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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is considered as pathogen that able to cause a number of diseases syndromes in the community and in hospitals. According to reports, the virulence factors and antibiotic resistances of P. aeruginosa it seems to consider them challenging to treat. The current review tries to spot high lights on the prevalence of P. aeruginosa from various sources, in addition to assess the risk to the public's health, and concreted the definitive way for a diagnosis. This will help the medical staff to create a surveillance system and enhance infection control procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasmas are considered important avian pathogens, which cause a great economical loss in the poultry industry. As it is responsible for both respiratory disease and synovitis in poultry. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae from chickens and determine the efficacy of different antibiotics. Additionally, detection of some substantial virulence genes. Two hundred chicken samples were collected and cultured onto specific PPLO medium. The isolates were characterized by polymerase chain reaction then tested for antibiotic sensitivity by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results reported that 15 samples (7.5%) were positive by culturing with prevalent of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum with 12 (80%) and three (20%). Following the 16S rRNA- based detection of Mycoplasma isolates, 12 Mycoplasma synoviae and three Mycoplasma synoviae isolates were identified by different PCR-based detection methods for various virulence genes. Three Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates contain the mgc2 gene, and nine Mycoplasma synoviae isolates were positive for the ISR (intergenic spacer region) gene. All isolates had lowest MIC values for Tylvasolin with a range of (0.062- 0.125μg/mL) followed by Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Tilmicosin and Tylosin with a range of (0.062-1 μg/mL). However, the Mycoplasma synoviae isolates displayed variance in MICs for Oxytetracycline with a range of 0.5 to 8 μg/mL, and Chlorotetracycline with a range of 2 to 8 μg/mL. Meanwhile, high MIC values for Enrofloxacin were detected in all isolates with MICs ranging from 8 to 32 μg/mL. Furthermore, the MIC method identified Tylvasolin, Lincomycin, Tiamulin, Tilmicosin and Tylosin as the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of MS infections. In conclusion, these data may help in prevention and control of Mycoplasma infection in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the most main foods borne pathogen causing serious problem particular for human through food of animal origin such as meat and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiogram pattern and molecular identification of some putative virulence genes of pathogenic E. coli recovered from human and food sources. A total of 200 samples from minced meat, (50) Karish cheese, (50) human stool sample (50) and human urine samples (50) were collected for bacteriological identification, serological and molecular analysis. The results revealed that 123 (61.5%) were positive for E. coli species on MacConkey ager while only 35 isolates were giving green metallic sheen colonies on EMB. Of these 35 isolates, 16 isolates (45.7%) were identified as pathogenic E. coli through biofilm activity on congo red medium. The most identified E. coli serotypes were EHEC 8 (50%); EPEC 4(25%) and ETEC 4(25%). The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed high sensitivity to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, amoxicillin /clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone with 100%, 100%, 87.5%, 75%, 62.5, % and 62.5% respectively while resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole and colistin with 75%, 75%, 50% and 50% respectively. The PCR assay was applied to identify fimA, eaeA, and sxt1virulence genes by using specific primers sets. The results reported that out of screening 10 stains, fimA gene was found in all examined strains (100%), while the eaeA gene was detected in 5 (50%) with no detection of sxt1 gene. In conclusion, the obtained results provide an important data about the relation between human disease and consumption of meat and milk products that help in understanding the disease occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to determine the phenotypic, genotypic, and antibiogram characterization of S. aureus recovered from bovine subclinical mastitis in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. A total of 140 (28%) milk samples were positive by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) collected from 500 lactating cows. One hundred and five samples were positive on Baird parker agar and Mannitol salt agar which were confirmed by coagulase test and amplification of the nuc gene into 43 (30.7%) S. aureus. Sensitivity test against 9 antibiotics for S. aureus isolates revealed that the highest rate of antibiotics resistance was for penicillin (90.69%), oxacillin (81.39%), chloramphenicol (58.14%) and tetracycline (53.48%), and 33 (76.74%) of the S. aureus identified as MRSA strains and exhibited multidrug-resistant (MDR), while the highest sensitivity for gentamicin (76.76%), both amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and vancomycin (69.77% for each) and ciprofloxacin (62.79%). Furthermore, fifteen isolates were selected for detecting the presence of antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes among S. aureus strains. The mecA was the most prevalent gene (100%) among S. aureus strains followed by blaZ (80%), tetK (66.7%) and ermB (40%) genes with no detection of the van A gene. Moreover, coa and spa virulence genes were detected in all tested isolated. In conclusion, our results indicate the importance of the regular surveillance of phenotypic and genotypic profiles for S. aureus isolates to ensure effective control measures for bovine mastitis and minimizes the evolution of MDR strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive disorders in farm animals represent a great importance due to economic losses for breeder and country economy. The main cause of reproductive failure in cattle is infectious abortion. Brucella, Leptospira, Mycoplasma and Listeria are important zoonosis and leading to sever economic losses in animals around the world, especially in Mediterranean countries and Egypt. Since early detection is crucial in control and treatment, molecular techniques proved to be a more rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. The present study is aimed to detect these four important pathogens using multiplex- PCR. The multiplex PCR has been standardized by using 4-pairs of primers to amplify 31kDa gene encoding protein in Brucella spp., lig gene in pathogenic Leptospira, hlyA gene in Listeria monocytogenes and 16S rDNA in Mycoplasma spp. A total of 161 different clinical samples were used, an expected band at 223bp, 468p, 370 bp and 270bp were obtained from Brucella spp., pathogenic Leptospira, Listeria monocytogenes and Mycoplasma spp., respectively. In conclusion, the results of this conventional m-PCR assay revealed that it can be a valuable tool for simultaneous, rapid, cost saving and reliable detection of these microbial agents causing bovine abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is a common global and economic dairy infection in cattle causing significant financial losses and responsible for inferior milk quality and increase the treatment costs as well as act as source for new intermammary infection. Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as a problematic bacteria affecting dairy herds. This study spot highlight on the antibiogram pattern with molecular characterization of virulence genes (coa and spa) of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from clinical mastitic cases. From examined 400 cows of small holders 120 (30%) showed clinical mastitis and S. aureus prevalence rate was 46.5%. Higher resistance to Penicillin, Chloramphenicol, Oxacillin, Tetracycline and Erythromycin were showed in antibiogram testing, while high sensitivity to Gentamycin, Vancomycin, Amoxicillin/ clavunate acid and Ciprofloxacin were observed. Moreover, out of 46 S. aureus isolates, 31(67.39%) identified as MRSA strains of highly resistance to different antimicrobials classes. The PCR model was sensitive and rapid in identification of coa and spa genes in all examined strains at 630 and 229 bp respectively. In conclusion, S. aureus represented a common pathogen causing mastitis and exhibit resistant to different antibiotics groups, in addition to it carried virulence factors such as coa and spa which play a valuable effect in the disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma bovis in cattle may cause economic losses in cattle farms. Bovine mycoplasmosis is endemic in Egypt. The aim of the current study to determine the occurrence and molecular characterization of M. bovis strains recovered from cattle in Egypt. M. bovis was isolated by standard methods from nasal swabs, oral and conjunctival swabs of 200 diseased calves with percentages of 40, 15 and 20%, respectively. The examined M. bovis isolates were PCR positive to amplified fragment size 1626 bp of uvrC gene, 1007 bp of gapA gene and 797 bp of p40 pseudogene. Sequence analysis of uvrC gene of the field isolates showed (95.3%) similarity when compared with each other and (100%) identity with M. bovis reference strain (PG45) and the field strains on GenBank. Analysis of gapA gene of M. bovis isolates (Egy-8- Fa-14 and Egy-9-DK-14) showed (100%) identity between each other and (98.2%) identity with the reference strain (PG45). Our isolates showed (98.9% up to 100%) identity when compared with international field strains in GenBank. Concerning analysis of p40 pseudogene our field isolates showed (97.5%) identity when compared with each other, while (Egy-12-Fa-14) showed (99.8%) similarity with both M. bovis PG45 reference and field strains on GenBank. In conclusion M. bovis is circulating in bronchopneumonic calves in Egypt. This is the first record in Egypt to investigate some M. bovis genes by nucleotide sequence analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins (AFs), widely distributed food-borne mycotoxins, affect quality and safety of food and cause economic losses in livestock. In this study, the protective effect of Bee Pollen (BP) against some immunotoxic hazards elucidated from eating of AFs-containing diet was investigated in Wistar rats. Rats were randomly classified intofour groups and treated for 30 days, Group 1; control negative, Group 2; Total AFs (3 mg kg(-1) basal diet), Group 3; BP (20 g kg(-1) basal diet) and Group 4; AFs+BP in basal diet. The immunoprotective effect of BP was revealed in terms of increasing (relative to levels seen in Group 2 rats that consumed the AFs diet) serum total protein and globulin levels, restored normal neutrophil (PMN)/lymphocyte ratio, increased PMN phagocytic activity and increased lymphocyte proliferative capacity. Also, the use of the BP reduced spleen H2O2 levels and increased GSH content while maintaining normal levels of NO formation. Histopathologic analysis showed thatthe AFs caused lymphocytic depletion in the spleen; however, BP induced lymphocytic hyperplasia and reduced the levels of AFs-inducible cellular exhaustion or depletion. These results provide evidence of a protective effect of BP against some immunotoxic actions induced in situ by consumption of AFs.