuracy of IL-6 bedside test (98.6%, 94.7%, 97.3%, and 97.3%; respectively) were significantly higher than the clinical and laboratory parameters of chorioamnionitis (65.3%, 57.9%, 46.8%, and 62.7%; respectively) (p = 0.04, 0.02, 0.001 and 0.03; respectively)., Conclusions: The IL-6 bedside test is an accurate, non-invasive bedside test with 98.6% sensitivity, 94.7% specificity, 97.3% PPV, 97.3% NPV, and 97.3% overall accuracy in detecting chorioamnionitis. The IL-6 bedside test had significantly higher sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and overall accuracy than the clinical and laboratory parameters of chorioamnionitis.

Introduction: Growing interest has focused on the relation between chronic endometritis (CE) or asymptomatic inflammation of the endometrium and recurrent miscarriage (RM).The aim of the study was to assess the relation between CE and RM and the accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing CE., Material and Methods: One hundred and ten (110) women with unexplained RM were included in this study. Participants were subjected to diagnostic hysteroscopy for uterine cavity, and endometrium evaluation. The diagnosis of CE during hysteroscopic examination was based on CE-related hysteroscopic signs (micro-polyps, stromal edema, and/or hyperemia). At the end of hysteroscopy, an endometrial biopsy was taken from participants for culture, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Collected data were analyzed to assess the relation between CE and RM and the accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing CE., Results: The prevalence of CE in women with RM was 31.8% using CE-related hysteroscopic signs, while it was 38.2% using IHC staining and endometrial cultures (p = 0.4). CE-related hysteroscopic signs had 64.1% sensitivity, 85.9% specificity, 71.4% positive predictive value (PPV), 81.3% negative predictive value (NPV), and 78.2% overall accuracy in diagnosing CE. Most cases of CE (> 81%) were caused by Mycoplasma and common pathogens., Conclusions: The prevalence of CE in women with RM was 31.8% using CE-related hysteroscopic signs, while it was 38.2% using IHC staining and endometrial cultures. CE-related hysteroscopic signs had 64.1% sensitivity, 85.9% specificity, 71.4% PPV, 81.3% NPV, and 78.2% overall accuracy in diagnosing CE. Most cases of CE (> 81%) were caused by Mycoplasma and common pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Termedia.)

Objective: The current study aims to compare between a transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length and Bishop score in the induction of labor (IOL) at term for prediction of cesarean delivery (CD)., Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study included 320 full-term pregnant women attending Ain Shams Maternity Hospital in the period from August 2017 to February 2018 were enrolled. Seventy-three women were delivered by CD (positive group), and 247 women were delivered vaginally (negative group). All patients had a vaginal examination for assessing the Bishop Score before IOL then a transvaginal ultrasound for assessment of cervical length. IOL was initiated by using PGE1 analog. The primary outcome measure was the accuracy of the cervical length or the bishop score for prediction of the CD., Results: In our current study, CD was achieved in 22.8% of all participants while vaginal delivery was achieved in 77.8% after IOL by misoprostol 25 micrograms within 24 h from the beginning of induction. Both the cervical length and Bishop Score had poor predictive value for CD (AUC = 0.694 and 0.623, respectively)., Conclusions: Both transvaginal sonography for cervical length and Bishop score are useful predictors of the need for CD following labor induction.

Objectives: Failure to identify women at risk of preterm labor (PTL) leads to failure to implement standard measures. This study designed to evaluate the accuracy of PremaQuick test in detection of PTL in women presented with threatened preterm labor (TPTL)., Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty-two (122) pregnant women, singleton pregnancy, < 37 weeks, admitted with TPTL included in this study, and were compared to 122 controls. After thorough evaluation, participants were examined using sterile vaginal speculum for cervico-vaginal fluid (CVF) sampling, and PremaQuick test. The CVF sampling was followed by trans-vaginal sonographic (TVS) assessment of cervical length (CL). Participants were managed according to hospitals policy thorough their admission, and after discharge in the ante-natal clinics till delivery. After delivery, the delivery data were compared by the recorded participants` data on admission., Results: The PremaQuick test had 95.1% sensitivity, 97.5% specificity, 97.5% positive predictive value, 95.2% negative predictive value, and 96.3% accuracy in detection of PTL. The PremaQuick had significantly higher true negative rate, specificity, positive predictive value, and overall accuracy in detection of PTL compared to CL < 25 mm (p = 0.005, 0.005, 0.01, 0.002; respectively)., Conclusions: The PremaQuick is an accurate bedside test in detection of PTL in women presented with TPTL. It had 95.1% sensitivity, 97.5% specificity, 97.5% positive predictive value, 95.2% negative predictive value, and 96.3% overall accuracy in detection of PTL. The PremaQuick had significantly higher true negative rate, specificity, positive predictive value, and overall accuracy in detection of PTL compared to CL < 25 mm.

Introduction: To evaluate the surgical outcome, and quality of life (QoL) 12-months after Le Fort colpocleisis (LFC), and sacrospinous fixation (SSF) in older postmenopausal women., Material and Methods: Eighty-six (86) post-menopausal women were included in this study (38 in the LFC group and 48 in the SSF group). Pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) was used to evaluate the participants' pelvic organ prolapse (POP) pre-operatively and post-operatively (PO). The Arabic version of the WHOQoL-BREF Inventory was used to evaluate the participants' QoL preoperatively and post-operatively. The surgical outcome and QoL 12-months after LFC and SSF were analysed to evaluate the surgical outcome, as well as QoL 12 months after LFC and SSF., Results: The pre-operative Aa, Ba, D, Ap, and Bp values of POP-Q significantly improved 12 months PO in the LFC group ( p1 = 0.004, 0.0006, 0.02, 0.004, and 0.0001; respectively), and in the SSF group ( p1 = 0.003, 0.0003, 0.003, 0.0005, and 0.01, respectively). Eighty (93.02%) of the studied women had no prolapse at 12-month PO follow-up. The 12-month PO psychological and social health domains were significantly higher in the SSF group compared to the LFC group ( p2 = 0.04, and 0.02, respectively). In addition, the 12-month PO general health satisfaction and total QoL scores were significantly higher in the SSF group compared to the LFC group ( p2 = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively)., Conclusions: LFC can be considered a good surgical procedure with minimal or neglectable complications for POP in older postmenopausal women with multiple co-morbidities. The psychological and social health domains, general health satisfaction, and total QoL score were significantly higher in the SSF group compared to LFC group 12 months PO., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Termedia.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Screening of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women for hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia was suggested, because the undiagnosed hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia can aggravate the PCOS symptoms., Aim of the Study: To determine whether the insulin resistance (IR), hypothyroidism, and hyperprolactinemia are common endocrine disorders associated with the PCOS., Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty PCOS women were compared to 120 non-PCOS controls in this study. Participants' day 2-3 hormonal profile and insulin resistance (IR) using the fasting glucose and fasting insulin were evaluated. Collected data were analyzed to determine whether the IR, hypothyroidism, and hyperprolactinemia are common endocrine disorders associated with the PCOS., Results: TSH and prolactin were significantly high in PCOS women (6.4 ±4.2 and 934 ±102.3, respectively) than controls (3.5 ±3.3 and 445 ±77.5 mIU/ml, respectively) ( p = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). The PCOS women had significantly high relative risk of IR (RR 3.0 (95% CI: 1.9-4.7) p < 0.0001), hypothyroidism (RR 3.4; 95% CI: 1.7-6.9) ( p = 0.0005), and hyperprolactinaemia (RR 3.15; 95% CI: 1.8-5.6) ( p = 0.0001) than controls. The PCOS women had higher odds of IR (OR 4.8; 95% CI: 2.6-8.8) ( p < 0.0001), hypothyroidism (OR 4.29; 95% CI: 1.9-9.4) ( p = 0.0003), and hyperprolactinaemia (OR 4.27; 95% CI: 2.1-8.5) ( p < 0.0001) than controls., Conclusions: TSH and prolactin were significantly high in studied PCOS women, and 47.5% of the studied PCOS women had IR. The PCOS women had significantly higher odds and relative risks of IR, hypothyroidism, and hyperprolactinemia than controls. IR, hypothyroidism, and hyperprolactinemia are common endocrine disorders associated with PCOS., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Termedia.)