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Anesthesia is used in animals to relieve pain during surgical interference or other procedures which were likely causing pain. Safe, effective, and reversible anesthesia requires selecting proper anesthetic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) induced by using nefopam/xylazine/ ketamine and propofol combination in local breed donkeys. Nefopam/xylazine/ ketamine and propofol anesthetic combination was evaluated for pain management by using nefopam to provide the maintenance of the anesthetic stage. The onset and duration of anesthetic induction, time of maintenance, and period of recovery were recorded. Furthermore, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood picture were analyzed before and after administration of the combination. Our findings revealed that administration of Nefopam/ xylazine/ ketamine and propofol combination led to a smooth induction with rapid onset within one minute. The anesthetic effect was maintained for approximately 31 minutes after continuous infusion of propofol for standard deviation (19±2 minutes). This was followed by a smooth recovery within approximately 48 minutes after induction of anesthesia. It concluded that nefopam/xylazine/ketamine and propofol infusion is considered satisfactory for pain management and provide satisfactory anesthesia for short surgical procedures in donkeys.

Egypt is endemic with Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), both impose a drastic effect on the economy. These viral diseases are often complicated with secondary bacterial infections; however, scarce data is available. In this study, utilizing microbiological and molecular procedures, we identified a number of secondary bacterial infections complicating FMDand LSD-infected cases. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance profile of the bacterial isolates was explored. The data showed that several bacterial pathogens including Serratia odorifera, Enterococcus faecium, Paenibacillus apiaries and Microbacterium hominis could be recovered from LSD-infected cases. On the other hand, FMD cases were found to be complicated with Pseudomonas mosselii, Bacillus cereus and Trueperella pyogens. However, Bacillus licheniformis was isolated from both disease conditions. The antimicrobial testing revealed that all pathogens are resistant to more than three antibiotics of different families, indicating the multi-drug resistant capabilities of these isolates. This baseline investigation confirms the presence of many secondary bacterial infections linked to LSD and FMD as well as the widespread antimicrobial resistance among the isolated pathogens, however, the contribution of these pathogens to the mortality rate in both conditions needs further studies

This study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing activity of both green and chemical Zinc oxide Nanoparticles in equine. Ten animals (nine donkeys and one horse) suffered from traumatized infected or non-infected wounds were used in this study. The visible signs of wound infection were evaluated in six cases, while the other four cases were admitted with fresh recent wounds. Animals were topically treated once a day in and day out and monitored for three weeks. It was observed that, the macroscopic wound contraction percents in animals treated with green Zinc oxide Nanoparticles gel in 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks were 45%, 76%, and 93.6% respectively. While, those which treated with chemical Zinc oxide Nanoparticles gel were 40.4%, 67.2%, and 90.6% respectively. The study revealed that, green Zinc oxide Nanoparticles gel accelerated the wound healing and cleared the wound infection faster when compared to chemical Zinc oxide Nanoparticles gel. It was concluded that, topical green Zinc oxide Nanoparticles gel can significantly accelerate the process of wound healing and clear the wound infections in wounded equine from clinical field cases.