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While concepts like risk and crisis management have grown ubiquitous at all levels of government, they have also cemented their place in academia as interdisciplinary fields of study in higher education. In the Baltic Sea Region (BSR), these types of educational programmes are typically labelled under the umbrella term ‘societal security’ in English. This article provides a succinct depiction of the state of the art of societal security in higher education in this region. After a brief introduction of the concept, the article comprehensively analyses second level degree programmes (master’s equivalent) in this field. Particularly, four conceptual and thematic areas appear to constitute the core of societal security degree programmes, though in different combinations and under a variety of labels, those being risk, crisis management, safety management, and resilience. We note, however, that these concepts and their respective research objectives exhibit extensive overlaps.

The relationship between the European Union and Egypt on migration is as uncomfortable for Europe as it is unavoidable. The EU's goal of reducing irregular migration by working with actual and potential transit countries around Europe has provided Egypt with greater leverage over its European neighbors - a development that worries not only human rights advocates, but many actors who follow the actions of the country's authoritarian regime.

I en stadig mer globalisert verden har luftfart fått en sentral rolle. De siste års utvikling, der piloter jobber stadig mer med dårligere arbeidsvilkår enn tidligere, er en trussel mot flysikkerheten. Fatigue er en av de ulykkesårsakene som er enklest å forebygge. Nasjonal Transportplan fra 2021 har pekt på psykisk helse og fatigue for flygere som viktige fokusområder fremover (Meld. St. 20 (2020 – 2021)). Denne masteroppgaven ser nærmere på fatigue i luftfart, med fokus på arbeidstidsordninger. Oppgaven er gjennomført som en kombinert kvalitativ og kvantitativ studie, med følgende problemstilling: Hvilke faktorer påvirker fatigue blant piloter, og er det forskjeller mellom piloter med ulik arbeidstidsordning? Jeg har gjennomført en dokumentanalyse av relevante forskningsartikler og retningslinjer for fatigue-håndtering, og en spørreundersøkelse blant piloter i et skandinavisk flyselskap. Innsamlet empiri er diskutert med utgangspunkt i gjeldende teori om fatigue, hvordan forhindre fatigue og fatigue-håndtering. Oppgaven konkluderer med at organisatoriske faktorer bør gis større plass i forskningsfeltet. I tillegg ser det ut til at dagens systemer for fatigue-håndtering ikke evner å sørge for at det i praksis er mulig å oppnå like mye søvn i friperioder og i arbeidsperioder. Ettersom det er en sterk sammenheng mellom søvn og fatigue, vil det antakeligvis være mulig senke fatigue-nivået ved å legge til rette for at det er mulig å oppnå nok søvn i arbeidsperioder. Studien gir delvis støtte for antakelsen om at det er forskjeller mellom fast og variabel arbeidstidsordning når det gjelder fatigue, og anbefaler at arbeidstidsordning inkluderes som en variabel i fremtidig forskning.

Teams operating in the Arctic are surrounded by hazardous environments, and therefore make decisions influenced by uncertainty. This case study aimed to gain an understanding of how risk and uncertainty influence team decision-making processes in hazard environments in the Arctic. To collect data, nine interviews from fishing vessels operating in the Barents Sea, as well as search and rescue crew members have been conducted in order to find commonalities and differences between environments operating in the Arctic. Three people with experience from search and rescue were consulted initially to address challenges within the field. A model focusing on team decision-making address five codes through a literature review. This review consists of 30 articles from the research fields of human behavior, psychology, business and health. These codes are elements in a team decision-making process, and consist of the terms shared mental models, trust, awareness, task management and time management. Also, communication has been identified in the data as importance for team decision-making. These codes all help obtaining optimal decision-making in teams, even when affected by uncertainty. The necessity of the role of the leader was also identified in the data. Interviewees stressed the importance of the leader being in charge, but also listening to crew members to secure safety and a good working environment. Further, to secure optimal team decision-making processes under uncertainty, each individual's risk perception much be taken into account. This perception regards to previous experience, but also how the team works together. As a result, the leader has great importance to establish a good work environment where each crew member can trust each other and communicate properly, by having shared mental models and a situational awareness in the given situation. The main findings in this research shows a differentiation between different teams operating in the Arctic. Nevertheless, the data shows similarities in teams when it comes to the leaders’ role in the team. The leader is in charge of making decisions, but the team members are, to some extent, welcomed to speak their mind and contribute in the decision-making process. Doing so will increase the communication about risk perception, which may contribute to safer operations and rescues. This thesis will hopefully be a small contribution to what team members should be aware of in decision-making processes in hazardous environments surrounded by uncertainty.