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Objectives: This study aimed to assess the ankle brachial index (ABI) as a predictor of peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (NS). Methods: Twenty children (11 males and 9 females) attending the Pediatric Nephrology Outpatient Clinic of El-Minia University Hospital, Egypt, were enrolled in this study. Their age ranged between 5 and 15 years with a mean of 10.75 ± 3.31 years. They had proteinuria and were dependent on steroid therapy. Twenty healthy age- and sex-matched children served as a control group. All patients and controls underwent a thorough history-taking and clinical examination. All subjects in the study underwent laboratory investigations, including a urine analysis (24-hour test for protein in urine, and levels of serum urea and creatinine, triglycerides, and cholesterol). A renal biopsy was done to diagnose the children’s histopathological type of NS. A Doppler study was done to determine patients’ ABI. Results: ABI was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (P

Human macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse, functionally distinct phenotypes, namely, pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Both are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, including would healing, infection, and cancer. However, the metabolic differences between these phenotypes are largely unexplored at single-cell resolution. To address this knowledge gap, an untargeted live single-cell mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling coupled with a machine-learning data analysis approach was developed to investigate the metabolic profile of each phenotype at the single-cell level. Results show that M1 and M2 macrophages have distinct metabolic profiles, with differential levels of fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids, and sterol lipids, which are important components of plasma membrane and involved in multiple biological processes. Furthermore, we could discern several putatively annotated molecules that contribute to inflammatory response of macrophages. The combination of random forest and live single-cell metabolomics provided an in-depth profile of the metabolome of primary human M1 and M2 macrophages at the single-cell level for the first time, which will pave the way for future studies targeting the differentiation of other immune cells., (© 2023 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)